مستقبل صناعة الثقافة فى مصر - صناعة السينما نموذجا

‫‪٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪. .‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪٢٠١٠‬‬
١ ‫א‬ : ‫א‬
‫א‬ − ‫א‬ − ‫א‬

‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫ א‬٢٠٣٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ، ‫א‬
: ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬
‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ، ‫אא‬ ،
.١٨٩٥ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬
.٢٠٣٠ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
Abstract
Consolidating Egypt’s cultural standing especially concerning the film-making

industry is considered a main aspect of Egypt’s Future Vision 2030, which has been
recently prepared by the Center for Future Studies, and which is in accordance with the
set vision for Egypt to become an Arab and regional center for the cinema industry.
Realizing this vision is supported by the several relative and competitive advantages
that the cultural sector in Egypt has in general, and the strong infrastructure in the field
of film production in specific, which can be seen in the huge institutions specialized in
technical and cinema teaching, as well as enhancing the public’s cultural and cinematic
sense, in addition to the highly trained human cadres in this field which includes artists
and , and which is all controlled and organized by a huge institutional system. All the
above is further enhanced by Egypt’s historical standing and depth with regards to its
cinema industry, which started as early as 1895, at the same time that the international
cinema industry began. Based on the above, this study aims at evaluating the current
status of the cultural industry in Egypt in general, and the film-production industry in
specific, in an attempt to identify the most important assets of the Egyptian cinema and
the most significant threats that face it, with the aim of formulating a vision for Egypt to
become a regional and Arab center for cinema production by the year 2030.
‫‪٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫‪٤ ...............................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪٦ ..............................................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٦ .................................................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١ .١‬‬
‫‪١١ ...........................................................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪ ٢ .١‬א‬
‫‪١٧ .............................................................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٣. ١‬א‬
‫‪٢٨ ....................................................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٤ .١‬א‬
‫‪٣١ ..................................................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٥ .١‬א‬
‫‪٣٤ .................................................‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٣٤ ...................................................‬‬ ‫‪ :‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١. ٢‬‬
‫‪٤٠ ..................................................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٢ .٢‬א‬
‫‪٥٠ ................................................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٣ .٢‬‬
‫‪٦٠ .............................................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪ ٤ .٢‬א‬
‫‪٦٤ ...............................................................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٥ .٢‬א א א‬
‫‪٦٥ .........................................................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٦ .٢‬א א‬
‫‪٦٨ ....................................................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٧ .٢‬‬
‫‪٧٠ ............................................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٨ .٢‬א‬
‫‪٧٤ .........................................................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٩ .٢‬א‬
‫‪٧٧ ..............................................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫)א‬ ‫‪ ١٠ .٢‬א‬
‫‪٧٩ ..................................................‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٧٩ ........................................................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ١ .٣‬א‬
‫‪٧٩ ..................................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪ ٢ .٣‬א‬
‫‪٨١ ...........................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٣ .٣‬א‬
‫‪٨٢ ..............................................‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٤ .٣‬‬
‫‪٨٦ ............................................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٥ .٣‬א‬
‫‪١٠٥ ...............................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٦ .٣‬א א‬
‫‪١١٥ ......................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٧ .٣‬א‬
‫‪١٢٥ ..............................................................................................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١٠ .............................٢٠٠٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١‬‬

‫‪١١ ..................٢٠٠٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢‬‬
‫‪١٤‬‬ ‫(‪..........................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٣‬‬
‫‪١٤‬‬ ‫‪..............................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٩/٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٤‬‬
‫‪١٦‬‬ ‫‪....................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٩/٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٥‬‬
‫‪٤٣‬‬ ‫‪............٢٠٠٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٦‬‬
‫‪٤٤‬‬ ‫‪......................................٢٠٠٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٧‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:SWOT Analysis‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٨‬‬
‫‪٨٤ .............................................................................................‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٤٥‬‬ ‫‪..................٢٠٠٨ − ٢٠٠٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١‬‬

‫‪٤٦ ..................٢٠٠٩ − ٢٠٠٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢‬‬
‫‪٤٧‬‬ ‫(‪............‬‬ ‫‪) ٢٠٠٨ − ٢٠٠٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٣‬‬
‫‪٤٧‬‬ ‫‪......................٢٠٠٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٤‬‬
‫‪٤٨ ..............................٢٠٠٨ − ٢٠٠٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٥‬‬
‫‪٤٩‬‬ ‫‪.............٢٠٠٨ − ٢٠٠٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٦‬‬
‫‪٥٠‬‬ ‫(‪......................‬‬ ‫‪) ٢٠٠٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٧‬‬
‫א א ‪٨١ ..................................................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٨‬‬
‫(‪٨٣ ....................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٩‬‬
‫‪١٠٤ ..................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ١٠‬א א‬
‫‪١٠٥‬‬ ‫‪...................................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ١١‬א‬
‫‪٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‪.‬‬ ‫"א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪ :‬א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫(‪.‬‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫( א‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١.١‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪(Creative Industries‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א א א ‪.١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،٢٠٠٥‬‬ ‫"‪،‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪" ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١‬א‬

‫‪http://www.alghad.com/?article=1600‬‬
٧ ‫א‬ : ‫א‬
‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ " ‫"א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٪٧ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬
. ٪١٠ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،٢٠٠٣ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
.١ ٪ ٢٠ −٥ ‫א‬ ،(OECD)
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

، ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
(Culture and Poverty ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ Learning Resource Group)
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

