Information and Communication
permeated our life.
Technology
 Information and communications
technology (ICT) is an
another/extensional term for information
technology (IT) which stresses the role
of unified communications and the
integration of telecommunications
(telephone lines and wireless signals),
computers as well as necessary
enterprise software, which enable users
to access, store, transmit, and
manipulate information.
 UNESCO has defined ICT as forms of
technology that are used to transmit,
process, store, create, display, share or
exchange information by electronic
means.
 It includes not only traditional
technologies like radio and television,
but also modern ones like cellular
phones, computer and network,
hardware and software, satellite systems
and so on, as well as the various services
and applications associated with them,
such as videoconferencing.
 A wide range of technologies that fall
under the category of ICT:
Information Technologies
Creation Personal Computers, Digital camera,
Scanner, Smartphone
Processing Calculator, PC, Smartphone
Storage CD, DVD, Pen drive, Microchip,
Cloud
Display PC, TV, Projector, Smartphone,
Transmission Internet, Teleconference, Video
conferencing, Mobile technology,
Radio
Exchange e-mail, Cell phone,
ICT IN EVERYDAY LIFE
 The widespread use of ICT in Education
is not just a coincidence. It is observed
in all aspects our life. Let us take a look
at the extent to which ICT has
ICT in Business
 Today a lot of business transactions
happen through internet and hence
called e-commerce. ICT facilitates
marketing, customer visit, product
browsing, shopping basket checkout, tax
and shopping, receipt and process order.
ICT in Financial Services
 Every service a traditional bank
provides is available these days through
online service.
 From transferring money from one
account to other up to running the day-
today transactions of the bank are
provided through internet.
ICT in Entertainment
 Internet is a major source of
entertainment. Internet is a hub of
movies, games, books, and social
networking. Due to digital broadcasting,
the television experience itself is
changing.
 Digital cameras, printers and scanners
have enabled more people to experiment
with image production.
ICT in Public Service
 Both Central and State Governments are
actively encouraging e-governance
practices. Digital India initiative of
Government of India is the best example
of this.
 We can book an LPG cylinder through
the website of the gas supplier, pay
electricity bills online through an online
bill desk.
 Land related RTC can be viewed
through internet being at home.
 ICT is also providing a platform for a
conversation between the public and the
1
 government through various social 2. Gen-II: These were computers
networking services.
dependent on transistor and
ICT in Education semiconductor devices. They were used
as a calculating or reading
 Education is one major sector which has
undergone the influence of innovations instrument.eg. The present day
in ICT. calculators.
 Starting from providing online content
service, platform for organizing learning 3. Gen-III Computers: These are simple
experiences to managing learning and analog machines based on transistors,
assessment has been changed greatly by
ICT developments. which generate logics from logic gates
as an exited and no exited sets of
EVOLUTION OF ICT
electrons hence use binary digits for
 ICT is evolving in a very fast pace. We computing.
can identify five phases of ICT 4. Gen-IV: Cluster computers or super
evolution.
 They are evolution in computer, PC, computers. They are a cluster of binary
microprocessor, internet and wireless digit computers over a series and
links.
parallel collection machine. They work
COMPUTERS over multiple input multiple output
 A computer is a device that can be patterns hence multiple flowing
instructed to carry out arbitrary operations are created. Hence there
sequences of arithmetic or logical processing is over flops.
operations automatically. 1012 flops – tera flop
 The ability of computers to follow 1015 flops – peta flop
generalized sets of operations, called 1018 flops – exa flop
programs, enables them to perform an Top 500list of super computers yearly defines
extremely wide range of tasks. the fastest 500 super computers in the world.
1. Sunway taihu light – (China) – 98 peta
Types of computers: flop
1. First generations computers: These 2. Taiwan 2A (China) – 33 peta flops
were based on vaccum tubes or an 3. Titah (USA) – 17.59 peta flops
electrical relay which were used as a 4. Sequoia (IBM) – 17.2 peta flops
reading device. The initial devices were 5. K-computer (Japan) – 10.5 P flops
also used for general purpose 98. Saharsh (IBM+HP) – (India) – 901 tera
calculation. flops

2
National Supercomputing mission (2015): or quantum interface. Such computers derive
(Initiated by Ministry of Telecom Information logics from quantum properties of particle.
&Broadcasting with the Dept. of Electrical and  3 out of 4 quantum properties can be used to
Electronic Development). With a target of generate logics corresponding to 0, 1 and
developing the fastest super computer in India as any integral number between 0 and 1. which
well as improving the manufacturing of will form the basis of computing or quantum
electrical and electronic component required for bits qubits.
cluster computing in India.  Generation of infinite logics increases the
Advantages and disadvantages of super processing abilities of a computer, which
computer: can some complex equation like Einstein's
Advantages Disadvantages calculations, state of matter complexities,
They work over wide spread size astronomical and cosmological prediction.
floating point The first quantum computer of the world is kept
operations so can online by IBM in 2016.
achieve multiple Gen-VI computers:
inputs multiple outputs 1. Organic computers:
Help in e-gov. large amount of These are computers dependent on an interface
navigation, tele energy required developed by organic molecules majorly DNA
education, or protein. Bio molecules can be kept at -20ºC
telemedicine, citizen for many years and nucleotide code A,T,G,C can
based services, search be used for logic creating and computing.
&resque, disaster  Organic molecules of nano size nano
prediction and material etc. can also be used development
mitigation, metrology of special. Semiconductor device like
etc. fluorine based transistor which will also help
They can be helpful in large amount of heat in computing
generating servers for produced 2. Optical computers:
multipoint operations Those computers in which an interaction b/w
photons and particles can create multiple logics
based on which computing can be developed
Gen-V become the basis of photonics.
Quantum computers : These are computers Others tools dependent on optical computing are
which are dependent on quantum complexities (a) Compact disc
(b) Lifi

