Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Salvar
El benzoato de alilo se une dentro del bolsillo de unión en forma de U del catalizador activo de dihidroquinidina , el tetróxido de
osmio interactúa con la cara Re.
La evidencia cristalográfica ha demostrado que el catalizador activo posee una
especie de osmio pentacoordinada sostenida en un bolsillo de unión en forma
de U. El ligando nitrogenado contiene OsO en un entorno quiral que hace que
el abordaje de un lado de la olefina esté impedido estéricamente mientras que
el otro no. [20]
Sistemas catalíticos
Numerosos sistemas catalíticos y modificaciones se han desarrollado para el
SAD. A continuación se incluye una breve descripción de los diversos
componentes del sistema catalítico:
Regioselectividad
En general, la dihidroxilación asimétrica de Sharpless favorece la oxidación del
alqueno más rico en electrones (esquema 1). [22]
In this example SAD gives the diol of the alkene closest to the (electron-
withdrawing) para-methoxybenzoyl group, albeit in low yield. This is likely due to
the ability of the aryl ring to interact favorably with the active site of the catalyst
via π-stacking. In this manner the aryl substituent can act as a directing
group.[23]
Stereoselectivity
The diastereoselectivity of SAD is set primarily by the choice of ligand (i.e. AD-
mix-α versus AD-mix-β), however factors such as pre-existing chirality in the
substrate or neighboring functional groups may also play a role. In the example
shown below, the para-methoxybenzoyl substituent serves primarily as a source
of steric bulk to allow the catalyst to differentiate the two faces of the alkene.[23]
It is often difficult to obtain high diastereoselectivity on cis-alkenes when both
sides of the olefin have similar steric environments.
Application
Compared to the reaction with stoichiometric amount of osmium, the catalytic,
asymmetric dihydroxylation reduces the cost of this procedure 99.9%, opening
the door for advances in biomimetic and sympathetic osmates.
Asymmetric dihydroxylation has been applied to alkenes of every substitution,
and high enantioselectivities have been realized for every substitution pattern.
Asymmetric dihydroxylation reactions are also highly site selective, providing
products derived from reaction of the most electron-rich double bond in the
substrate.[24]
See also
References