(African Cultural " ‫א‬ ‫א‬ " . ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬Effectiveness Project – ACE)
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
(Global Alliance on Cultural ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ " ‫"א‬ ‫א‬
، ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬Diversity)
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
.٢ ‫א‬
: ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫ א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬
. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
1
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, "Creative Industries and Development", June
2004.
2
Sagina, Burama, "Strengthening Local Creative Industries and Developing Cultural Capacity for
Poverty Alleviation", Sixth Annual Conference, International Network for Cultural Diversity, Nov 2005.
‫‪٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪،(١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪.(٢‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٣‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪.‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Ibid.‬‬
‫‪،٢٠١٠‬‬ ‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪"،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢‬א‬
‫‪http://www.alriyadh.com/2010/01/08/article487801.html‬‬
‫א א "‪،‬‬ ‫)‪" ،(UNESCO‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٣‬א‬
‫‪http://www.unesco.org/ar/creativity/creative-industries‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Opcit.‬‬
٩ ‫א‬ : ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،٢٠٠٥ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫ א‬٪٣,٦ ،٢٠٠٥ −١٩٩٦ ‫א‬ ٪١٧,٦ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
.١ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫ א‬٪٢١,١
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬

، ... ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ... ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
. ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫ א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫ א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬، ‫א‬
. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ٢٠٠٥ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٪ ٣,٤ ، ٤٢٤,٤
.٢٢٠٠٥ − ٢٠٠٠ ‫א‬ ٪٨,٧ − −
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ٢٠٠٢ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ .(١) ،
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬
١٠,٧ ١٩٩٤ ١٥,٥ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
1
Creative Economy Report 2008, "The Challenge of Assessing the Creative Economy: Towards Informed
Policy Making", United Nations, 2008, p.110.
2
International Trade Forum, "Creative Economy: A Dynamic Sector in World Trade", Issue 3/2009.
١٠ ‫א‬ : ‫א‬
٢٢,١ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ،٢٠٠٢

.١٢٠٠٢ ٣٣,٣ ١٩٩٤
(١)
٢٠٠٢ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
( )
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
١٠٧١٧,٣ ٥,٥ ٣٢١١,٦ ٣٥٠,٣ ٤٩,٩ ١٣٧٧ ٥٧٢١,٩ ١,١ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
٣٣٣٣٠,٦ ٣٠٦٦,٧ ٤٨٢٩,١ ٢٧٨١,٤ ١٧٤٦,٥ ٤٢٥٨ ١٦٦٤٩ − ‫א א א‬

"International Flows of Selected Cultural Goods and Services, 1994- 2003", UNESCO Institute for : ‫א‬
Statistics, UNESCO Sector for Culture, 2005, p.57, 60.
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬٢٠٠٢ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
.((٢) ) ‫א‬ ‫א‬
1
UNESCO Institute for Statistics, "International Flows of Selected Cultural Goods and Services, 1994-
2003", UNESCO Sector for Culture, 2005, p.35.
١١ ‫א‬ : ‫א‬
(٢)
٢٠٠٢ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
( )
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
٢١,٨ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٥,٥ ‫א‬
١٩,٢ ‫א‬ ٨,١ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
٨,٨ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٧,٦
٨,٨ ٦,٧ ‫א‬
٥,٧ ٦,٦ ‫א א‬
٤,٧ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ٦,٢ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
٤,١ ٥,٩
٣,٨ ٣,٧ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
٣,٣ ‫א‬ ٣ ‫א‬
٢,٧ ‫א‬ ٢,٨ ‫א‬
٢,١ ٢,٦
١,٢ ٢,٥
١ ‫א‬ ٢,١
١ ٢,١ ‫א‬
١ ‫א‬ ٢,١
١٠,٨ ‫א‬ ٢٢,٦ ‫א‬
"International Flows of Selected Cultural Goods and Services, 1994- 2003", UNESCO : ‫א‬
Institute for Statistics, UNESCO Sector for Culture, 2005, p.75.
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬٢ .١
‫אא‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ : ‫ א‬، ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬
‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫‪ .٢٠٠٥‬א‬ ‫‪ ١٦٥‬א‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫‪ ٢٥٠‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،٢٠٠٥‬‬ ‫‪٨٥,٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫‪٨٦,٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢٤١٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٢٩,٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٣,١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٣٠٦,٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪.٪٢١,٤٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٥‬‬
‫‪.٪٩٧,٣٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٥‬‬ ‫‪١٥٥,٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٦‬‬
‫‪.٢٠٠٨/٢٠٠٧‬‬ ‫‪٨,٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٣٥‬‬ ‫)‪(٢٠٠٨ −٢٠٠٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫אא‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪٤٩‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،٢٠٠٨‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٧‬‬ ‫א ‪ ،‬א‬
‫אא‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪٥٣‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(א‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١‬א‬

‫‪http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/pls/social/films_pros_2007?LANG=1&lname=FDL‬‬
‫‪١٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪ o‬א‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،٢٠٠٥‬א‬ ‫‪٥١‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫‪٤٨‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،٢٠٠٥‬‬ ‫‪٣١,٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٩,٨‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪٤٦١٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪٣٧٥٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫‪٧١‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٦٩٠‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫)‪ (٣‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١‬א‬