3
 (c) Laser interface etc.
Inputs devices
1. Keypad – used in ATM and EPOS – As well
as personal identification.
2. Touch pad – Pressure dependent
3. Tracker ball – used in mouse
4. Joystick – Gaming consoles interactive tools
5. Remote controls – work over infrared red
6. Magnetic strip reader (MSR) – Used in
identification in credit cards, debit card or
EPOS.
 Smart card reader – Based on a
microchip, helps in general
identification.
 Chip and PIN reader and touch screen –
Developed over CRT (Cathode Ray
Tube) the TFT (LCD based)
 Scanners : Image replication, OMR
(Optical mark reader) (recognizes the
mark over an image)
 OCR(Optical character recognisition)
 Conversion of image into text.
 Webcam analog to digital conversion.
 Digital camera – input as well as output
device. (analog to digital)
 Barcode reader – input device helps in
EPOS can also be linked with RFID
(Radio frequency identification)
 MICR (Magnetic ink character
recognition) Used in banking cheques
drafts for identification.
 Graphics pad, graphics tablet- help in
writing over the display developed over
CRT as well as TFT act as input as well
as output device.
 Sensors acts as a butter to convert
analog signals into digital signals.
Output devices
 Displays - CRT, LCD, LED, OLED,
plasma, HD
 Luminousence – absorbs lights and then
reflect (like moon)
 (Methods)
 Flurosence – atomic phenomena –
higher orbit to lower orbit and emit
light.
 Phosphorosusence (metaloids) – real
time phenomena – phosphorous
Actuator – (Output device)
 Digital to analog signal conversion.
 Motor, Buzzers, light, heaters, etc. work
over the input of actuator.
 Microphone – input
 Headphone – Output (generally both as
built incomplete
 Speakers – Output – digital to analogue.
 Multimedia projector – output
Memory
Terms related to memory
Resistors:
They can be program counter, instruction
resistors memory address resistors. Memory
buffer resistors and accumulators.
Cache Memory
It is a high speed highly volatile buffer memory
which upholds the data or instruction
temporarily during processing. It acts below the
4
resistors and helps in reduction of congestion of as in the case of EPROM, EEROM,
the data just above the CPU. EAROM, EEPROM, flash EEPROM.
RAM : Random access memory. External memory:
They hold the data temporarily for a programe. 1. HDD [0,1] – Hard drive disc works over
Instruction or a pre and post processing magnetic polarization and depolarization in
completion three different types of Ram are storage of the data. It stores the data in the layers
defined. of ferromagnetic materials as different bits
1.Static Ram – stores data over electrical created by an oscillator.
signals. Data is lost once electric current is lost.
2. Dynamic Ram – stores data over charged USB pen drives USB 2.0 USB 3.0
capacitors Data remains even if electrical current
is cut down.
SATA
3. Synchronous Dynamic Ram – SD ram it is Four Services
Storage in
the dynamic ram synchronysed over the clock USB wire
transistor base
Connection
speed of the processor. based connecti
4. Static Ram or S Ram is very fast but is connecti on
costly dynamic ram has higher capacity but vity develope
requires continuous refreshing. SD Ram is 2. data d
commonly used in high end data processing transfer 2. data
system. in single transfer
ROM : (Read only memory) direction in both
 It acts as the primary memory which is 60mb/se direction

either inbuilt over the motherboard or c. 3. 625

act as a permanent chip involved in maximu Mb/s –

processing and programming. m data maximu

 ROM can be of following types: range m data 5

1. Manufactures programe ROM used 485 gigabit/s

for system boot or reboot functioning. mbit/sec. ec

2. Users program ROM: In this user can transfer

program the data. This data can either be note

permanent which becomes Holographic versatile disc:

programmable ROM or it can be  It is an optical disc technology where
erasable electrically or by another mode data can be stored in holographic pattern

5
 or 3D occupancies. Using such disc the
dimensions of the disc can be reduced.
 Such disc can store data upto terra bites
or hypothetically between 100 GB to 10
TB. This disc can have dia in the range
of 90 to 100 mm.
 Two diff. lasers are used in reading the
data from these disc (Red and Green)
Green laser help in reading the data
while red laser helps as fixing the
position of the data.
Protein coated disc :
 These are optical disc which can be
coated with a device layer of
bioluminating proteins which are
extracted as photosynthetically active
pigments derived from genetically
altered bacteria.
 Data can be stored in multiple optical
wavelengths produced by these proteins.
Such disc can have a theoretical storage
upto 50TB.
Networking
Connection inside the computer or computer
ports.
Wifi – wireless frequency interface
Lifi –
 Li-Fi is a bidirectional, high-speed and
fully networked wireless communication
technology similar to Wi-Fi.
 Developed over blue, green or red
waves.
 Not only LAN but also in MAN/WAN
 Long distance wireless connectivity.
 MAN – Metropolitan area network
 200km2 wired
 Copper wire based – existing telephone
lines
 Optical fibre based
 Optical fibres:
 Long tubes of glass, inner surfaces can
be polished.
 Light waves used in signal transmission.
 Light falls at critical angle – Total
internal reflections.
 Signal augmentation can be done.
 Networking of
National Optical FiberNetwork (NOFN) –
Connectivity by Optical Fibers
Digital India programme
It is the flagship scheme of Govt. of India
conceptualize in 2014, initiated in 2015. It is
headed over by the PM of India and the nodal
ministry is Ministry of Information Broadcasting
and Telecommunication.
The target of the programme is to create optical
fibre based network upto the Gram panchayat
level to avail broad band internet services at the
rural levels.
DiGi- locker :
 It is a 20MB virtual space provided by
GOI to every citizen to store documents
related to identity of Government.
Service transactions in soft copies.
 It will be protected by an authenticated
number which also helps in rapid
sharing of the information to avail
government services.
6
Wimax: (Wireless micro based connectivity)
 It is a pattern through which
metropolitan area network can be
created with a range of 20 kms
maximum linear distance. It helps in
creation of MAN as well as WAN so
termed as world wide inter operatability
for microwave access.
 Wimax work over radio waves and
microwaves in a range of 2 to 6 GHz
and near microwaves at 7 to 8.1 GHz.
 It helps in connection across mobile
tower or dedicated transmission hubs,
which can connect infinite devices at a
time. Maximum level distance
achievable is 20 km a range of 40 km
diameter.
 It helps in relay of wireless broad band
internet.
Private network
o EPN (Enterprise Pvt. Network)
o VPN (Virtual Pvt. Network)
o Value added Network)
EPN:
 It is an exclusive network created by any
enterprise or private organization. This
network is created outside the domains
of interval and the enterprise holds the
exclusive rights of the data stored over
EPN.
 The stored information can be shared
partially at exclusive open points which
are also under the control of enterprise.
 There are multiple restrictions or
authorizations, which are created for
identification or data sharing at any
point.
VPN: (Core banking)
 Virtual private network act as a wide
area network in which the enterprise
which lay down the network has the
exclusivity over the network as well as
the data available over the network.
 In this network the remote user can also
be included through the layers of
internets connectivity in an authorized
sharing of the data.
 In this network the remote user also has
the authorization to access as well as to
modify the data but exclusivity
pertinacity to the user only.
 In this way the enterprise has exclusive
right over the data but remote user can
also use a part of that data.
Courier services:
 VAN (Value added network)
 It is a type of EPN or a WAN which is
developed by more than one enterprise
for sharing the data but is maintained by
any 3rdpact.
 This type of network is seen in courier
services.
MHSBRP
 Modem: It act as a modulating and
demodulating device which helps as
7
 conversion of digital signals into analog
signals or vice/versa.
 It allow computers or devices to connect
to any network, hence act as device
network interface. Modems can be
following types :
Analog (Modulation)
1. Dial up modem: They use the existing
telephone line to connect or dial over the
network. Such lines are used to slow
data transfer.
2. DLS: (Digital subscribers line)
Dedicated lines to provide internet
connectivity through copper lines or
optical fibers. In many cases a network
line is also supported in conjunction
with either many other line or a
telephone line – such modem becomes
ADSL (Asymmetric digital subscriber
line)
3. Cable model: They help in relay of
internet services using the existing TV
cable networks.
4. Network Hub: It acts as common
connection points between computers
where data can be stand and shared
between the computers. Usually network
hubs have a disadvantage when many
devices are connected over the hub, as it
slows down the data transfer rate.
5. Switch: It also acts as a hub or common
connection point but is only used in
transferring the data forward and not
storing it. Switches usually help in
connecting many devices in a LAN.
6. Bridges: Bridges connect any LAN to
another LAN.
7. Router: It helps to connect a GAN
across a LAN or even to assemble many
LANs together.
8. Proxy server: Acts as a buffer between
GAN and WAN or LAN. It also creates
modes to transfer the data in the form of
web pages or any user friendly formal.
Internet
 It acts as network of the network. The
first developed was ARPANET in 1983
which was used for strategic purposes
by US dept of defense.
 The pattern is now evolved into a
common network over a network hub,
which is www, which eventually is
developed by IETF.
IETF: Internet engineering task force
I. It is a non government nonprofit
organisation which is developed by an
association of computer scientist,
organization institutes and private bodies.
II. It helps in defining and developing the
required for global network, behaviour
pattern and functioning of the internet.
III. It also helps to co-ordinate amongst various
organization internet agencies, national
group, institutes and government.
IV. It controls the type of content and data as
well as the pattern of network across the
internet.
8
Internet society: files and ensures
 It helps to coordinate with IETF in the uplink and
developments of multiple codes and downlink delivery
protocol in long term evolution pattern of data without
of the internet. getting corrupted
 ICANN: International coordinate for User datagram UDP Coordination,
accredited/assign names and numbers. protocol Audio help in
 If is a govt organization developed in defining control
co-ordination with scientist, engineers, over audio
local groups, Govt. in internet signals.
participating countries. It help in
defining protocol related with Internet protocol
recognition and registry of the internet  It is the principle communication
users. protocol which helps in establishing the
ICANN defines IP (Internet protocols) internet enables internet working as well
 IEEE (institute of electrical and as helps in establishment of recognition
electronic engineers) It is a non govt. protocol across the internet.
organization which develop set slots and  The commonly used recognition
codes for the development of electrical protocol is IPVy-2011, IETF and
and electronic devices, multiple codes of ICANN developed the new version or
IEEE are defined like 802.11 for wifi. IPV6.
802.16 for wimax
4 (Generation) LTE (long term evolution)
IPV4 IPV6
Protocol Acronym Purpose
It is a 32 bit naming 128 bit naming system
Internet IP Physical
system. contains 8 sub names
protocol network/registry
each of 16 bits which
and recognition of
are device using semi
user
columns.
Internet control ICMP Status messaging
Each character defines 47.6 trillion name can
message end to end status
G.A., W.A., be developed each
protocol recognition.
metropolitan area and upto a singular device.
Transmission TCP Guaranteed
the LAN.
control delivery (Helps in
Address are sufficient Advantage of IPV6
protocol sending Layer

