World war II :its Outcome and Impact on International

Relations

Submitted to:
Dr. Avinash Samal
(Faculty, International relations)

Submitted By:
Bhavana Khatwani
B.A. LLB (Hons.)
Semester-V, Sec-A, Roll No. 43

Submitted on: 17.08.2018

Hidayatullah National Law University

Uparwara post, Abhanpur, New Raipur (C.G)

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 Declaration

I hereby declare that the project work entitled “World War 2 and its outcome and
impact on International Relations” submitted to HNLU, New Raipur, is a record of an
original work done by me under the guidance of Dr. Avinash Samal
Faculty Member, HNLU, Raipur.

Bhavana Khatwani

Date - 16.08.2018

Semester V

Roll No:43

Section-A

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 Acknowledgements

First & foremost, I take this opportunity to thank Dr. Avinash Samal
, Faculty, Political Science, HNLU, for allotting me this topic to work on. He has been very kind
in providing inputs for this work, by way of suggestions.

I would also like to thank my parents, dear colleagues and friends in the University, who
have helped me with ideas about this work. I would also like to thank all the authors, writers,
columnists and social thinkers whose ideas and works have been made use of in the
completion of this project. Last, but not the least I thank the University Administration for
equipping the University with such good library and I.T. facilities, without which, no doubt
this work would not have taken this shape in correct time.

Bhavana Khatwani
Semester-V,
B.A. LL.B. (Hons.)
Roll no - 43

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 Contents

Declaration......................................................................................................2

Acknowledgements..........................................................................................3

1. Introduction…………………………………………………………..5

i. Objectives …………...………………………….…….…….7

ii. Methodology.…………………….........................................7

2. Chapter -1 world war........................................……………………….8

3. Chapter-2 International Relations..........................……………………..9

4. Chapter-3 factors contributing to change in international relations…...10

5. Chapter-4 effect of world war in international relations………..….11-12

7. Conclusions…………………………………………….……….…....15

8. References……………………………………..………….……..…....16

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Introduction
The Aftermath of World War II was the beginning of an era defined by the decline of all great
powers except for the Soviet Union and the United States, and the simultaneous rise of two
superpowers: the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States of America (USA). Allies during
World War II, the USA and the USSR became competitors on the world stage and engaged in the
Cold War, so called because it never resulted in overt, declared hot war between the two powers
but was instead characterized by espionage, political subversion and proxy wars. Western Europe
and Japan were rebuilt through the American Marshall Plan whereas Central and Eastern Europe
fell under the Soviet sphere of influence and eventually an "Iron Curtain". Europe was divided
into a US-led Western Bloc and a Soviet-led Eastern Bloc. Internationally, alliances with the two
blocs gradually shifted, with some nations trying to stay out of the Cold War through the Non-
Aligned Movement. The Cold War also saw a nuclear arms race between the two superpowers;
part of the reason that the Cold War never became a "hot" war was that the Soviet Union and the
United States had nuclear deterrents against each other, leading to a mutually assured destruction
standoff.

As a consequence of the war, the Allies created the United Nations, an organization for
international cooperation and diplomacy, similar to the League of Nations. Members of the
United Nations agreed to outlaw wars of aggression in an attempt to avoid a third world war. The
devastated great powers of Western Europe formed the European Coal and Steel Community,
which later evolved into the European Common Market and ultimately into the current European
Union. This effort primarily began as an attempt to avoid another war between Germany and
France by economic cooperation and integration, and a common market for important natural
resources.

The end of the war also increased the rate of decolonization from the great powers with
independence being granted to India (from the United Kingdom), Indonesia (from the
Netherlands), the Philippines (from the US) and a number of Arab nations, primarily from
specific rights which had been granted to great powers from League of Nations Mandates in the
post World War I-era but often having existed de facto well before this time. Also related to this
was the US helping Israel gain controversial independence from its previous status as part of

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Palestine in the years immediately following the war. Independence for the nations of Sub-
Saharan Africa came more slowly.

The aftermath of World War II also saw the rise of communist influence in Southeast Asia, with
the People's Republic of China, as the Chinese Communists emerged victorious from the
Chinese Civil War in 1949.

Objectives

The basic objective of this project is to study:

1. To study various factors contributing to change in international relation after World War 2.

2. To study various impacts and changes in international relations after World War 2.

Methodology of study

It has focused on qualitative methods of research. Secondary and published documented

data has been collected through various sources and analyzed accordingly.