‫‪١٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫)‪(٣‬‬
‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٧١‬‬ ‫‪٧٩٦‬‬ ‫‪٤٩‬‬
‫‪٣٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٧٢‬‬ ‫‪٨‬‬
‫‪٢٢‬‬ ‫‪١٨٩‬‬ ‫‪٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١٤‬‬ ‫‪١٦٢‬‬ ‫‪٨‬‬
‫‪١٤٦‬‬ ‫‪٩٣٥‬‬ ‫‪٧٤‬‬
‫‪٢٨٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٤٥٤‬‬ ‫‪١٤٧‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٢٠٠٨ ،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫)‪:(٤‬‬ ‫‪،٢٠٠٩/٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫)‪(٤‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٩/٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٢٠٠٩/٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٩/٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫א‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪٥‬‬ ‫‪٤٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٧‬‬ ‫‪٢٩‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫‪٧٠‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪−−‬‬ ‫‪٨٠,٦‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٢٠٠٩/٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א א‬ ‫‪ :‬א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪−‬‬
‫‪١٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫‪٣٣٢٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪١,٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٧‬‬ ‫‪٣٢٧١‬‬
‫‪٢٠٠٧‬‬ ‫‪١٤٠,٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫‪١٤٦,٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.١٪٤,٥‬‬
‫‪١٢٤٩‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،٪٠,٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٧‬‬ ‫‪١٢٥٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬
‫‪١١,٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٪٢٨,٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٩,٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬
‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٧٤٩٩٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٢‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٪٨,٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪٥,١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٨١٧١٠‬‬ ‫‪٢١١٠‬‬
‫‪١١٦٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫‪١١٦٥٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٢٠٠٧‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪٣٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫)‪:(٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،٢٠٠٩/٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫"‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪" ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١‬א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،٢٠٠٨ ،‬א‬
‫‪١٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫)‪(٥‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٩ /٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٩/٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫א‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪٢٠,٥‬‬ ‫‪٦١,٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫‪٤٧,٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٢,٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١٤,٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٦,١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪٢,٥‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٨٥‬‬ ‫‪٨٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٢٠٠٩/٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א א‬ ‫‪ :‬א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫‪١٩٩٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،١٩٩٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٨٣‬‬ ‫‪٣٢٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪،٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א ‪١٤,١‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.١‬‬ ‫‪٢٧٥٢‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٢,٨‬‬ ‫‪،٢٠٠٩/٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪٨‬‬ ‫אא‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪٨٥‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪٨٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٩/٢٠٠٨‬‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫א‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪١٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪٨١,٨‬‬ ‫‪،٢٠٠٩/٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪٣,٧‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٣. ١‬א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬

‫א א א‬ ‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬
‫‪٢٠٠٢‬‬ ‫‪٨٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א אא א‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫א א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،"٢٠٥٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪"،‬‬
‫‪.١٣٦ −١٢٨‬‬ ‫‪،٢٠٠٩‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪ o‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫)‪ :(٤٧‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫"‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪" :(٤٩‬‬ ‫א‬
‫"‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪ o‬א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ :٢٠٠٢‬א‬ ‫‪٨٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫) ( א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،١٩٧٦‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫"א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪ ،١٩٦٧‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،١٩٧٩‬‬
‫‪،١٩٩٠‬‬ ‫"‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .١٩٧٥‬א‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.١٩٨٩‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ :١٩٥٥‬א‬ ‫)‪(٣٤٠‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١٩‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪١٩٧٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٢٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ١٩٧٩‬א‬ ‫‪١٤٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٩٩٢‬‬ ‫‪٣٠٧‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١٩٥٤‬‬ ‫‪٣٥٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٩٩٢‬‬ ‫‪٣٨‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.١٩٥٥‬‬ ‫‪٤٣٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٩٩٣‬‬ ‫‪١١٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א אא א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،١٩٩٧‬א‬ ‫‪٨‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬

‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ١٩٧٣‬א‬ ‫‪١٨١‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٢٠٠٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪٥٠٠٠‬‬
‫‪٢٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٩٧٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٣‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٩٧٩‬‬ ‫‪٦٧‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٩٨٠‬‬ ‫‪٥‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪١٩٨٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٨‬‬ ‫‪١٩٨٠‬‬ ‫‪١٥٣‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٩٧٣‬‬ ‫‪٥٢٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١٩٩١‬‬ ‫‪٥٨‬‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ١٩٨٩‬א‬ ‫‪١١٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٧١‬‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٩٩٥‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪١٩٩٩‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪٥‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪٢٠‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٩٥٧‬‬ ‫‪٢٥٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫ א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٩٧٣‬‬ ‫‪٤٥٩‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪٢١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٩٩٨‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫‪١٩٧٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫•‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ١٩٩٥‬א‬ ‫‪٤٣٠‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٢‬‬ ‫‪٨٤‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ١٩٨١‬א‬ ‫‪١٥٩‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.٢٠٠٥‬‬ ‫‪٩٤‬‬ ‫‪١٩٩٨‬‬ ‫‪٣‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٢٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫•‬

‫‪−‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١٨٥٩‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٨٨١‬‬ ‫‪٢٦‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א אא א א ‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬
‫‪٨٠٩‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٩٣٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.١٩٥٦‬‬ ‫‪٣٧٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٩٣٧‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٩٦٩‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א אא א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪−‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א "‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪:‬א‬ ‫•‬

‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א" ‪،‬‬ ‫"א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬
‫‪٢٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬
‫‪١٩٨٠‬‬ ‫‪١٥٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .١‬א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א אא‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א א א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪ ،‬א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪ −‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א א א‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א "‪.‬‬
‫‪٢٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א א א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٩٨٠‬‬ ‫‪١٥٠‬‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،١٩٨٩‬‬ ‫‪٦٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .٢‬א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪١٩٨٩‬‬ ‫‪٤٣٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،١٩٧١‬‬ ‫‪٢٨٢٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .٤‬א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫"א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫"‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١٧٦‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .٥‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،١٩٩٣‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١‬א‬

‫‪http://www.cdf.eg.org‬‬
‫‪٢٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٩٥٩‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٦‬‬

‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫א ‪−‬א‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"א‬ ‫א‬
‫"‪.‬‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،٢٠٠٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .٧‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪٣٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٥٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬
‫‪١٩‬‬ ‫‪ ١٩٧٥‬א‬ ‫‪٦٥‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،١٩٧٨‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫א "‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٢٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٢٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،١٩٦٥‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،٢٠٠٥‬‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،١٩٩٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪:‬‬ ‫‪) −‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪٢٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪−‬א‬ ‫)‬
‫"‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‪−‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫(א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٢‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫" א‬ ‫"‬ ‫‪ .١‬א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א אא א‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫אא ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .٥‬א א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٦‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א אא‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪) .٧‬א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫)א‬ ‫‪ .٨‬א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٢٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٤ .١‬א‬
‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫אא א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .٣‬א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .٤‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٦‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٧‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫‪.١٨٩ − ١٣٧‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪٢٩‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٨‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٩‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .٢‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٣٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .٣‬א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٦‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٧‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٨‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫אא‬
‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،٢٠١٠‬א‬ ‫‪١٠ ،٤٤٩٦٠‬‬ ‫‪ ،١٣٥‬א‬ ‫"‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٣١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٥ .١‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .٣‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪ .٤‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٣٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬

‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .١‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .٢‬א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .١‬א‬
‫א א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٣٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫‪.٢٠٠٠ ،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪" ،‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٣٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪ :‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١. ٢‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،١٨٩٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫" א "‬
‫א‬ ‫"‪،‬‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬
‫"‬ ‫‪،١٨٩٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א " א‬ ‫"‬
‫‪ ١٩٠٧‬א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫" )‪.١(The Lumière brothers‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫"‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪− ١٨٩٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪١٩٠٧‬‬
‫א "‬ ‫"‬ ‫" "‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬
‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١٠٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫‪ ..‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫"א א‬ ‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪" ،‬א‬
‫‪.٢٠٠٧‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٣٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫«‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪»:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫)‪.١(The Birth of the Seventh Art in Alexandria‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪ −‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٩١٧‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"א‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫" "א‬ ‫א‬ ‫" "א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪" ،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪١٩٢٣‬‬ ‫‪،١٩١٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١٩٢٧‬‬ ‫‪،٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬
‫"‪.‬‬ ‫א" "‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ١٩٢٠‬א‬ ‫‪،١٩١٩‬‬
‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪١٥‬‬ ‫‪١٩٢٥‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪.٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫)‪(١٩٥٢ −١٩٣٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫אא‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪١٩٣٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫"א‬ ‫"א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٠٠" ،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١‬א‬

‫‪http://www.arrouiah.com/node/24652‬‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫‪.٢٠٠٩ ،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪ ،"(١٩٥٢ −١٩٣٥‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪" ،‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.١٦‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٣‬א‬
‫‪٣٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.١‬‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫«‬ ‫א‬ ‫»‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٩٣٥‬‬ ‫"‬ ‫"א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ :‬א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫א " "א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،١٩٤٥‬‬
‫‪.١٩٤٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،١٩٤٤‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪ −‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١٩٥٢‬‬ ‫‪ ٣٤٠‬א א‬ ‫‪١٩٣٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٢‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬ ‫‪،١٩٣٥ −١٩٣١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‪.٤‬‬ ‫‪٤٥‬‬ ‫‪١٩٤٥ −١٩٣٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫"‬ ‫‪١٩٣٢‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫אא‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א "‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫‪.٦‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫‪.١٧ − ١٦‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٣‬‬
‫‪.٧‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪٤‬‬
‫‪.١٧‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٣٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א"א‬ ‫"‬

‫"‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫"א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،١٩٤٥‬‬ ‫‪٤٢‬‬ ‫‪١٩٤٤‬‬ ‫‪٢١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١٤١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٤٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪، ١٩٥٢‬‬ ‫‪١٩٤٥‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪١٩٤٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٩٤٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫)‪(١٩٧٠ −١٩٥٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪ ،١٩٥٢‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،١٩٥٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪.٦٤ −٦٣‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١‬א‬

‫‪٢‬‬
‫‪.٨‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪٣٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .١٩٥٩‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،١٩٥٧‬א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٩٦١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪٩٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪٥٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪٧٠‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪.١٩٦٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪٥٠ ،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٦٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪٪١٠ ،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪٤٠‬‬
‫‪.١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٠٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א אא ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١٩٦٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫"א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،١٩٧١‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪٥٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،١٩٧٤‬‬ ‫‪٤٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.١٠‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١‬א‬

‫‪٣٩‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪ ،١٩٧٣‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‪...‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬
‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫‪١٩٧٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٩٧٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٩‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ١٩٨٤‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪٦٣‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪٩٥‬‬ ‫‪١٩٨٦‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬
‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٧‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٤٠‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪٢٥٠‬‬ ‫‪ ٢٠٠٧‬א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
٤٠ ‫א‬ : ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

." ‫א‬ ‫א "א‬ ‫א‬ ٢٠٠٧ ‫א א‬ ، ‫א‬
. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٢٠٠٨ ٥٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬٢ .٢
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬
،( ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ) ‫א‬ ‫ א‬، ‫א‬: ‫א‬
‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،( ‫)א‬ ‫א‬
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬
(Vertical Integration) ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
.١ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

٪٥٠ ١٩٩٢ ، ٤٥٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،٢ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ .٢٠٠٦ ٢٠٠٠ ‫א‬
‫(א‬ ‫א‬− ‫א‬− )" ‫" "א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"א‬
. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
.٢٠٠٩
1
Ghoneim, Ahmed, "Promoting Competitive Markets in Developing Economies", 2005, p.27.
2
Ghoneim, Ahmed, "Competition, Cultural Variety and Global Governance: The Case of the Egyptian
Audiovisual System", HWWA Report 246, Hambufrg Institute of International Economics, 2004.
٤١ ‫א‬ : ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫ א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ − ١٩٩٧/٨ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬
. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ − ١٠
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫ א‬،( ) ‫א‬ ،( ) ‫א‬ ‫א א ؛‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ١٣ − ١١ ‫ א‬، ‫א‬
٪٣٥ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א א‬ ‫א אא א‬ ٪٥٥
‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א אא‬ ٪١١ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ، ‫א אא‬
‫א א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ .( ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫אא א‬ ‫א‬ .١( ‫א א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
1
Moullier, Bertrand, and Viswanthan, Bhamati, "Giant with Feet of Clay: Creativity, IP Rights and
Economic Challenges in the Egyptian Film Industry", Creative and Innovative Economy Center, The
George Washington University Law School, October 2007, p.10 - 11.
٤٢ ‫א‬ : ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬o

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ،(employment capacity) ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٧٥٠ ٢٠٠٨ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
٤٥٠٠ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
١٨٠٠ ٣٠٠٠ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ١٢٠٠
. ‫א‬ ٥٠٠
٢٥ ٢٠ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٢٠٠١

٪٠,٥ ٢٠٠٠ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،
‫א‬ ٪٥,٦ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
.((٦) ) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،١ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ " . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٢٠٠٢ ‫א‬
، ‫א‬ (Friends of Audiovisual Services Group) " ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫) א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
.٢ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ،( ‫א‬
1
Ghoneim, Ahmed, "Cultural Industries in Egypt: An Overview", WIPO NATIONAL TRAINING
WORKSHOP ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY FOR DIPLOMATS, World Intellectual Property
Organization (WIPO) and the Institute for Diplomatic Studies, Dec 2004.
2
Grasstek, Van, "Treatment of Cultural Goods and Services in International Trade Agreements", p. 18.
٤٣ ‫א‬ : ‫א‬
(٦)
٢٠٠٥ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

(٪) ‫א‬ (٪) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
٨,٤٩ ١١,١٢ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
٥,٨ ٥,٧
٥,٥٥ ٤,٥ ‫א‬
١١,١٠ ٤,٩٢ ‫א‬
٧,٣ ٦,٠٦
١١,٠١ ٤,٧٧ ‫א‬
٤,٤٩ ٤,٧٥
"The Challenge of Assessing the Creative Economy: Towards Informed Policy Making", : ‫א‬
Creative Economy Report 2008, United Nations, 2008, p. 150.
‫א‬ ‫א‬ o
٢٠٠٠ ٪١٤,٤ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
٣٧٤ ١٩٩٦ ٣٥٥ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،٢٠٠٥
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،٢٠٠٥ ٦٦٤ ،٢٠٠٠
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ .٢٠٠٠ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،٢٠٠٥ ٢٠٠٠ ٪١٨ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ٪٧,٦ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ − ٢٠٠٥ ٢٠٠٠ ‫א‬ − ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، (Transition Economies)
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،٪٢٨,٤

.١ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
1
Creative Economy Report 2008, Opcit, Table 1.3.1 A p.252 and 1.3.3.A.
٤٤ ‫א‬ : ‫א‬
٪٤٧,٨٦ ،٢٠٠٥ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

، ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ٪٢٤,٠٧
.((٧) ) ‫א‬
( ٧)
٢٠٠٥ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ( )
‫א‬ ‫א‬
١٠٠ ٠,٢ ٦٦٤ ‫א‬
٨٩,٢ ٠,٣ ٥٩٢ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
٨,٢٥ ٠,٠٤ ٥٥ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
٠,٣٥ ٠,١٦ ٢ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
٤٧,٨٦ ٢,٧٩ ٣١٨ ‫א‬
٢٤,٠٧ ٠,٥٧ ١٦٠
٤,٣٧ ٠,١٥ ٢٩ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
٤,٢٥ ٠,١١ ٢٨ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
٣,٢٣ ٠,١٢ ٢١
٢,٤٦ ٠,٢ ١٦ ‫א‬
١,٦٢ ٠,٢٥ ١١ ‫א‬
١,٤٧ ٠,٣٣ ١٠
١,٤٧ ٠,٩٢ ١٠ ‫א‬
١,٢٩ ٠,٦١ ٩
"The Challenge of Assessing the Creative Economy: Towards Informed Policy Making", : ‫א‬
Creative Economy Report 2008, United Nations, Table 1.4.1 A p.260.
(Feature Film) ٤٥ ‫א‬

، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٥٠ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٢٠٠٨
٤٥ ‫א‬ : ‫א‬
، ٥٢٠ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،٢٠٠٨ ١٣٢٥ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ .١ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
−٢٠٠٤ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،٢٠٠٨
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫( א‬١) .٢٠٠٤ ١٠٠٠
‫ א‬،١٩٩٩ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ، ‫א‬
. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬٢٠٠٨ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
، ‫א‬ ٢٠ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
( ١)
٢٠٠٨ − ٢٠٠٤ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
١٤٠٠
١٢٠٠
١٠٠٠
٨٠٠
٦٠٠
٤٠٠
٢٠٠
٠
٢٠٠٤ ٢٠٠٥ ٢٠٠٦ ٢٠٠٧ ٢٠٠٨
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬
Screen Australia, "Top 50 countries by number of Feature films producers 2004 – 2008": ‫א‬
1
Screen Australia, "Top 50 countries by number of Feature films producers 2004 – 2008".
‫‪٤٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪٤٤‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫)‪.((٢‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫)‪( ٢‬‬
‫‪٢٠٠٩ − ٢٠٠٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٧٠‬‬
‫‪٦٠‬‬
‫‪٥٠‬‬
‫‪٤٠‬‬
‫‪٣٠‬‬
‫‪٢٠‬‬
‫‪١٠‬‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫‪٢٠٠٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٧‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٩‬‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﻮب أﻗﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﺮب‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻧﺲ‬
‫‪"Focus 2009: World Film Market Trends", European Audiovisual Observatory, Festival De :‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪Cannes, 2009,‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪٨٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪،((٣‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א (‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
٤٧ ‫א‬ : ‫א‬
(٣ )
( ) ٢٠٠٨ − ٢٠٠٥ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
( )
١٠٠
‫ﻣﺼﺮ‬
٨٠
٦٠
٤٠
٢٠ ‫إﺳﺮاﺋﻴﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﺮب‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻧﺲ‬
"Focus 2009: World Film Market Trends", European Audiovisual Observatory, Festival De : ‫א‬
Cannes, 2009.
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ٤٠٠ ‫ א‬٢٠٠٧ ‫א‬
.((٤) ‫א‬ ) ‫א‬ ٢٥٠
( ٤)
٢٠٠٧ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
٤٥٠
‫א‬
٤٠٠
٣٥٠
٣٠٠
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
٢٥٠
٢٠٠
١٥٠ ‫א‬
١٠٠
‫א‬
٥٠
٠
Cannes, 2009.
٤٨ ‫א‬ : ‫א‬
− ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬− ‫א‬ ‫א‬