9
for 4.7 billion users. help in recognizing the 5. ATMA – Automated Tillage
mobile devices Management Agency
4 characters are used Point to point device 6. Soil, Seed, New varieties
between 0 to 255. connectivity as well as TKDL – Traditional knowledge digital
recognition over a library.
LAN. VSAT: Very small aperture terminal
Web page: Used for teleducation teleconference,
 It is a pattern through which data is Availability of educational lectures,
related across internet reader. It is Smart Education: Samsung and Jawahar
developed using hyper text transfer Navodaya Vidyalaya
protocol. E-Governance Advantage of ICT
 The major languages that can be used (1) Accountability / Transparency

are HTML (Hyper text markup (2) Govt. schemes

languages). (3) Direct benefit transfer

 It can be relayed over special software (4) Healthcare services improvement

or web browsers (5) Telemedicine

 Commonly used web browsers. (6) Economic Benefit schemes

 MSIE (Microsoft internet explorer), (7) Disaster management

Opera, Safari, Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Digital Divide

PNAS – Scientific browser.
 A digital divide is an economic and
Web 1.0 Web 2.0 social inequality with regard to
access to, use of, or impact of
HTML Dynamic
information and communication
Image like pages HTML technologies (ICT).
(Only readable) (no Modification  (97, 000 villages need 90,000
remain now)
modification) Comment possible
o Google – Loonfi
Social media
o Microsoft – white-fi
development
Loon fi (project loon) : / Loon fi
ICT/Internet/Digital India:
 Proposed help in spread of rural
1. Awareness at the Grassroute level internet
2. Tools for quick connection remedy  Wireless internet
3. Kisan call Centre – scientist authority  4 day — 25 days
4. Kisan vikas Kendra - scientist authority  1/6 of time 1/4 of rupees
 Project proposed by Google one
corporation for the development of

10
 wireless internet services in the of cost and create a charge for the
areas.
content available over the networks.
 Internal is the remote areas can be
(i) Initiatives like Airtel zero,
received using transponders and
receives over a balloon. facebook free basics India
 This decreases the cost of service triggered a revolution for
relay as well as the three spent in neutralisation and use of
erecting the infrastructure can also
be reduced. internet based services
Microsoft – white-fi which became net
neutrality.
 It is proposal given by Microsoft to It is dependent over two concepts:
keep in relay of internet services in (ii) Network or internet based
the rural areas. services are develop by the
 Spectrum of radio waves b/w 200 to Government for the
600 MHz or microwaves b/w 6 to 9 common benefit of the
GHz are used in the relay of TV people and must always
signals. remain in the hand of
 Majority of this spectrum is government or government
transmitted but is not used in relay organization.
of digital signals. (iii) The private enterprises act
 This spectrum is under spectrum as helping hand to the
which can be used in the relay of Government and must never
internet signals. be given a chance to control

 Advantages could be cost benefits the network or internet

for development of new infrastructure.

infrastructure. (iv) Wireless communication

Network Neutrality : (over EM waves)

Neutralism or Net neutrality:

