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TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
! Main characteristics :
• Transformer energizing inrush current :
Ie t
e
i e (t) = I e e îe(t): current peak value as a function of
time
Îe: value of maximum peak, i.e. the first
peak
t τe: damping time constant
Power in kVA 160 250 400 630 800 1000 1250 1600 2000
$I e
ne = 10.5 10.5 10 10 10 10 10 10 9.5
In
te (s) 0.13 0.18 0.25 0.26 0.30 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.40
Va
Va
VC
A a
VA-VB VA
B b 11
C c VB
VA-VB
Dy11
transformer transformer
10 10
cable cable
switching device, busbar switching device, busbar
CT, relay CT, relay
1 1 HV
HV
MV MV
0.1
I inrush 0.1
I inrush
0.01 0.01
1 10 100 1 10 100
Isc Isc Isc Isc I (A) Isc Isc Isc Isc I (A)
transformer transformer
MV low threshold
MV low threshold
10 10
cable
switching device, busbar cable
CT, relay switching device, busbar
CT, relay
1 1
LV LV
BC switch
BC switch
0.1
I inrush 0.1
I inrush
MV fuses
MV fuses
0.01 0.01
1 10 100 1 10 100
Isc Isc Isc I (A) Isc Isc Isc I (A)
! Logic discrimination :
Transformer
0.7 s 0.7 s
Overcurrent (time)
≥1
≥1 tripping
Earth fault (time)
Overcurrent (logic)
≥1 &
Earth fault (logic)
! Overcurrent (50/51) :
• 1st setting : 1.25 Iscmaxdown <=Is1<=0.8 Iscminup
Time setting ≈ 0.1 s
• 2nd setting : 1.25 Isdown <=Is1<=0.8 Iscmindown
Time setting ≈ Tdown + 0.3 s
Iso = setting current, that is, r.m.s. value of steady state current
required to operate the relay
Is1 = steady state r.m.s. value of the fault current which when
fully offset will just operate the relay
! Overcurrent (50/51) :
I ct • Current shape in case of saturation of CT:
Peak value
Right value
Fundamental
value
t
! Overcurrent (50/51) :
I ct • Current shape in case of no saturation of CT :
Peak value
! Overcurrent (50/51) :
• Conclusion :
Harmonic 2 restrain
Ieq − T Ieq
2 t 2
E = Eo − ×e +
Ib Ib
(Ieq/Ib)²
Eo
T T T
t
2
100 I
Ib
Cold curve t = T × Log 2
10 I
− Es 2
Ib Es2 = thermal setting point in %
1 2
I T = heat rise time constant
−1
Hot curve Ib
t = T × Log 2
0.1 I
− Es 2
Ib
Ieq/Ib
A B
U I
IsA
Relais I3
IccA
U13 U21
I1
IccA
I2
U32
U13 U21
I1
IccB
I3
U32
V1
polarising
90° voltage
V3
V3 V2
90° V2
polarising U 32 I3 ( for ϕ = 0 )
voltage
I1 in inverse
direction I I
! Characteristic angle θ =
angle between the perpendicular at
θ the zone limit - characteristic line -
U32 and the polarization voltage
! Setting values of θ :
• 30° if high reactance circuit
( ϕ1minimum)
Inverse zone • 45° average case
• 60° if high resistance circuit
( ϕ1 maximum)
A B
Vrsd Irsd
Normal direction
IrsdA V3
r r
V rsd = − 3 × V 1
r r r
where V 1 = Z N × I rsd
r r r
⇒ V rsd = − 3 Z N × I rsd
Reverse direction
V3
r r
V rsd = − 3 × V 1
r r r
where V 1 = Z N × I rsd
r r r
⇒ V rsd = − 3 Z N × I rsd
IrsdB V2
ϕ0B
ϕ0A N Vrsd
V1
IrsdA
V3
! Characteristic angle θ0 =
angle between the perpendicular at the
θ0 zone limit - characteristic line - and the
Vrsd polarization voltage
51 ?