،٢٠٠٦ ‫א‬ ٤,٥ − ‫א‬ − ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
٧٧ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١١٧ ‫אא‬ ، ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٣٠ ، ‫א‬
. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٢ ،(
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ (٥) ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬
DLP ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ( ‫א‬ ‫)א‬
٢٠٠٤ ٪٣٢٠٠ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ (CineAlta) 4K ‫א‬
‫ א‬٪٢٠٠ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،٢٠٠٨
٤٥٧٦ ٢٠٠٧ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
. ‫א‬
(٥ )
٢٠٠٨ – ٢٠٠٤ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
٥٠٠٠
٤٥٠٠
٤٠٠٠
٣٥٠٠
٣٠٠٠
٢٥٠٠
٢٠٠٠
١٥٠٠
١٠٠٠
٥٠٠
٠
٢٠٠٤ ٢٠٠٥ ٢٠٠٦ ٢٠٠٧ ٢٠٠٨
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
Cannes, 2009, p.
‫‪٤٩‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٢٠٠٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪٢٦‬‬
‫)‪((٦‬‬ ‫‪) ٢٠٠٧‬א‬ ‫א ‪٢٣,٨‬‬
‫)‪( ٦‬‬
‫‪٢٠٠٨ −٢٠٠٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫)ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﻣﺸﺎهﺪ(‬
‫‪٣٠‬‬
‫‪٢٥‬‬
‫‪٢٠‬‬
‫‪١٥‬‬
‫‪١٠‬‬
‫‪٥‬‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫‪٢٠٠٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٧‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪"Focus 2009: World Film Market Trends", European Audiovisual Observatory, Festival De :‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪Cannes, 2009.‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫)‪،((٧‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
٥٠ ‫א‬ : ‫א‬
( ٧)
( ) ٢٠٠٧ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
١٫٥
٠٫٥
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
Cannes, 2009.
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٣ .٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬

‫אא‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬
: ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ :
‫א‬ ‫א‬ : o
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
: ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬.١

‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬
‫א‬ ، ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٨٩١ ٢٦
‫אא‬ ١٩٤٠ ، ‫א‬ ‫ א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٥١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:١‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،١٩٤٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪.٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٣‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫אא א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫‪.٦ – ٥‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٥‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢‬א‬
‫‪٣‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪"،‬‬
‫‪.٥٤ − ٥٣‬‬ ‫‪،٢٠٠٥‬‬ ‫א א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٥٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫"א א "‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫(‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫‪١٩٩٧‬‬ ‫)‪(٨‬‬ ‫א א‬
‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪٢٠٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪،‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫(‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬
‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٥٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫אא‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א אא א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬
‫‪:١‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫‪٣٣‬‬ ‫)‪،٢٠٠٦ ،(٢٧‬‬ ‫"‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪"،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٣٤ −‬‬
‫‪.٣٤‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢‬א‬
‫‪٥٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫(‪،‬‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:١‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬

‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫‪.١٠ − ٩‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٥٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.١‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .٥‬א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א א‬
‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٢‬‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫‪:٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١٩٦٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.١٠‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١‬א‬

‫‪٢‬‬
‫‪.٣٧ − ٣٦‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٣‬‬
‫‪.١٣ − ١٢‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٥٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٥٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:١‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬

‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא א‬ ‫‪− ١٩٩٠‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.١٧ −١٦‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١‬‬

‫‪٥٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.١‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٢‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪٢٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫‪.٣٣‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫א‬ ‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪"،‬‬
‫‪.٣٣٣‬‬ ‫‪،٢٠٠٢‬‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٥٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪− ٢٠٠٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫אא‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪−‬א א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‪،‬‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٦٠ − ٤٩‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١‬א‬