Radio wave propagation :
 It is a general social revolution
against any kind of the commercial (1) Ground waves
(3MHz to 3MHz)
misuse of the internet based
 These waves have wavelets in terms and hence
infrastructure.
they can be propagated across the curvature of
 It started as an opposition to the
the earth by simple reflection from the ground.
condition of private enterprises to
available the internet services free

11
 They can travel very long distances on the earth (v) 400 to 480 MHz – TV, ultra
surface. Hence are useful in amateur radio high frequency band
communication. (vi) 400 to 2600 MHz – Mobile
 Uses: phone technology
Defense radio, Naval radio, pirate ratio, long Wireless communication
distance alternative modulation, international (1) Mobile phone communication
ammeter radio. 1983 1 G Mobile phone — 350
Disadvantages: MHz (USA, JAPAN)
Sky waves : 3 to 30 MHz Bidirectional voice over
These waves are easily projected across the communication
curvature of the earth as they are reflected back Geographical limit 35 Sqkm
from the lower layers of ionosphere. Hence help  TDMA : Time division mobile access
in long distance communication. Restriction over the use of infrastructure
Use – Am radio broad casting (show distance), dependent over the time allotted to use in the
special frequency bands in local defence infrastructure GSM General Service mobile
communication etc campus radio. 850 < 1850 MHz radio wave spectrum
(1) Line of signal waves/space waves : CDMA Code Division Multiple Access use of
These waves are so protected that they the infrastructure dependent over the multiple
can either travel across in a storage line sub division codes over the channel. 400 MHz
using multiple antenna path, hence are ratio based spectrum.
line of straight waves or they can be  FDMA frequency division access 2G
received beyond the curvature of the Europe Japan
earth by an international satellite bond Difference B/W CDMA – GSM:
communication are space waves. CDMA GSM
frequency of space wave (1) It is (1) It is
communication development of communicati
(i) 54 to 78 MHz ( TV) technology a on across a
low frequency band, communication channel for
(ii) 89 to 110Mz – frequency in multiple fixed
modulation, (FM radio) codes of a duration of
(iii) 110 to 158 MHz – TV, low signals channel. the time
frequency band, short distance (2) The (2) The use of
(iv) 198 to 236 MHz – TV, High communication the channel
frequency band

12
 is faster is exclusive,  Sri Lanka South East Asia
(3) The code can Hence Voice – 2400 MHz
remain useful communicati Internet – Wimax – 21 Mb/s static 3
for long on is faster moving device
duration, hence (3) There are no Difference between 3G and 4G
the cost per unit sub codes so 3G 4G
time is low noise is (1) It works over (1) It work over
(4) The minimum. 2100 to 2400 2600 MHz
disadvantage is (4) Since MHz spectrum R.W spectrum
the continuous services can for voice (2) In this channel
noise created be used for communicatio connecting the
because of near limited to n spectrum is
by used hence it is (2) The channel further divided
(5) Frequency is much costly. connectivity into sub
400 MHz the spectrum is channels codes
divided into and sub codes
multiple sub (3) In 4G
GPRS (Global Packet Radio Services)
channels simultaneous
 GPRS 64 kb/s to 128 kb/s hence multiple
 2.75 G connectivity connected be
 2G voice + Edge 256 Kb/s can be faster divided ie in

 static, 128 Kb/s and it can be ideal stage

 Moving (internet) (enhance data for broader voice and

GSM) (3) Internet internet can be

services connected
3G – (2100 to 2400 MHz) after 200) provided by simultaneousl

Voice – 2100 – 2400 MHz edge and in y.

India – practically static – 512 Kb/s Wimax. (4) Internet

256 Kb/s moving developed on

Wimax.
3.5 G-

5G Communication:
 3.75 – G (4G LTE)
2012 onwards Þ Europe, Germany, USA, China
 4 G (China)
2016

13
 (1) Multi device connectivity to a web or a Satellite Communication:
hotspot. Keplers law:
(2) every device has connectivity at 1 Gb/s, (1) elliptical orbit
CDMA in India — 2016 Reliance (2) equal time equal area
withdrawn (voice) (3) t2 a3
(3) Internet relay, WCDMA, WDCDMA, Mechanics:
CDMA 2000 Circular e < 1
1. Eccentricity Eliptical e = 1
Call drops : coefficient
hyperbolic e > 1
 It is a pattern of premature termination
shape of orbit
of a call are a frequency due to technical
2. Inclination or orbit
glitches or microwave or radiowave
<d = 0 w E
interferences cheated during
on equatorial plane
communication.
 Mobile phone companies enforce these
< I = 180 E W
glitches or premature termination to
< 90 N S
extract money or monitoring benefits
Polar orbit
from the consumers.
< 270 S N
 Much of the loss is seen over fixed plan
On the basis of centre of orbit
connection where every call has a fixed
Sun – Heliocentric
pulse of money.
Earth – Geocentric
 This is called as call drop or enforced
Moon – Luna centric
can drop.
Mans – Areocentric
 TRAI has regulated the telecoms in
Jupiter – Juno centric
2015 to cut down the channel of call
 Transfer orbits or the defined path
drops and said that the maximum
which help in establish any satellite in
frequency of call drop in 24 hours must
the higher orbit altitude. These are
number of more then 3 per customer. If
concentric path location.
it goes beyond 3 then the telecoms is
 The most common transfer orbit is
liable to pay 3 times the money that the
Hohmann's transfer orbit
customer has lost.
Space waste – e-waste accumulation:
 In 2016 Honorable SC has stayed the
Kessler's syndrome Hindrance
TRAI regulations and call regulations