To make the study more meaningful and policy oriented available literature and studies
have been consulted and reviewed apart from this field observations and open ended
discussion have also been equally considered and incorporated in the present study.

Various documents have been collected through different websites, and different books
have been analyzed accordingly, so as to reach to a particular conclusion.

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 Chapter 1- World war

1.1. World War 2, also known as the Second World War, was a war fought from 1939 to
1945 in Europe and, during much of the 1930s and 1940s, in Asia.

The war in Europe began in earnest on September 1, 1939 with the invasion of Poland
by Nazi Germany, and concluded on September 2, 1945, with the official surrender of
the last Axis nation, Japan. However, in Asia the war began earlier with Japanese
interventions in China, and in Europe, the war ended earlier with the unconditional
surrender of Germany on May 8, 1945.

The conflict spilled over into Africa, included a handful of incidents in the Americas,
and a series of major naval battles.

It was the largest armed conflict in history, spanning the entire world and involving
more countries than any other war, as well as introducing powerful new weapons,
culminating in the first use of nuclear weapons.

However, despite the name, not all countries of the world were involved; some
through neutrality (such as the Eire - though Eire supplied some important secret
information to the Allies; D-Day's date was decided on the basis of incoming Atlantic
weather information supplied from Ireland - Sweden, and Switzerland), others through
strategic insignificance (Mexico).

The war ravaged civilians more severely than any previous conflict and served as a
backdrop for genocidal killings by Nazi Germany as well as several other mass
slaughters of civilians which, although not technically genocide, were significant.

These included the massacre of millions of Chinese and Korean nationals by Japan,
internal mass killings in the Soviet Union, and the bombing of civilian targets in
German and Japanese cities by the Allies. In total, World War II produced about 50
million deaths, more than any other war to date.

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 Chapter -2 International Relations

2.1. What is International Relations

International Relations have been defined in many ways. Writers differ greatly upon the
definition of the subject. It appears quite natural, Stanley Hoffman says, "how could one agree
once and for all upon the definition of a field whose scope is in constant flux, indeed, a field
whose fluctuation is one of its principal characteristics." As such, International Relations cannot
be defined in any generally acceptable way.

2.2. Definitions of International Relations

Prof. Charles Schleicher defines “International Politics as the relations among States.”

Quincy Wright defines international relations as "relations between groups of major importance
in the life of the world at any period of history".

According to Prof. Hans Morgenthau, “International politics is a struggle for power and among
nations.”

Norman Padelford and George Lincoln define International Relations as the “Interaction of State
politics within the changing pattern of power relationships.”

Harold and Margaret Sprout define International Relations as "those aspects of interactions and
relations of independent political communities in which some element of opposition, resistance,
or conflict of purpose or interest is present".

2.3. Evolution of International Relations:

International Relations is at present passing through its sixth sptage of development. It passed
through three stages before the end of the Second World War.

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The end of the Second World War saw the fourth stage of development of International
Relations. The first stage of its development lasted up to the end of the First World War when
emphasis was laid upon diplomatic history.

The second and the third stage ran simultaneously after the end of the First World War. The
second stage concerned with the study of current events only, while the third stage emphasized
the formulation of international relations through law and organization.

The fourth stage began with the end of the Second World War. The stage in the most
conspicuous and distinct.

Effect of World War II on the Course of International Relations. Interest in the fourth stage of
International Relations shifted from history, International law and organization to factors which
condition the behaviour of States.

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 Chapter-3 Factor causing change in international relations

Factors causing change in international relations

The World War II contributed various factors which changed the course of international
relations. These factors are three: motivating factors of foreign policy, techniques of the conduct
of foreign policy, and mode of resolution of international conflicts.

3.1. Motivating Factors of Foreign Policy:

The world of today has become so much interdependent that even minor change in a country
makes its effects felt in other countries of the world.

The behaviour of a particular State or change caused therein, tends to affect every other nation,
may be favorably or adversely. But every State would naturally try to minimize the adverse
effect and maximize the favorable reaction.

It is this adjustment of the actions of the State in favour of one's own State which George
Modelski calls "the purpose of foreign policy."

He defines foreign policy as "the system of activities evolved by communities for changing the
behaviour of other States and for adjusting their own activities to the international environment."