‫‪٢‬‬
‫‪.٢٣ − ٢٢‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٥٩‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫אא‬
‫‪:١‬‬
‫‪٢٠٠٥‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .١‬א‬
‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬
‫(‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٢‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫("‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪"،‬‬
‫‪.١٨ − ١٧‬‬ ‫‪،٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫א א ‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫‪.٢٢‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪٦٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٤ .٢‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א אא א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א אא‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א א ‪−‬א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫‪ ٢٠٠٢‬א‬ ‫‪٨٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٤٩‬‬ ‫• א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫א ‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫–‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫‪.٢٢ −٢١‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٦١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫א א א‬ ‫"‬ ‫‪ ٢٠٠٢‬א‬ ‫‪٨٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٨٥‬‬ ‫• א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١٠٠٠‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫אא‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٦٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٦‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٧‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫–‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪−‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،١٩٩٦‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠‬‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪١٢ ٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٩٩٣‬‬ ‫‪١٦٢‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،١٩٩٣‬‬ ‫‪٣٨‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪٪٧٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٢٠٠٣‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א אא א‬
‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫אא‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬א‬
‫‪٦٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٢ ٢٠٠١‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪١٥٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٢٠٠١‬א‬ ‫‪١٠٦‬‬ ‫א א א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬
‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‪١٢٦‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪ ٢٠٠٢‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫"‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א אא א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪٦٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٥ .٢‬א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬
‫‪:١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬
‫"א‬ ‫"א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫(א‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٩٢٣‬‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪١٩٨٩‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫(‬ ‫)א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ١٩٧٥‬א‬ ‫‪٣٤‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪٨٠٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫)‪(ART‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪١٥٠٠‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫‪.٣٦ − ٣٥‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٦٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪ ،‬א‬ ‫‪٥٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٠ ،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫"א‬
‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫" א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫אא‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٦ .٢‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،١٨٩٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٨٩٥‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫"‪.‬‬ ‫"‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫"‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫‪.٤٧ − ٤٦‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٦٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،١٩٥٩‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ ،١٩٦٩‬א‬ ‫‪٧٨‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٩٨١‬‬ ‫‪١٥٨‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٢٠٠٩/٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.١٢٠٠٨/٢٠٠٧‬‬ ‫‪٨٣‬‬ ‫‪٨٠,٦‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א(‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫(‪،‬‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪:٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٩٨١‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .١‬א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٩٥٩‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .٢‬א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٢٠٠٩/٢٠٠٨ − ٢٠٠٨/٢٠٠٧ ،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١‬א א‬

‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪"،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢‬א‬
‫‪http://www2.sis.gov.eg/Ar/Arts&Culture/artsacadem‬‬
‫‪٦٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٩٤٤‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .٣‬א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫(‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪−‬א‬ ‫– )א‬ ‫–א‬ ‫–א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫)א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٩٢٩‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .٤‬א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪١٩٥٩‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .٥‬א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٩٥٩‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .٦‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .٧‬א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫‪.....،‬א (‪.‬‬
‫‪٦٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫(א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٧ .٢‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪ ..‬א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫אא‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪ ١٩١٩‬א‬ ‫‪١٩٢٠‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٦٩‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫אא‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٧٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٨ .٢‬א‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫"‪.١"Med-Screen‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫"‬ ‫"א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫‪MEDA‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪Med-Screen‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٧١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪−‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪،١٩٤٢‬‬ ‫‪٧٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪٪٥٠‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.١‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،٢٠١٠‬‬ ‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(א‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪" ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١‬א‬
‫‪http://www.shorouknews.com/ContentData.aspx?id=223004‬‬
‫‪٧٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬
‫‪.٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٦٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫" א‬ ‫"א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"א‬ ‫‪٥١‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،٢٠١٠‬‬ ‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪"،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١‬א‬

‫‪http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2010/01/22/98063.html‬‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪" ،‬א‬
‫‪.٣٧٦‬‬ ‫‪،٢٠٠٤ ،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
٧٣ ‫א‬ : ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
.١ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫ א‬، ‫א‬
‫" א‬ ‫א‬ " ، ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ١٩٦٦
("The English " ‫א‬ ‫ "א‬،("Star Wars") " ‫א‬ " ‫ א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬ ، ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Patient")
.٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬− ‫א‬ ‫א‬

− ‫א‬ ‫א‬− ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬، ‫א‬
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
" ‫" א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
. ‫א‬
،٢٠٠٩ ،" ‫א‬ ‫ א‬.. ‫א‬ ‫א‬: ‫"א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬١
http://www.alarab.co.uk/previouspages/Alarab%20Weekly/2009/03/21-03/P20.pdf
2
Tunisia Online website, "Culture: Tunisia, an immense film shooting location",
http://www.tunisiaonline.com/starwars
‫‪٧٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٩ .٢‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫"א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١٩٢٧‬‬ ‫"‬ ‫"א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)א‬
‫‪.١‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫"א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪" ،‬א‬
‫א ‪.٢٠١٠‬‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫‪.٣٦٢‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪" ،‬א‬
‫‪٧٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪١٩٧٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫א ‪٣٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪.١‬‬ ‫‪٢٢‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪١٥٠‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪٥٩‬‬
‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫‪١٩٩٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪١٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١٩٩٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫) א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٤١‬‬ ‫א ‪١٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،٢٠٠٧‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪٦٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٢٠٠٨‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٣‬‬ ‫‪٥٦‬‬ ‫‪١٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١‬א‬

‫‪www.cairofilmfest.org‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢‬א‬
‫‪www.ciffc.org‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٣‬א‬
‫‪http://aljazeera.net/News/archive/archive?ArchiveId=1091950‬‬
‫‪٧٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ ١٩٩٧‬א‬ ‫"‬ ‫"א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א "‬ ‫"א‬
‫‪٣٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪٦٣‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪،١٩٧٠‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫"א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،٢٠٠٩‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪٤٠‬‬
‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪٤٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫"א‬ ‫"א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫)‪٦‬‬ ‫‪١٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א (‪٤ ،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.١‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫‪.٢٠١٠‬‬ ‫‪،٢١٥٨‬‬ ‫א ‪،‬א‬ ‫"‪ ،‬א‬ ‫‪"،‬‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫‪.٣٦٤‬‬ ‫"‪،٢٠٠٤ ،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א ‪" ،‬א‬
‫‪٧٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٢٠٠‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٨٠٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٢٠٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.٢،١‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪ ،٢٠٠٤‬א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٤‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫)א‬ ‫‪ ١٠ .٢‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫(‪،‬‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א ‪ ،‬א ‪،‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١‬א‬