Transformer
incomer
Busbar
64 REF ?
Transformer
incomer
Busbar
! Undervoltage (27) :
Sepam
Sepam
Sepam
Sepam
t t
27
51
T
T
Us Un U In Is Isc I
! Overvoltage (59) :
Sepam
Sepam
Sepam
Sepam
• Protection of auto-transformers
! Biased characteristic
• Id/It adjustable between 15 and 50%
IdH 2
IdH 1
IdH 5
IdH 1
IdH 1
It H 1
Disable trip
Disable trip
idh5 idh5
! Neural network adapt the harmonic restraint to the level of differential and
through current
! In rated conditions :
low 2nd and 5th harmonic
0 12 24 ratios
It : through current
1 3 −1,τ7.T
et Isat ≥ ( Id>> ) . −0,5.T +ω τ 1−e
τ
2
1+e
! For Sepam 2000 D21/D22/D31 :
5P20
No interposing CT’s
! Logic discrimination
! 87 : High impedance differential relay
! 87 : Percentage differential relay
! 81R : Rate Of Change Of Frequency
! 25 : Synchro-check
! Logic discrimination :
Source
0.7 s 0.7 s
Overcurrent (time)
≥1
≥1 tripping
Earth fault (time)
Overcurrent (logic)
≥1 &
Earth fault (logic)
1s
0.7 s 0.7 s
Differential relay
30 iscs VK
RW = 0.0225× = 0.27Ω (RCT + RW) < Rs ≤
is 2is
2.5 75 320
(1.76 + 0.27) × < Rs ≤
0.5 × 5 2 × 0.5 × 5
! CT knee-point voltage: 61 < Rs ≤ 64 ⇒ Rs = 64Ω
VK ≥ 2(RCT + RW)iscs
5
! Surge limiter:
VK ≥ 2 × (1.76 + 0.27) × 30000 × = 304V
2000
Vpk = 2 2VKRsiscs
⇒ VK = 320 V
Vpk = 2 2 × 320 × 64 × 75 = 3500V
iscs 75 2000
N≥ =
40 40
= 1.9 ⇒ N = 2 Id = (iset +10iµ + iRN)
5
2000
! Total limiter unit leakage current: Id = (2.5 +10× 0.02+ 0.008)
5
i RN = 4 N = 8 mA ⇒ Id = 1083A
sepam
D31
Incomer Incomer
sepam
D31
0.8 frequency
! Synchro-check (25) :
• dUs set point : can depend on power transit
• dFs set point :depends only on accuracy
• dPhi set point :can depend on power transit
• Us high : to detect presence of voltage
• Us low : to detect absence of voltage
• Time Ta : to take into account of the circuit breaker closing time
U>Us high
∆U < dUs
U>Us high
Mode 1 Mode 2
Mode 3 Mode 4
OR AND
Usynch 1 Usynch 2 Usynch 1 Usynch 2
! Logic discrimination
! 50:51 : Phase overcurrent
! 50N/51N : earth fault
! 46 : Negative sequence / unbalance
! 27 : Undervoltage
! 27R : Remanent undervoltage
! 59 : Overvoltage
! 59N : Residual overvoltage
! 67 : Phase directional overcurrent
! 67N : Directional earth fault
! 32P : Reverse real power
! 81R : Rate Of Change Of Frequency
! Logic discrimination :
Source
0.7 s 0.7 s
Overcurrent (time)
≥1
≥1 tripping
Earth fault (time)
Overcurrent (logic)
≥1 &
Earth fault (logic)
! Overcurrent (50/51) :
Iso = setting current, that is, r.m.s. value of steady state current
required to operate the relay
Is1 = steady state r.m.s. value of the fault current which when
fully offset will just operate the relay
! Overcurrent (50/51) :
I ct • Current shape in case of saturation of CT:
Peak value
Right value
Fundamental
value
t
! Overcurrent (50/51) :
I ct • Current shape in case of no saturation of CT :
Peak value
! Overcurrent (50/51) :
• Conclusion :
Harmonic 2 restrain
! Undervoltage (27) :
Sepam
Sepam
Sepam
Sepam
t t
27
51
T
T
Us Un U In Is Isc I
! Overvoltage (59) :
Sepam
Sepam
Sepam
Sepam
1st 2nd
power power
supply supply
67 67
51 trip No trip 51
Busbar
ddd
d
A B
U I
IsA
Relais I3
IccA
U13 U21
I1
IccA
I2
U32
U13 U21
I1
IccB
I3
U32
V1
polarising
90° voltage
V3
V3 V2
90° V2
polarising U 32 I3 ( for ϕ = 0 )
voltage
I1 in inverse
direction I I
! Characteristic angle θ =
angle between the perpendicular at
θ the zone limit - characteristic line -