According to him the motivating factor of foreign policy "must be to throw light on the ways in
which States attempt to change, and succeed in changing the behaviour of other States."

But Modelski stresses only one aspect of bringing about change in behaviour of States and
ignores regulating the behaviour. The motivating factor of foreign policy should be to regulate
and not only to change.

The Simla Accord between India and Pakistan is an attempt on the part of India to regulate her
relations with Pakistan in the times to come. It has also vast potentialities of regulating the
behaviour of foreign powers not to allow them to interfere in the affairs of South Asia.

It has, therefore, stressed the resolution of common disputes, mutually and bilaterally. This
Accord has discouraged third State Interference.

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India strictly adheres to it and expects Pakistan also to follow suit. Pakistan is not true yet she
pleads that she also follows the Simla Accord in letter and spirit.

3.3. Techniques of the Conduct of Foreign Policy:

In consequence of foreign policy, a number of phenomena occur. Chief among them are co-
operation, conflict, and neutrality or co-existence.

Therefore, foreign policy can be understood only in the context of political activities, military
actions, economic activities and psychological activities which are the four main techniques of
foreign policy.

3.2.1. The Political Techniques:

Foreign policy is based on the fact that national interest must be achieved under the guise of
international ideology. The States, therefore, resort to techniques like negotiations agreements,
inducements, and manipulations in order to secure their national interest.

The visit of President Nixon to China and then to Moscow was an exercise in negotiating peace
with the other powerful nations in order to secure American national interest.

The agreements reached with China that Taiwan is an integral part of mainland of China was a
big concession to China. The agreements on the limitation of Strategic Arms reached with Russia
are historic achievements.

The move on the part of Japan to resume diplomatic relations with Communist China and to snap
relations with Taiwan was an instance of manipulation on the part of Premier Tanaka of Japan.

Japan was in fact let down by the U.S.A. in not being consulted before negotiating with
Communist China. The Communist China is giving unlimited war supplies to Pakistan in an
exercise of inducement to keep her away from India so that the spirit of Simla Accord may
evaporate.

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3.3.2. The Military Technique:

Military factor is the most powerful technique of foreign policy. Pakistan came to realize after
the Indo- Pak War of 1971 that India is invincible and sizeable section of wants to turn a new
leaf in the Indo-Pak relations.

This realization can help avert another conflict for years to come. The realization on the part of
the Nixon administration’s that North Viet-Nam could not be made to yield, made him realize to
come to terms with Hanoi.

The withdrawal of the Russian advisors from Egypt made Egypt realize that she could not fight
with Israel. This made Egypt fall again at the feet of the Soviet Union. Things have now changed
considerably.

Egypt has made up with the U.S.A. at the cost of her friendship with the Soviet Union. The
military strength has psychological effect also.

The entry of the 'Enterprise a part of the Seventh Fleet of U.S.A. in the Bay of Bengal at the time
of Indo-Pak conflict of 1971, aroused fear in the minds of many Indians.

3.2.3. The Economic Technique:

The economic help also plays a great role in influencing other nations. The economic help
rendered by U.S.A. to Pakistan made her a permanent ally of U.S.A.

This aroused enmity of India to whom the aid was denied after the Indo-Pak war of 1971. The
U.S.A. considers economic technique to be a factor through which it can buy alliance.

She pressurized India but failed. India resisted economic temptation and did not accept the same.
This does not mean that economic technique is a failure. In case of most of other countries, it
plays an important role. Even the alliance of Egypt has been brought by U.S.A.

The economic help minimises the feelings of hostility in that country. U.S.A. continues pouring
in millions and billions of dollars in foreign countries. Even India, which borrows from others,
uses economic technique by giving economic assistance to countries such as Sri Lanka and
Nepal.

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Pakistan announced various economic concessions to Bangladesh after the 15th August, 1975
coup which wiped out flower of leadership in Bangladesh, which was sympathetic towards India.

3.2.4. The Psychological Technique:

The psychological technique also plays a great role. It is achieved through propaganda,
publications, films etc. The Communist China never misses an opportunity to organise
propaganda and publications against India. Similar is the case with Pakistan.

She always continues flaring up Hate India Campaign to keep the Pakistan estranged from India.
If this were not so Pakistanis feel psychological affinity with India. They are, therefore,
continually fed on Hate India Campaign.