remain unanswered till date.
Junkyard orbit space waste accumulated

14
Satellite Communication This help in better understanding of the
Satellite communication
surrounding. Locates the precise
Remote sensing
 sensing location as well as defines the shape of
Remote sensing Tele communication  Rador
Observation Point + Point  sonar any object.
connectivity  Lidar
 Sudor  It increases the maneuverability of the

Rador: plying object with a precision.

 Radio detection and Ranging  It also helps in development of Stealth

technology to use object from radar for
Uses – missiles and aircrafts
Note: 2010 India – Israel, MOU :India has
 search and Rescue, cryptography
joint part with Israel for the impart of SAR
(creation of map, weapons. cartography
system to be used in strategic purposes
(marking lines somewhere)
We have 3 SAR:
 Maneuvering of aircraft missile or air
 NISSAR (NASA ISRO synthetic
bound vehicles like UAV (unmanned
Aperture Radar MOV).
aerial vehicles).
 It is the joint initiative of NASA and
 Radio tagging and radio frequency
ISRO started in 2016 for development
identification.
of SAR in India which can be used in
RFID (Radio frequency identification)
astronomy and cosmology
Multiple radio waves
Advantages:
Dependent on frequency
Normal radar point
Identification on the basis of must frequency is
of object. Normal radar

Application :
SAR
(1) Warehousing. Doppler's Radar :
(2) Radio taging (wild life conservation It works over Doppler's principle and can define
(3) Local banking transaction (Mobile the precisions of motion of any object against a
Banking) moving body using Doppler's correction.
(4) M-pesa
(5) SAR (search and rescue) 2. SONAR (Sound Navigation amplification
and ranging)
SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radars) :
 These are radar systems which can help In this sound waves are used for detection and
ranging of objects under water.
in development of 3D holographic
projection of any geographical area.

15
Applications:  Geo synchronous satellites were placed

 Maneuvering of under water objects, in 4-different faces of the earth to image

tagging of marine animals, search rescue the co-ordinates in 3D with a precision

and ranging under water, resolution of 5ms.

communication with under water  The images were then joined together

objects. using software driven tool or GIS

 SODAR (Sound detection and ranging)  Maximum satellites used 12 to 16.

 When sound waves are projected  Application of GIS

towards the sky for detection and o Navigation

ranging based on water vapour it o Earth imaging

becomes SODAR, o Cartography

 It helps in metrology, cloud seeding, o Objects location

o Transport
cloud widening etc.
o Urban planning and
 Under water to sky communication
Development etc.
(SODAR)
 GPS
 LIDAR (Light detection and ranging)
 (Based on light waves)
6-8
 It is pattern based analysis of any object 24-32
its colour shape and size using reflection
patterns gathered from light.  (GEO)

LIDAR is useful in
20 mQ
location
(a) Forestry to define green cover
(b) Geology to define nutrients and moisture in
Std. positioning : 6 to 8 satellite
soil
20m precision : normal what we set in
(c) Geography to define structures boundaries
mobile
with precision
Precise positioning : 24 to 32 satellite
 Urban planning to define the planned
Global navigation satellite
construction of urban streets etc. system (GNSS)
 GIS (Geographical information system)
10 cm precision
 GIS is a pattern of geographical imaging
Regional navigation satellite system (RNSS)
using a satellite consultation of
LANDSAT. 1. GPS – US

16
 2. GLONASS – Russia (7 geosynchronous satellite) (Aircraft
3. Galileo – EU navigation channel)
4. IRNSS-India
G20NASS
Galleleo – EU – 16 Beidou
GPS JNS
Beidou – China – 8 GAGAN
ANS
Brazil
NAVIC – Navigation in Indian constellation (7) future

GAGAN (4) – GPS aided G

GSAT – 8
NAVIC (Navigation in Indian Constellation) –
10
IRNSS (Indian Regional Navigation Satellites
system) 15
14
IRNSS-1 1a, 1b,1c, 1d,1e, 1f,1g
April, 2016 Application: Used for aircraft navigation.
    Recent Indian Satellite
Dev-2013 2013 2014 2015 2016 RISAT – weather radar Imaging satellite
3 Geo stationary (Restricted to land boundary) Megha Tropiques-Joint satellite of India &