U32 and the polarization voltage
! Setting values of θ :
• 30° if high reactance circuit
( ϕ1minimum)
Inverse zone • 45° average case
• 60° if high resistance circuit
( ϕ1 maximum)
1st 2nd
earthing earthing
system system
67N 67N
51 trip No trip 51
Busbar
Busbar
67N 67N
trip No trip
A B
Vrsd Irsd
Normal direction
IrsdA V3
r r
V rsd = − 3 × V 1
r r r
where V 1 = Z N × I rsd
r r r
⇒ V rsd = − 3 Z N × I rsd
Reverse direction
V3
r r
V rsd = − 3 × V 1
r r r
where V 1 = Z N × I rsd
r r r
⇒ V rsd = − 3 Z N × I rsd
IrsdB V2
ϕ0B
ϕ0A N Vrsd
V1
IrsdA
V3
! Characteristic angle θ0 =
angle between the perpendicular at the
θ0 zone limit - characteristic line - and the
Vrsd polarization voltage
0.8 frequency
51 51
substation substation
Fault detector
fault
open
substation
51 51
substation
substation
↑67
substation
↓67
↓67
! Logic discrimination
! 49 : Thermal overload
! 51 : Unbalance overcurrent protection
! Logic discrimination :
Source
0.7 s 0.7 s
Capacitor bank
! Logic discrimination :
Inhibition of Output O14 : BI transmision
BI transmision
Overcurrent (inst) if fault not cleared
≥1 0 &
t
Earth fault (inst)
T3 = 0.2s
Overcurrent (time)
≥1 tripping
Earth fault (time)
Ieq − T Ieq
2 t 2
E = Eo − ×e +
Ib Ib
(Ieq/Ib)²
Eo
(Ieq/Ib)²
Eo
(Ieq/Ib)²
Eo
T T T
51N
! MAIN CHARACTERISTICS :
Starting current = k1/Un
Resistive torque
0 1 Slip
cable
switching device,
Stator busbar
10 49 CT, relay
Rotor
48
51LR
starting
51
0.1
reacceleration
0.01
1 10 100
Id Isc Isc I (A)
min max
cable
Stator switching device,
busbar
10 49 CT, relay
Rotor
48
51LR
starting
BC Switch
0.1
reacceleration
0.01
1 10 100
Id Isc Isc I (A)
min max
! Logic discrimination :
Source
0.7 s 0.7 s
Motor
! Logic discrimination :
Inhibition of Output O14 : BI transmision
BI transmision
Overcurrent (inst) if fault not cleared
≥1 0 &
t
Earth fault (inst)
T3 = 0.2s
Overcurrent (time)
≥1 tripping
Earth fault (time)
! Overcurrent (50/51) :
Iso = setting current, that is, r.m.s. value of steady state current
required to operate the relay
Is1 = steady state r.m.s. value of the fault current which when
fully offset will just operate the relay
! Overcurrent (50/51) :
I ct • Current shape in case of saturation of CT:
Peak value
Right value
Fundamental
value
t
! Overcurrent (50/51) :
I ct • Current shape in case of no saturation of CT :
Peak value
! Overcurrent (50/51) :
• Conclusion :
Harmonic 2 restrain
Ieq − T Ieq
2 t 2
E = Eo − ×e +
Ib Ib
(Ieq/Ib)²
Eo
T T T
− Es 2
Ib
Ieq/Ib
The T1 and T2 time constants are global constants for the machine
and are higher than the rotor time constant.
2
Ieq
− Eso
Ib
t = T × Log 2
Ieq
− Es 2
Ib
Is
starts 1 2 3 4 5
Time (minutes)
51LR 51
I/Ib
No discrimination between rotor thermal withstand and 48 function. Only 2nd
49 function can be used
! Undercurrent (37) :
To protect pump against running down
1.06 I setting
I setting
0.015 In
Time setting
< 15 ms
Output
Setting indication :
Voltage setting = 0.8 rated voltage
Time setting = 1 second
t t
27
51
T
T
Us Un U In Is Isc I
A B
Vrsd Irsd
Normal direction
IrsdA V3
r r
V rsd = − 3 × V 1
r r r
where V 1 = Z N × I rsd
r r r
⇒ V rsd = − 3 Z N × I rsd
Reverse direction
V3
r r
V rsd = − 3 × V 1
r r r
where V 1 = Z N × I rsd
r r r
⇒ V rsd = − 3 Z N × I rsd
IrsdB V2
ϕ0B
ϕ0A N Vrsd
V1
IrsdA
V3
! Characteristic angle θ0 =
angle between the perpendicular at the
θ0 zone limit - characteristic line - and the
Vrsd polarization voltage
M