These techniques malign India in international eyes also. India is a pious country in the devilish
atmosphere but still people in the Western countries take India as aggressor and all that.

3.3. Mode of Resolution of International Conflicts:

The United Nations has been charged with the vast responsibilities for the maintenance of
international peace and security.

According to Art. I of the UN charter, it is expected "to take effective and collective measures
for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of
aggression or other breaches of peace, and to bring about by lawful means, and in conformity
with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of disputes or
situations which might lead to a breach of peace."

The chief responsibility lies with the Security Council but the General Assembly has also played
an increasingly significant role in this field.

The United Nations has given a good account of itself in Certain political and security issues but
in most of the cases it has proved itself to be quite helpless and incapable of taking any positive
action.

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The Kashmir Problem, the Viet-Nam War and the Arab-Israel conflict are the examples where it
has failed miserably. This is due to the fact that it has found itself aligned with certain conflicting
interests. This calls for amendment in the charter of the United Nations.

Chapter - 4. Effect of world war in International Relations:

4.1 End of the Traditional Euro-Centric International Power Structure:

The two wars, particularly the Second World War destroyed the old international power structure
and gave rise to a new structure. Before the war, only European nations, particularly Britain,
France, Germany and Italy, were the major actors in world politics. The USA used to follow
isolationism and the USSR, after 1917, had remained fully occupied with the process of internal
consolidation of the socialist system.

After the war:

(i) Germany and Italy became very weak as a result of their defeats in war;

(ii) Britain and France also became weak due to the heavy war losses suffered by them;

(iii) The war destroyed the balance of power system in Europe;

(iv) There appeared a power vacuum in Europe;

(v) Europe lost its position as the epicenter of international politics;

(vi) A weak Europe set the stage for the liberation of Asian and African countries from the
clutches of imperialism and colonialism;

(vii) The power vacuum in Europe impelled the USA to abandon isolationism and to increase its
influence in Europe.

(viii) It compelled the USSR to adopt a similar exercise for increasing its influence in
international relations.

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These post war changed produced a big change in the international system.

4.2. Emergence of Cold War:

In the Post-war period, the USA decided to use its superior economic and military position for
filling the power vacuum in Europe and for this end decided to win over the democratic
European nations through its Marshall Plan. It also adopted the policy of fighting the spread of
communism. ‘Containment of Communism’ became the primary aim of US Foreign Policy.

Such an American attempt was thoroughly opposed by the USSR and it also decided to extend its
influence in Europe. The success that it achieved in exporting communism to most of the East
European countries emboldened it. The emergence of China as a communist power in 1949 gave
further strength to Soviet-led communist movement. The USSR adopted the policy of
challenging the US policies. In the process, there developed a cold-war—a war of nerves full of
tensions and strains in world politics, which made international peace a risky and unstable peace.

4.3. Emergence of Bipolarity—Bipolar Power Structure:

The emergence of cold war led to the organisation of two competing and rival camps by both the
USA and the USSR. The USA floated a large number of bilateral and multilateral alliances like
NATO, SEATO, ANZUS and several others for consolidating the democratic anti-communist
countries under its own leadership.

The USSR countered the move by organizing the communist countries into the Warsaw Pact.
These developments led to the emergence of two rival camps—the US Bloc and the Soviet Bloc,
This situation came to be characterized as bipolarity in world politics and it divided the world
into two competing and even hostile blocs.

4.4. Rise of Several New Sovereign States:

After the World War II, the weakened position of the European imperial powers and the
strengthened spirit of national self- determination and liberation among the colonies became
instrumental in initiating a process of end of colonialism and imperialism in the World. The anti-
imperial & anti-colonial movement began registering a stupendous success.

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Several nations of the world, particularly Asian and African nations, were successful in
overthrowing the yoke of colonialism and imperialism and in securing their independences.
There came to be a big increase in the number of sovereign states in the world. Rise of new
sovereign states in Asia, and Africa and a resurgent Latin America began giving a completely
new look to the world map and international relations.

4.5. Birth of Non-alignment:

In the era of cold war and alliance politics, some states, particularly some new states, decided to
remain away from cold war and the super power alliances. States like India, Yugoslavia, Egypt,
and Sri Lanka. Burma (Now Myanmar) and some others decided to follow such a policy. This
come to be known as the policy of Non-alignment.

