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- INDUSCON 2010 -
Abstract- This paper presents a three-phase grid-connected In order to achieve the maximum power point (MPP)
photovoltaic generation system with unity power factor for any operation an input voltage clamping technique is proposed for
situation of solar radiation. The modelling of the PWM inverter
and a control strategy using dq0 transformation are proposed. the inverter. To validate the proposed methodology some
The system operates as an active filter capable of compensate simulation and experimental results are presented.
harmonic components and reactive power, generated by the
loads connected to the system. An input voltage clamping
technique is proposed to control the power between the grid and
photovoltaic system, where it is intended to achieve the
maximum power point operation. Simulation and experimental
results are presented to validate the proposed methodology for
grid connected photovoltaic generation system.
I. INTRODUCTION
The works on photovoltaic distributed generation systems,
such as photovoltaic solar cells connected to the power grid, Fig. 1. Proposed three-phase power photovoltaic system.
has increased in the last decades due to need of supplying the
II. MODELLING CONVERTER
world rise demand for electric power.
Several papers have been published with varied topologies
A. The three-phase converter
and control strategies for three-phase systems [1], [2], [3], [4],
The converter proposed in this work is a three-phase bi-
[5], [6], [7]. There are some advantages that have been
directional DC-AC converter with PWM modulation using
motivating grid-connected photovoltaic system applications,
six power switches. The simplified electrical diagram of the
which are:
converter is shown in Fig. 2.
• Reduction in the costs of the PV panels [8].
The bi-directional characteristic of the converter is very
• Operation does not pollute the atmosphere [9].
important in this proposed photovoltaic system, because it
• Capability to supply AC loads and inject active power, allows the processing of active and reactive power from the
from the photovoltaic system to the grid, relieving the
generator to the load and vice versa, depending on the
grid demand (distributed generation system).
application. Thus, with an appropriate control of the power
The researches developed in this area have shown another
switches it is possible to control the active and reactive power
great advantage, which is the possibility to accomplish a
flow.
reactive power control originated from linear and non-linear
loads also connected to the system [10]. This fact is so
attractive, since a single system is able to realize two different
functions as energy generation to supply AC loads and active
power filter.
Following this research line, this work presents a three-
phase PWM inverter modeling and a control strategy using
dq0 transformation to be employed in a grid-connected
photovoltaic generation system (Fig. 1). The proposed system
also operates as an active power filter capable of compensate
Fig. 2. Bi-directional DC-AC PWM converter.
harmonic components and reactive power, generated by the
other loads. Therefore, the control strategy permits the B. Current control modeling
operation near unity power factor to any solar radiation, UPS The converter modelling is relatively simple and is
function for any kind of load and control of the energy flux accomplished through dq0 transformation. The modelling for
between the photovoltaic panels and the grid. the current control is obtained considering the AC output.
⎧ dI12 (t )
⎪V12 (t ) = L ⋅ dt + D12 (t ) ⋅ Vi + R ⋅ I12 (t )
⎪
⎪ dI 23 (t )
⎨V23 (t ) = L ⋅ + D23 (t ) ⋅Vi + R ⋅ I 23 (t ) (1)
⎪ dt
⎪V (t ) = L ⋅ dI 31 (t ) + D (t ) ⋅ V + R ⋅ I (t )
⎪⎩ 31 dt
31 i 31
Fig. 10. Diagram of the voltage regulator Vi= 700 V - Input Voltage (DC)
This signal Idref1(t) is used as one of the references in the Vout= 220 V - RMS Output Voltage (grid)
current control loop of the direct axis d, guaranteeing that fr= 60 Hz - Grid Frequency
voltage Vi(t) keeps clamped at the desired value, as shown in fs = 20 kHz - Commutation Frequency
Fig. 11. R = 0.57 Ω - Output inverter equivalent resistor
L = 1.92 mH - Output inverter equivalent inductance
Ci= 2.7 mF - Input Inverter capacitor
The simulation with linear loads was done and good results
were obtained to several load parameters. However, to show a
better performance of the system proposed, only the results
Fig. 11. Block diagram of the voltage control. considering non-linear loads connected to the system are
presented. The performance of the reactive power
IV. SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
compensation and harmonics current elimination is better
A. PV array design observed when non-linear load tests are done.
To validate the proposed methodology for grid-connected The non-linear load presented in this work is a three-phase
PV generation system, a 12 kilowatts PV array was design bridge rectifier with RC output, shown in Fig. 13.
using Kyocera KC50, connected in a proper series-parallel Fig. 14 presents the three grid currents and the input
configuration. voltage Vi(t) behavior for several situation of abrupt
Table 1 shows the main characteristics of the PV array, that variations of the current supplied by the PV panels. It is seen
was design to 700 Volts photovoltaic output voltage and 18 that the grid input currents always has a sinusoidal shape.
Amperes of current. The equivalent circuit simulated is
shown in Fig. 12.
TABLE I
PV ARRAY SPECIFICATIONS USING KYOCERA KC50 PANELS
Total peak power 12.6 kW
Number of series strings panels - Ns 42
Number of paralel – Np 6
Number of PV panels 252 Fig. 13. Non-linear load simulated
Corrent peak 18 A
Voltage in maximum power 701.4 V
Corrent: short circuit 18.6 A
Voltage: open circuit 903 V
Fig. 17. Current spectrum harmonic: Grid and load in the phase 1.
Fig. 18. Active Power: Grid, load, PV and converter to several solar
conditions.
C. Experimental Results
To demonstrate the feasibility of the discussed PV system,
a prototype was designed and implemented following the
specifications presented in Tables 1 and 2. The PV array was
design to 500 Volts photovoltaic output voltage..
Fig. 19 depicts in the phase 1 the utility voltage (VUtility),
the Non-linear load current (IL) and utility current (IS) with
the system operating just in the active power line conditioning
mode (cloudy day or night). The THD of IS is 2.8% for a load
crest factor of 2.8, and the PF=0.97.
Fig. 20 shows the utility voltage and the utility current in
Fig. 16. Current and voltage in the phase 1 – PV current and output current the phase 1, with the system only supplying power to the
inverter of phase 1.
utility grid (THD = 2.5% and PF = 0.98). In this case no load
is connected in the PV system.
To prove the structure operation as active power filter, Fig.
Fig. 21 presents the performance of the utility voltage and
17 shows the grid and load current harmonic spectrum in the
utility current (THD = 2.8% and PF = 0.978) with a 50% of
phase 1. It was verified that using the control strategy, the
non-linear load connected between the PV system and the
harmonic components of the grid current are eliminate.
commercial electric grid.
It is important to emphasize that for both situations the
power factor is always high and the currents present low
harmonic distortion.
Due to a little variation of the temperature in the region
where the PV panels is implemented, an input voltage
clamping technique is used to assure the maximum power
point (MPP) of the PV panels.
To validate the structure operation some simulation and
experimental results were presented and they show the
viability of the proposed model, as well as the control strategy
used for the PV systems.
Fig. 19. Utility current (IS), Load current and utility voltage (VUtility) (Ch1 and ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Ch2 20A/div and Ch2 50V/div).
The authors would like to thanks the CNPq and FINEP by
the financial support. The authors also wish to thank the
engineer Marcio Silveira Ortmann for their support during the
experimental tests.
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