Id² - It²/32 = Is² Harmonic 2 restrain
Only one setting :
0.05 In < Is < 0.5 In
3U/V 51
o 25
V
32P
32
Q
59N
3U/V
o 27
87T
59
(optional)
G 81L
81H 67 67N
possible in
49 a second
ECM
relay
51
46
38
51G
49T
51 59N 3U/V 38
V o 49T
38 27
32P
49T 59 59N 51
32 3U/V V
81L 27
Q o
81H 32P
59
32
81L
ECM2 Q
87 51
G G 81H
67
G G 67
N
49
ECM1
49 ECM1 51
51 46
46 51G
64REF
ECM2 51 38
51N/G 49T
51
V
59N 32P
3U/V
27 32
o 87T
Q
59
with 64 REF
81L
(optional)
G 81H
49
ECM1
51
46
51G
10 10
49 49
1 1
51V at U=0
51V at U=Un
51V 51
0.1 0.1
Isc
Isc
0.01 0.01
1 10 100 1 10 100
Ik Ib I (A) I"k Ib Ik I (A) I"k
! Logic discrimination :
Source
0.7 s 0.7 s
Generator Generator
! Overcurrent (50/51) :
Iso = setting current, that is, r.m.s. value of steady state current
required to operate the relay
Is1 = steady state r.m.s. value of the fault current which when
fully offset will just operate the relay
Is1 > Is0
! Overcurrent (50/51) :
I ct • Current shape in case of saturation of CT:
Peak value
Right value
Fundamental
value
t
! Overcurrent (50/51) :
I ct • Current shape in case of no saturation of CT :
Peak value
! Overcurrent (50/51) :
• Conclusion :
Measurement of phase
currents:
3 CTs or 3 CSPs
I1
t 0
I2
I3
I > k Is time-delayed
U21 k
1
instantaneous
k
U32
0.2
U
U13 0.2Un 0.8Un
Measurement of phase-
to-phase voltages:
Settings: Fixed parameter:
- Is: current setting - Un: rated primary voltage
3 VTs - T: time-delayed tripping time, definite time only (status)
Harmonic 2 restrain
3.V²/2.Qo
Qo P R
I
A B C
3.V²/2.Qo
Motor Generator
Motor Generator G V C
X/R²+X²=Qo/3.V² B
A
Point C : P = P2 , Q = Qo , ⇒ X = (Qo/P2).R
Ieq − T Ieq
2 t 2
E = Eo − ×e +
Ib Ib
(Ieq/Ib)²
Eo
T T T
100
2
I
Ib Es2 = thermal setting point in %
Cold curve t = T × Log 2
10 I
− Es 2
Ib T = heat rise (T1) or cooling (T2)
time constant
1 2
I
−1
Hot curve Ib
t = T × Log 2 NB : For generator, K factor = 0
0.1 I
− Es 2
Ib
Ieq/Ib
A B
U I
IsA
Relais I3
IccA
U13 U21
I1
IccA
I2
U32
U13 U21
I1
IccB
I3
U32
V1
polarising
90° voltage
V3
V3 V2
90° V2
polarising U 32 I3 ( for ϕ = 0 )
voltage
I1 in inverse
direction I I
! Characteristic angle θ =
angle between the perpendicular at
θ the zone limit - characteristic line -
U32 and the polarization voltage
! Setting values of θ :
• 30° if high reactance circuit
( ϕ1minimum)
Inverse zone • 45° average case
• 60° if high resistance circuit
( ϕ1 maximum)
A B
Vrsd Irsd
Normal direction
IrsdA V3
r r
V rsd = − 3 × V 1
r r r
where V 1 = Z N × I rsd
r r r
⇒ V rsd = − 3 Z N × I rsd
Reverse direction
V3
r r
V rsd = − 3 × V 1
r r r
where V 1 = Z N × I rsd
r r r
⇒ V rsd = − 3 Z N × I rsd
IrsdB V2
ϕ0B
ϕ0A N Vrsd
V1
IrsdA
V3
! Characteristic angle θ0 =
angle between the perpendicular at the
θ0 zone limit - characteristic line - and the
Vrsd polarization voltage
M
Id² - It²/32 = Is² Harmonic 2 restrain
Only one setting :
0.05 In < Is < 0.5 In
! Undervoltage (27) :
Sepam
Sepam
Sepam
Sepam
t t
27
51
T
T
Us Un U In Is Isc I
! Overvoltage (59) :
Sepam
Sepam
Sepam
Sepam
G 64REF
! Synchro-check (25) :
• dUs set point : can depend on power transit
• dFs set point :depends only on accuracy
• dPhi set point :can depend on power transit
• Us high : to detect presence of voltage
• Us low : to detect absence of voltage
• Time Ta : to take into account of the circuit breaker closing time
U>Us high
∆U < dUs
U>Us high
Mode 1 Mode 2
Mode 3 Mode 4
OR AND
Usynch 1 Usynch 2 Usynch 1 Usynch 2