In 1960 the countries following non-alignment in international relations launched the movement
of the Non- aligned (NAM) for collectively withstanding the pressures of the era of cold war by
taking mutually accepted decisions and policies. The main aim of Non-alignment and NAM was
both to keep away from cold war and its alliances as well as to promote mutual understanding
and cooperation among the non-aligned states.

4.6. Democratization of Foreign Policy and Changes in Diplomacy:

The end of the Second World War rejected the thesis of authoritarianism in favour of democracy
and under its influence the formulation and implementation of foreign policy became democratic
in nature and style. In the 19th century, the foreign policy of a nation was formulated by a class
of professional experts—the diplomat and statesman.

It used to be a close preserve of the Foreign Office and Diplomacy. The democratization of
politics however made foreign policy an object of discussion and subjected it to the influence of
the common man. National public opinion, press and world public opinion came to be important
factors of foreign policy.

The changes in the nature, content and working of foreign policies of various nations resulted in
a big change in the nature of post- war international relations. Diplomacy also came out of its old
style and colour and it now came to be a new and open diplomacy.

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4.7. Loss of Relevance of Balance of Power:
Between 1815-1914, Balance of Power acted as a regulator of International relations. It suffered
a big blow in the First World War. It was revived in 1919, with a new mechanism like the
League of Nations, but it again flopped in 1939 when the Second World War broke out.

After the end of the Second World War several big structural changes in the International system
as well in the Balance of Power system reduced the operation ability of this device. This rise of
two super powers, transformation of war into a total war, the emergence of nuclear weapons, the
establishment of the United Nations, the emergence of the process of decline of imperialism-
colonialism and several other such factors made Balance of Power system almost obsolete.

4.8. The Birth of Nuclear Age:

The final end of the Second World War came with the use of atomic weapons by the USA
against Japan. It symbolized the beginning of nuclear age in International Politics. For the first
time some countries came to acquire means capable of destroying the entire world. The nuclear
factor divided the nations into nuclear nations and non-nuclear nations, the former enjoying
superiority in power relations over the latter.

The two super powers came to enjoy, as Max Lerner observed, the capacity of “over kill”. Both,
the U.S.A. and the U.S.S.R. could destroy the entire world but no other nation individually or
collectively could destroy or defeat the super powers. War became a total war and the world
found itself dependent on the policies and activities of the two super power's.

4.9. Transformation of War into Total War:

Nuclear weapons changed the nature of war from a Simple war to total war. These made the war
totally destructive. No nation whether nuclear or non- nuclear, could hope to survive a future war
since it was bound to be a thermo-nuclear war.

4.10. Balance of Terror in place of Balance of Power:

The traditional concept of balance of power became obsolete in the face of the fact that it became
impossible to create a preponderance of power against any aggressor backed by a nuclear power.
The Balance of Power got replaced by a Balance of Terror which made the international system

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very dangerous and risky. The fear of mutually assured total destruction (MAD) through
accidental war began haunting the policy-makers of all the nations.

4.11. A New Desire for Peace:

The two World Wars within a short span and the possibility of a much more destructive, rather
totally destructive, Third World War made humankind highly conscious of the need for
preserving and strengthening international peace and security. The urge for securing peace
became stronger than ever before.

4.12. Increasing Interdependence among Nations:

After the end of the Second World War, International relations began developing a truly global
character in which each nation began finding its national interests inseparably bound up with the
interests of other nations as well as with international interests of peace, security and
development. This realization and the growing interdependence of the world became
instrumental in giving a vital and welcome strength to the cause of peaceful and cooperative
international relations.

4.13. Birth of the UNO:

The failure of the League of Nations to maintain peace after the First World War was mostly due
to the shortcomings of the Covenant of the League as well as because of the not fully
representative character of the League. Consequently, after the Second World War, the statesmen
felt no hesitation in agreement to establish a new international organisation—the United Nations
Organization which came into existence on 24 October, 1945.

The UNO was designed to act as an effective platform for international diplomacy designed to
secure international peace and security, and development through collective efforts of all the
nations. The UN assumed the responsibility to maintain international peace and security by
promoting friendly cooperation among the member states. Along with it, the UN Charter laid
down a collective security system as the new device of power management in international
relations.

