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SETTLING AND SEDIMENTATION

1. Sediments - is the accumulation of sand and dirt that settles in the bottom of lakes.
- is also what you get in the bottom of a glass of iced tea when the sugar doesn't all
dissolve.
2. Sedimentation - the process of accumulation of sediments.
3. Drag Force (FD)/Form Drag - a force acting at the opposite direction of a body in motion.
- the resistance force caused by the shape of a body or object which is moving through a
fluid medium.

4. Steps in solving Free settling


1) Determine the value of K

2) Determine the region of K

3) Get the terminal velocity using the appropriate Law

4) If required for the time and height

5. When the particles are crowded, they settle at a lower rate and the process is called
hindered settling. The particles interfere with the motion of individual particles.
6. Interface and discontinuities in concentration occur in sedimentation or settling of particle
suspension
7. Batch Settling Test is prepared in a measuring cylinder
SIZE ENLARGEMENT
1. Size Enlargement - Process by which smaller particles are put together to form larger masses
in which the original particles can still be identified.
2. Why increase the mean size of a product or intermediate?
- Reduction of dust hazard (explosion hazard or health hazard)
- Reduce caking and lump formation
- Improve flow properties
- Increase bulk density for storage
- Creation of non-segregating mixtures of ingredients of differing original size
- Provide a defined metered quantity of active ingredient (e.g. pharmaceutical drug
formulations)
- Control of surface to volume ratio (e.g. in catalyst supports).
3. Van der Waals Forces - Molecularly based attractive forces existing between all solids
- Energy of these forces is of the order of 0.1 eV and decreases with the sixth power of the
distance between molecules
4. Newitt and Conway-Jones (1958) identified four types of liquid states depending on the
proportion of liquid present between groups of particles:

5. Pendular bridges give rise to strong granules in which the quantity of liquid is not critical but
should be less than that required to move into the funicular and capillary regimes
6. Electrostatic Forces - occurs as a result of friction via interparticle collisions and frequent
rubbing of particles against equipment surfaces during processing
- may be attractive or repulsive, do not require contact between particles and can act
over relatively long distances compared with adhesional forces which require contact.
7. More permanent bonding within the granule is created by solid bridges formed as liquid is
removed from the original granule.
8. Crystalline bridges - If the material of the particles is soluble in the liquid added to create
granules, it may be formed when the liquid evaporates.
9. Liquid Binder - the liquid used initially to form the granules may contain a binder or glue
which takes effect upon evaporation of solvent.
10. Solid Binder - This is a finely ground solid whichreacts with the liquid present to produce a
solid cement to hold the particlestogether.
11. Wetting - Process by which air within the voids between particles is replaced by liquid
- Governed by the surface tension of the liquid and the angle it forms with the material of
the particles.
12. Nucleation - The initial process of combining primary solid particles with a liquid drop to
form new granules or nuclei.
13. Consolidation - The term used to describe the increase in granule density caused by closer
packing of primary particles as liquid is squeezed out as a result of collisions.
- Determines the porosity and density of the final granule
14. Breakage - Also called fragmentation
- The fracture of a granule to form two or more pieces.
15. Attrition - Also called erosion
- The reduction size of a granule by loss of primary particles from its surface
16. Tumbling Granulator - a tumbling motion is imparted to the particles in an inclined cylinder
(drum granulator) or pan.
- operate in continuous mode and are able to deal with large throughputs
17. Mixed Granulator - the motion of the particles is brought about by some form of agitator
rotating at low or high speed on a vertical or horizontal axis.
18. Fluidized Bed Granulator - the particles are set in motion by fluidizing air.
SETTLING AND SEDIMENTATION
8. _________ - is the accumulation of sand and dirt that settles in the bottom of lakes.
- is also what you get in the bottom of a glass of iced tea when the sugar doesn't all
dissolve.
9. _________ - the process of accumulation of sediments.
10. _________ - a force acting at the opposite direction of a body in motion.
- the resistance force caused by the shape of a body or object which is moving through a
fluid medium.

5) _________ Determine the _________

6) Determine the _________

7) Get the _________ using the _________

8) If required for the _________

11. When the particles are crowded, they settle at a lower rate and the process is called
_________ . The particles interfere with the motion of individual particles.
12. Interface and discontinuities in concentration occur in _________ or _________ Batch
Settling Test is prepared in a _________
SIZE ENLARGEMENT
19. _________ - Process by which smaller particles are put together to form larger masses in
which the original particles can still be identified.
- _________ Reduction of dust hazard (explosion hazard or health hazard)
- Reduce caking and lump formation
- Improve flow properties
- Increase bulk density for storage
- Creation of non-segregating mixtures of ingredients of differing original size
- Provide a defined metered quantity of active ingredient (e.g. pharmaceutical drug
formulations)
- Control of surface to volume ratio (e.g. in catalyst supports).
20. _________ - Molecularly based attractive forces existing between all solids
- Energy of these forces is of the order of 0.1 eV and decreases with the sixth power of the
distance between molecules
21. Newitt and Conway-Jones (1958) identified _________ depending on the proportion of
liquid present between groups of particles:

22. _________ give rise to strong granules in which the quantity of liquid is not critical but
should be less than that required to move into the funicular and capillary regimes
23. _________ - occurs as a result of friction via interparticle collisions and frequent rubbing of
particles against equipment surfaces during processing
- may be attractive or repulsive, do not require contact between particles and can act
over relatively long distances compared with adhesional forces which require contact.
24. More permanent bonding within the granule is created by _________ formed as liquid is
removed from the original granule.
25. _________ - If the material of the particles is soluble in the liquid added to create granules,
it may be formed when the liquid evaporates.
26. _________ - the liquid used initially to form the granules may contain a binder or glue which
takes effect upon evaporation of solvent.
27. _________ - This is a finely ground solid which reacts with the liquid present to produce a
solid cement to hold the particles together.
28. _________ - Process by which air within the voids between particles is replaced by liquid
- Governed by the surface tension of the liquid and the angle it forms with the material of
the particles.
29. _________ - The initial process of combining primary solid particles with a liquid drop to
form new granules or nuclei.
30. _________ - The term used to describe the increase in granule density caused by closer
packing of primary particles as liquid is squeezed out as a result of collisions.
- Determines the porosity and density of the final granule
31. _________ - Also called fragmentation
- The fracture of a granule to form two or more pieces.
32. _________ - Also called erosion
- The reduction size of a granule by loss of primary particles from its surface
33. _________ - a tumbling motion is imparted to the particles in an inclined cylinder (drum
granulator) or pan.
- operate in continuous mode and are able to deal with large throughputs
34. _________ - the motion of the particles is brought about by some form of agitator rotating
at low or high speed on a vertical or horizontal axis.
35. _________ - the particles are set in motion by fluidizing air.

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