4 Geo synchronous (till 1500 km away from France used to measure water vapour in the
boundary) atmosphere.
SARAL – Used for oceanic studies
Advantage of NAVIC:
IRNSS – Navigation
IRSS – Remote sensing
Geosynchronous GSAT 6 – Satellite to mark re launch of
Geostationary
GSLV.
Sputnik-I (Russia)
i. Navigation and transport First satellite in the world
ii. Civilian utilities Echo-I (USA)
iii. Urban planning and development First successful remote sensing satellite
iv. Precise positioning aided by GPS First Indian satellite Aryabhatta-I
for strategic purposes First Indian remote sensing satellite –
v. Search and rescue Rohini-I
First Indian telecom satellite – INSAT-I
GAGAN (GPS aided GEO augmentation
First Indian meteorlogicalsatellite Kalpana
and navigation):

17
Astrosat – 1st astronomical satellite of India- etc.
2016, Cartosat, Cartosat-II-Remote sensing and K-Band 18-26 GHz Radar and
oceanic monitoring. Astronomical
observations
KU-Band 12-18 GHz Very long distance
Microwave propagation: satellite
Name of Frequency of Uses communication
the wave the wave KA-Band 26-40 GHz Satellite
band communication,
L-Band 1-2 GHz Military telemetry, and the band of
GPS, GSM based NATO
phones, amateur communication
ratio
S-Band 2-4 GHz Weather Radar,
Surface and ship E-Governance
radar, microwave Government
PSU Pinates
ovens, wireless
Citizens
LAN or wifi,
Bluetooth, GPS PI PPP P4

long distance
Governance e-gov.
radio,
Rapid ICT+governance+
Communication, Citizen Citizen

speciallyin e-governance [1.0] – National e-gov. plan

Astronomy  idealized-2001 formulated-2006
C-Band 4-8 GHz Long dist radio,  Development of
Communication, computer technology
Supply in  Mobile phone
astronomy technology
X-Band 8-12 GHz Terestrial development
Broadband  E-gov. over computer
Connection, Space and mobile tools
communication,  Governance must be all
Satellite phones over electronic tools
e-gov. [2.0] – NeGP 2.0

18
  e-Kranti (2015/16) bank.
 Computer, Mobile + Megh Raj First dedicated cloud
Internet based service computing of the country.
 DBT by internet and WAN WAN
associated tools
WW
 Development of e-
commerce WAN WAN
 Governance via social
Advantage
media tools
Secure
 More responsive
Disadvantage
government
Kills long amount of
Initiatives
memories over the grid.
e-post Initiated by department of
2nd gigantic system, - cost of
post, where works done are
operation /system is high.
automated with the help of
internet – used for retail and
corporate customers.
Cloud computing:
eIPO Helps in transfer of money
 It is a dedicated open source connection
(electronics through electronic channels
channel created across, multi device
Indian postal developed by India post.
connection platforms through which any
order) (Started 2014)
data can be read modified and saved in
e-district Started in 2011, to provide
an open source of any device which
citizen based services at the
helps in reducing the memory
block level, managed and
dependence for computing, is cost
supervised at district level,
effective, connectivity is faster and is
with the help of common
more flexible.
service centres developed for
 NOFN (National optical fibre
service delivery.
network): A dedicated optic fibre
e-Bharat It is a project to develop e-
connect village CGP’s for the
gov. in the country and
transmission of Broadband Internet.
involve the financial support
 Dial Govt.: A govt. based interface to
for the task which is also
host all the information related to
aided by loans from world

19
 eligibility for attaining benefits from  Pragati (Proactive governance and
government based schemes. timely implementation): It is an
 e-Taal: Electronic transactions initiative of govt. of India where PMO,
aggregation and analysis layer. Used to Union Secretaries and chief secretaries
take a track of all the payments or of state would be linked through a
transactions done under central & state common network to take a feedback of
government schemes and projects. works and services provided by
 National Knowledge Network (NKN): government on monthly basis.
An interconnection of all the institutes,  Every last Wednesday of the month
organisation, agencies and universities. after 3:30 PM would be pragati day in
Where the knowledge or the resource the govt.
person can be made all over the network  (National e-authentication service
to share the content or the ideas. offered by deity) intended to built trust
 NIC (National informatics Centre) and confidence across online
(1976): Helps development of ICT transactions through this a persons
infrastructure for e-gov. as well as identity can be verified based on UID
central state govt. and the local govt. and authentication channels and
together. certificates can be developed to access
 NIC net: Dedicated platform created by any e-gov. service.
NIC to link the educational institutes at  e-gov. in education purposes:
central state level with the respective o NPTEL (national program on
departments and ministries. technology enhanced learning)
 Digital India: Provision of broadband joint initiative of IIT’S and IISC
internet and e-gov India services as well to provide, e-learning across
as ensuring the delivery of citizen based web portals and v-sat based tele
services and provision of IT based jobs conferencing to link
through a network of broadband internet academicians from MIT (UK)
provided upto GPS level. and share the knowledge
 Data govt. in: Initiative of GoI and regarding science, tech,
USGovt helps in publishing data, management and Humanity etc.
documents and creating a common presently 125 web 35 video
platform for service delivery and its based comes.
information to the general public from o Gyan-darshan (2001)
different ministries and departments.