4.14. Recognition of the Role of Power in International Relations:

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In the post-war period the factor of power came to be accepted as an incontrovertible fact of
international relations. It was realized that each nation is always prepared to use its national
power to secure the goals of her national interest. It was further realized that the role of power in
international relations was direct and the nature of interactions among nations reflected a
continuous struggle for power. To analyze international politics as a struggle for power or as a
set of interactions involving power came to be a very popular approach in International Politics.

4.15. Emergence of the Age of Technology:

In the post-1945 years, man’s ability to use the knowledge of scientific inventions for the welfare
of humankind got greatly enhanced. It was because of this fact that 20th century came to be
known as the age of technology. Science and Technology began playing a big role in changing
the environment of international relations.

As a result of technological revolution, there began appearing a revolutionary development in

spheres of industry, transport, communications, agriculture and military. The resultant economic
growth became instrumental in producing big changes in the nature of international relations.

The change in the concept of war from a simple war to a total war gave a new dimension to
international relations. The revolutionary developments in the fields of transport and
communication increased the scope and frequency of relations among nations. The rapid
technological development in the developed countries made them economically and militarily
stronger enough to maintain a neo-colonial control over the newly emerged developing
countries.

Their monopoly over advanced technology and the disinclination to share its benefits with all
other nations produced a sharp division nations—the developed and the under-developed or
developing nations. The relations between the developed and under-developed later on became a
focal issue of post-1945 international relations.

4.16. Emergence of a Peace Movement:

The two World Wars within a short duration and the possibility of a much more destructive,
rather totally destructive Third World War made humankind highly conscious of the need for
preserving and strengthening international peace and security. The urge for securing peace

19
became stronger than ever before. There appeared a welcome peace movement in international
relations. This encouraged nations to work for mutual welfare and development. They became
highly conscious of the need for development through mutual cooperation and goodwill.

4.17. Rapidly Increasing Interdependence among Nations:

After the end of the Second World War, international relations began developing a truly global
character in which each nation began finding its national interests inseparably bound up with the
interests of all other nations as well as with international interests of peace, security and
development.

This realization and the interdependent nature of international community became instrumental
in giving a vital and welcome strength to the cause of peaceful and orderly international
relations. Peace became a cherished value and it gave a purpose to international relations i.e. to
find ways and means for securing and strengthening stable and durable peace in the world. These
gave an encouraging and welcome direction to post-war international relations.

4.18. End of the Traditional International System:

The international system of post-war period became totally different from the classical
international system in several ways:
(1) Power scarcity that characterised the classical international system got replaced by power
surplus (Nuclear weapons, overkill capacity and two super powers) in the new system.

(2) The Balance of power got replaced by a Balance of Terror.

(3) The formulation and implementation of foreign policy became a more complicated and
democratic exercise.

(4) A big change in world political relations took place as a result of the rise of new states, and
the liquidation of imperialism and colonialism.

(5) Peace, security, development and prosperity for all the nations got recognized as a value in
international relations.

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(6) There developed an arms race between the two super powers and the exercise became more
dangerous because of the birth of nuclear arms race.

(7) Because of increase in the number of states, there came to be developed several new
problems and international relations became highly complex.

(8) The presence of the United Nations gave a new look to the post-war international system.

(9) New and Open Diplomacy came to replace the old and secret diplomacy.

(10) The presence of two competing, in fact rival super powers set the stage for the emergence of
cold war and bi-polarity in international relations.

(11) The transformation of war into a total war made it much more dreaded and the nations
became more and more interested in preserving international peace and security.

(12) All the nations became conscious of the need for preserving peace through a better and
effective device of power management i.e. collective security.

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 Chapter-5 - Conclusion

Thus the Second World War had a big impact on the nature of international relations. Post-War
International system came to be a system totally different from the pre-war international system.

After the Second World War, the International System came to be a totally different system from
the classical (19th century) international system. The classical international system was Euro-
centric and it worked on the principles of balance of power, war as a means, secret diplomacy as
an instrument, and narrow nationalism as its objective.

It came to be replaced by a new international system which was characterised by two super
powers, cold war, bipolarity, non-alignment, anti-imperialism, the UNO, the presence of several
new sovereign states in the world, N-weapons and the threat of Total War. This new
international system continued to work, almost unchanged, till the last decade of the 20th century
when it came to be a Post-Cold War, Unipolar International System experiencing a new
liberalization and globalization.

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