‫‪http://www.ikhwanonline.com/Article.asp?ArtID=43041&SecID=294‬‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫‪.٣٦٥‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪" ،‬א‬
‫‪،٢٠١٠‬‬ ‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪"،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٣‬א‬
‫‪http://doc.aljazeera.net/cinema/2010/03/2010315104056199192.html‬‬
‫‪٤‬‬
‫‪.٣٣٢ − ٣٣١‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪٧٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫" א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٧٩‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،٢٠٣٠‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ١ .٣‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢٠٣٠‬‬ ‫"‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫( א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫("‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬

‫"‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٢ .٣‬א‬
‫‪٢٠٣٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪٨٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .٣‬א‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .٤‬א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٨١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٦‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .٧‬א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٣ .٣‬א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫אא‬ ‫)‪(Environmental Scanning‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪(Future wheel‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪workshop‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪Delphi‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫)‪.((٨‬‬ ‫)‬
‫) ‪(٨‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪SWOT‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٨٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٤ .٣‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫(א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫)‪.(٩‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٨٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫)‪( ٩‬‬
‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٨٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫)‪((٨‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪(SWOT Analysis‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫)‪(٨‬‬
‫‪:SWOT Analysis‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.١‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .٢‬א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א ‪ ،‬א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .٣‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪...‬א ( א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٦‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬א (‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫)א‬
‫(‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٦‬‬
‫‪٢٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٧‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .٧‬א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٩‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٨‬‬
‫‪ ...‬א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.١٠‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٨٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪soft ware‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .٩‬א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.١١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .١٢‬א‬ ‫(‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .١٠‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.١٣‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.١٤‬‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.١٥‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.١٦‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .١‬א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪DVD‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .٢‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .٣‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪3D‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫(‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫‪.blue Ray‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪ .٤‬א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .٤‬א‬
‫‪٨٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .٥‬א א א‬

‫‪−‬‬ ‫–‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .٦‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪.٧‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .٧‬א‬
‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫(‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٥ .٣‬א‬
‫‪:‬א‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫(‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א(‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫(‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪ ،‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ :‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٨٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫•‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫)‪:(١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪٣٠‬‬
‫‪.(٪٤٥ ٪٣٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٦‬‬ ‫‪٪١٢‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫(‪.‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫"א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫(‬ ‫‪٢٢٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،٢٠٠٢‬‬ ‫‪٪٣٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،٢٠٠٣‬‬ ‫‪١١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٢‬‬ ‫‪٨٠٠‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪١٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٢٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٤‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫‪.٢٨ − ٢٥‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Moullier, Bertrand, and Viswanthan, Bhamati, Opcit, p.6.‬‬
‫‪٨٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٤‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٢٠٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٤‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،٢٠٠٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٢٠٠٥/٢٠٠٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫(‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪٤٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪)،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪١٦٥‬‬ ‫‪٨٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫"‬ ‫‪٢٥٠٠‬‬
‫‪١٢ − ١٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٥/٢٠٠٤‬‬
‫‪٨٩‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٥٠‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٩٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫‪ .١‬א א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪(CD‬‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٠٠‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪ ...‬א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٩١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א –‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٢٩‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٩٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪٦٧‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪٦٦‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ...‬א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫‪.٢٤‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪٩٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٩٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬
‫‪.١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٪٥٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫‪ −‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:٣‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ :‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫‪١٥٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬
‫אא‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫‪.٣٤‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Moullier, Bertrand, and Viswanthan, Bhamati, Opcit, p.6.‬‬
‫‪٣‬‬
‫‪.٣٨ − ٣٦‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٩٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫"‪.‬‬ ‫"‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٩٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .٤‬א‬

‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫‪.١٧−١٦‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪٩٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫•‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٣٥‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪١٠٠‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪٪٩٥‬‬ ‫‪٣٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٩٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪١٢٠‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪٤٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‪ ،‬א‬ ‫"א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٢٠٠٤ /٢٠٠٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪.١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫‪.٣٤‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٩٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪٤٠‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ o‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪٩٩‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫• א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪،(CD‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪(DVD‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪(3D‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫אא א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪− ٢٠٠٩‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪.٢٠١٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪ (blue ray‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،٢٠٠٩‬‬ ‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪"،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١‬א‬
‫‪http://www.33fan.com/3youn3alfan/inner.jsp?page_no=2&ai=3587184&rpi=31590‬‬
‫‪١٠٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪(projector‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫)‪ (stereoscopic‬א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪.(LCD‬‬
‫)‪(A Christmas Carol‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪،٢٠٠٩‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪.(Avatar‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪ (digital‬א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫‪٣٥‬‬ ‫)‪(digital‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪١٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١٠١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪،‬‬ ‫)א‬

‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫• א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫"‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫"‬ ‫"‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א ‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫"‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪.١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬
‫‪،٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪:‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪"،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١‬א‬
‫‪http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/arabic/news/newsid_7718000/7718418.stm‬‬
١٠٢ ‫א‬ : ‫א‬
(Film Tourism) ‫א‬ ‫• א‬

‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
،(Destination Marketing Organizations) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
،(Film-Induced Tourism) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
، ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫ א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬،
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
. ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬

‫א א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬
. ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ٪٥٠ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
٪٣٠٠ ( ‫) א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ( ‫) א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬،(Brave Heart) " "
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫( א‬Four Weddings and a Funeral) " "
.١١٩٩٤
1
Rewtrakunphaiboon, