Introduction

Operational amplifiers are linear devices that have all the properties required for
nearly ideal DC amplification and are therefore used extensively in signal conditioning,
filtering or to perform mathematical operations such as add, subtract, integration and
differentiation. An Operational Amplifier (op-amp) is fundamentally a voltage
amplifying device designed to be used with external feedback components such as
resistors and capacitors between its output and input terminals. These feedback
components determine the resulting function or “operation” of the amplifier and by
virtue of the different feedback configurations whether resistive, capacitive or both, the
amplifier can perform a variety of different operations, giving rise to its name of
“Operational Amplifier”.

An Operational Amplifier is basically a three-terminal device which consists of two high

impedance inputs. One of the inputs is called the Inverting Input, marked with a
negative or “minus” sign, ( – ). The other input is called the Non-inverting Input,
marked with a positive or “plus” sign ( + ). A third terminal represents the operational
amplifiers output port which can both sink and source either a voltage or a current. In a
linear operational amplifier, the output signal is the amplification factor, known as the
amplifiers gain ( A ) multiplied by the value of the input signal and depending on the
nature of these input and output signals, there can be four different classifications of
operational amplifier gain.

Abstract

The experiment has different distinctive parts, each types of amplifiers will be
simulated and computed for comparison of the input and output voltages. Not only
that, the experiment’s goal is to instruct students in which op-amp can be simulated
using -ve feedback for stabilization of the voltage gain and increase the frequency
response. An, extremely, high open-loop gain of an op-amp can create an unbalanced
situation, due to a small noise frequency on the input where it can be amplified to such
point where the amplifier is driven out of the linear region. The main objective of the
experiment to educate the students on sketching the basic op-amp circuits, analyze the
design circuits for input and output impedances, voltage gain, and bandwidth. Lastly,
to troubleshoot and analyze faults in the op-amp circuits.

Data and Results:

Input signal Output signal Voltage gain

Op-Amp Designed Observed

Circuit Amplitude Frequency Amplitude Frequency Value Value
Non-
inverting
99.511 mV 1kHz 1.508 mV 1kHz 15V 15.1541V
Amplifier

Voltage 100.199
99.174 mV 1kHz 1kHz 1.0103V 1.0103V
Follower mV
Inverting
1.486 mV 1kHz 2.889 mV 1kHz 15V 1.9441V
Amplifier

Integrator 3.709 V 500Hz 1V 500Hz 4.549V

Differenti
96.970 mV 5kHz -181.894 V 5kHz -181.894V
ator
Table 2-1-1

Input Signal Output Signal

Designed Observed
Op-Amp Circuit V1 V2
Value Value

Summing Amplifier 99.523mV 99.639mV -120.7227mV -117.510mV

Subtractor 49.755mV 98.953mV 49.198mV 52.020mV

Table 2-1-2
Presentation of Datas:

Fig 1.0.0 Multisim simulation of an Inverting Amplifier

Fig 1.0.1 Multisim simulation of a Non-Inverting Amplifier

Fig 1.0.2 Multisim simulation of a Summing Amplifier

Fig 1.0.3 Multisim simulation of a Voltage Follower

 Fig 1.0.4 Multisim simulation of an Integrator

Fig 1.0.5 Multisim simulation of a Differentiator

Fig 1.0.6 Multisim simulation of a Subtractor
Observation:
Inverting amplifiers have

Differentiator and integrator op-amps have both resistors and capacitors but they differ on the
output which is based from what mathematical operation they represent.

Conclusion: