POTENTIAL FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION

FROM WASTE COOKING OIL IN KENYA

2nd NATIONAL SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION WEEK

13TH-17TH MAY 2013, KICCC, NAIROBI

Technical University of Kenya

 The Pride hunt

BIODIESEL
TU-K

2
 20

16

12
G toe

0
1970 1990 2010 2030 2050

Source: EIA: "International Energy Outlook 2010”

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 160

140

120

100
US$/barrel

80

60

40

20

0
1860

1870

1880

1890

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010
Source: http://www.pdf-txt.com/xls/crude-oil-price.html

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 BIOFUELS
• Any liquid or gaseous fuel produced from biomass
 Biodiesel, Bioethanol, Biomethanol etc

• Biodiesel- made by reacting any natural oil or fat with an alcohol in

presence of a catalyst to form alkyl esters

CH2-O-COR CH2-OH
| catalyst |
CH-O-COR + 3R’OH 3RCOOR’ + CH-OH
| |
CH2-O-CO-R CH2-OH
Oil Alcohol Biodiesel Glycerin
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 Biodiesel

 Sources of oil /fat for biodiesel production

Edible oils

Non-food oil crops

 Byproducts of plants and animal Promising alternative

sources
 Municipal and industrial wastes

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 Advantages of Biodiesel

 Has characteristics similar to petroleum-derived diesel oil

In contrast to petro diesel, is non-explosive

Biodegradable and non-toxic,

Significantly reduces toxic and other emissions when burned as

a fuel.

Can be preoduced locally hence reduce a country's dependency

on imported petroleum

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 Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil/Fat

Overall goal: Use waste cooking oil/fat as a raw material for

biodiesel production

• Current use of waste cooking oil/fat in Kenya

 Top up and reuse

 Direct disposal into the drain

 60 litres oil/fat discarded by major hotels in Nairobi weekly

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 Development of a lab scale process for production of
biodiesel from waste cooking oil /fat
(i) Collection of waste cooking oil/fat

•Waste oil /fat source

Chips restaurant in Buru buru (waste sunflower oil)

Two hotels in the city (elianto and veebol vegetable fat)

Sunflower waste cooking oil generated in the laboratory.

 Virgin sunflower oil was recycled 9x . After every recycle, 600 ml

of oil was transferred to clean bottles for use in the study

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 Waste oil from
Chips restaurant

Recycled sunflower oil

9x

Waste fat
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(ii) Preparation of waste cooking oil/fat for biodiesel production

Waste oils directly filtered

Waste fat heated before filtration

The oil/fat dried by passing over

anhydrous sodium sulphate
Waste residues in oil/fat

Filtered waste oil/fat acid value determination

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 Acid value of different batches of waste cooking oil/fat
Oil type Acid Value (mgKOH/ % FFA Catalyst (g KOH)/
g oil) (oleic acid) L oil

Virgin sunflower oil 5.7 2.9 10

1x recycled 5.7 2.9 10
2x 6.4 3.2 10
3x 6.4 3.2 10
4x 7.3 3.7 10
5x 6.3 3.2 10
6x 7.0 3.5 10
7x 7.0 3.5 10
8x 7.0 3.5 10
9x 6.4 3.2 10
Chips Res WCO 163.0 81.9 8.8*
Virgin Elianto oil 0.95 0.5 8.0
WCO (Hilton) 1.6 0.8 8.0
Virgin Veebol cooking fat 0.63 0.3 7.0
WVF (Utalii) 5.7 2.9 10

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 (iii) Biodiesel preparation

• Based catalysed trans-esterification used on oils/fat with AV

below 5%

•Acid pre-treatment followed with base catalysed trans-esterifcation

used for AV above 5%

• Biodiesel prepared by mixing oil with methanol at 1:6 mole ratio

in presence of catalyst.

•KOH and NaOH tested as catalysts

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 Biodiesel reactor Set Up in the Laboratory

Biodiesel
Glycerol

2h, at 55±5◦ ◦C, mixing at 250 rpm Seperation of Biodisiel and glycerol
14 Recovered biodisiel washed with warm acidified water
 Biodiesel yields
%Biodiesel %glycerol stdev
Virgin sunflower oil 90 10 ±0.5
Virgin sunflower oil* 86 14 ±3.0
Virgin elianto oil 85 15 ±0.34
Virgin veebol fat 88 12 ±1.7
Recycled sunflower
x1 86 14 ±3.1
x2 86 14 ±3.4
3x 86 14 ±2.0
4x 87 13 ±0.6
5x 88 12 ±0.5
6x 89 11 ±0.7
7x 87 13 ±1.6
8x 90 10 ±0.8
9x 88 12 ±2.0
WCO (Hilton) 90 10 ±2.6
WVF (Utalii) 92 8 ±1.3
Chips res WCO 72 28 ±2.0
15 *NaOH used as catalysts
 Biodiesel Characterization
Test Name Test Standard Biodiesel- Biodiesel - Biodiesel
Method limit WCO WVF from 9x
(Hilton) (Utalii) recycled
sunflower
oil
Acid Value ASTM D664 0.80 0.22 0.83 0.11
(mgKOH/gm)
Viscosity, 40 ◦C ASTM D 1.9-6.0 8.2 12.3 6.8
(mm2/sec ) 445
Calorific Value ASTM D 45.5 (petro 38.1 39.4 36.7
(Mj/kg) 240 diesel)
Flash point ◦C, ASTM D 93 Min 130 172 168 180
closed cup
Specific gravity ASTM 0.86-0.90 0.8889 0.8958 0.8855
@20 ◦C D4052
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 ………..Biodiesel Characterization
Test Name Test Standard Biodiesel Biodisiel Biodiesel
Method limit from hilton from Utalii from
WCO WVF recycled
sunflower
oil
Pour point ASTM D NA <-10 ◦C 4 ◦C <-10 ◦C
97
Carbon residue ASTM D 0.05 2.01 3.2 2.08
(% w/w) 4530
Water content % ASTM D 0.05 ND ND ND
2709
Sediments % ASTM D 0.05 1.83 0.06 1.82
2709
Total Sulphur % ASTM D 0.05 0.9 0.06* 0.82
5453
*Biodiesel dried by heating at 110 for 30 min. Others dried by passing through anhydrous sodium
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 Performance of the Biodiesel on Diesel Engines

Conventional diesel engine– TUK Compression ignition engine- NYS

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 Biodiesel Performance in Compression Ignition
Engine

Torque
45

40

35

Diesel
30
Torque (Nm)

B10
B20
25 B30
B40

20 B50
B100

15

10

5
650 1000 1500 1700 2000 2500
Speed (RPM)
 Comparison of biodiesel and petrol diesel consumption

Fuel flow Break Specific Fuel

fuel rate/hr consumption g/Kwh Power (load) Kw
DISIEL 3475 225 15.45
B100 3660 251 14.56
B10 3578 236 15.12
B20 3649 240 15.23
B30 3564 241 14.78±0.74
B40 3583 241 14.89
B50 3585 243 14.78
•B100 has 5.3% higher flow rate than disiel and 11.6% higher specific fuel
consumption
•Hence more fuel consumption and less power output (5.8% reduction)

•B20 has 5% higher flow rate than disiel and 6.7 % higher specific fuel
consumption. Power reduction 1.4%
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 Closed Loop 200 Liters Biodiesel Reactor at TU-K

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 Use of Biodiesel in mobile engine

22 TUK-TUK running on 100% Biodiesel

 Use of Biodiesel as Paraffin substitute

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Domestic stoves burning on biodiesel
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
•NCST- grant award

•Hilton and Utalii hotels- Waste cooking oil/fat donation

•Car & General

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