20
 o Gyandarshan and gyanvani –  Initiative regarding admission and
initiative of HRD to relay quality of education in any college
education based programs over  E-pathshala: Initiative of Mo HRD to
doordarshan and aakashvani, bring the NCERT books over internet
with the content hosted by platforms.
IGNOU.  Shaala siddhi: Initiative to know
 Contain: 4 major digital channel, GD-1, regarding the performance of the school
GD-2, GD-3 (EKlanya), 4D-4 (Vyas) as well as to provide feed backs.
EDUSAT:  Saransh: Initiative to identify the areas
 First dedicated satellite for development of improvement in the schools related to
of education in the country. curriculum syllabus etc.
 SWAYAM (study webs for active TKDL:
learning for young aspring minds) Recent trends in ICT:
 MOOC – Massive open online courses. 1. Smart cities: (Using ICT in Development and
 Project to provide online courses Urbanisation)
through webbased format or video based Urban development + ICT
format for students at 9th to 12th level, Smart cities
graduate &PG etc. Energy Env. Transpo Resourc
 2000 comes, across grid and cloud developme Manageme rt e
computing channels. nt nt & utilizatio
 NMEICT: P-156 conservatio n
 SAKSHAT: Initiatives of KVS, NVS, n
NCERT, IGNOU and NIOS. With a Citizen
target of making knowledgeover ICT services
platforms free of cost.
Unnat Bharat Abhiyan 2014 – smart cities (100)
 Initiative of IIT’s &NIT’s and other 2016 – phase-I (20)
leading Engg. Bodies to adopt atleast 5 Internet of things:
villages each and provide imovations 1. Using things for relay of internet
and knowledge to fill the technology 2. Influencing things by the relay of internet
gap which is created in the Urban and 3. Creation of a sync. of things
Rural areas. Internet of things:
 KYC (Know your college)

21
 Water
motor Over
Consumer
end
Application
Influence
Geyser
Washing
machine
Cyber security and computer viruses
 Cyber security is a pattern of creating a
secure network over internet tools.
 Cyber crime: It involves methods like
malrious programmes, viruses, insecure
transactions, monetary frauds, data theft,
social kiosk etc.
 If in any case cyber crime involves any
act of blood shed it becomes cyber
terrorism.
 Malware: They are the malicious
programmes developed to disrupt
programming, gather information, gain
access, extort payment, sabotage or any
act of computer linked activities which
is malice.
 Malwares are of following types:
1. Computer viruses: These are self
replicating infections programmes
which can infect (effect) files,
servers, CPU, Hard disc or corrupt
the data or may promote the display
of illicit content, political humour or
may promote over the web or
internet.
They are of following types self replicating
codes, read request intercepts, encrypted codes
and programmes, polymorphic codes etc.
Worms:
 They are infected programs, which
target and infect the network across a
computer.
 Trojan Horse: They are rapid moving
malicious programmes developed to
hack into a computer through email or
social media access which can gain
unauthorized access and initiate data
theft or modification. Loss of data.
Formatting the disc spying and
surveillance.
 Ransomeware: They are unauthorized
security files which are once
downloaded restrict the entry into the
system or its use until a payment being
done.
Spyware:
 Used in spying and surveillance:
 Adware:
 Which run unauthorized advertisement
over the system.
 Scare ware:
Gray ware:
 Authorised prog which slows down the
system programe.
 Cyber security policy- 2016
 IT ACT sec 66 A
3D-printing:
 It is a tool of printing 3D-objects using a
laserjet printer and its raw material. A
3D virtual model can be created upto
micro level special. The laserjet printer
22
 then fills the composite material in the
model forms the object. It can be used in
1. Manufacturing of new materials, nano
materials or even complex giant.
2. It can help in reducing the labour time
and cost spent during construction.
3. It can help in education by creating
3D-models.
4. Bio printing – 3D printers can print
human or animal organs which can be
used in drug testing and pharmacology
(development of new pharmaceutical
materials, organ transplant etc)
5. 3D printing can be used in food and
nutrition by developing desired nutritive
food using simple 3D-models.
Biometric :
 It is a pattern of identification of any
individual based on its biological
identifying factors like physical and
behaviouristic patterns. Physiological
patterns or genetical patterns.
 It may include the following – finger
print or thump imprint/cornea scan,
heart beat, DNA codes, Gait, voice,
walking patterns, typing pattern speed
etc.
UID : Unique identification
 It is a flagship scheme started by GoI in
2010 for identification based
biometrics to the citizens. It is headed
over by the PM and the nodal ministry is
Ministry of information
Broadcasting for supervision
technical assistance. A unique ID
number can be given to every citizen
based on their biometric profile.
 It can be linked to identification of any
individual for many governance based
citizen services like transfer of subsides
to DBT, wages allotment in
MGNREGA minimum support price for
agri etc.
 In 2015 GoI has initiated JAM trinity to
links JAN DHAN YOJANA, Aadhar to
Mobile banking together for DBT of
subsidies.
UAN
 It is the unique account number given to
employees under the new pension
scheme for their PF operations.
 The nodal agency involved is EPFO
under MOF.
 Using UAN, employees can operate
their PF account independent of the
interference created by the employer.
on
and
and
23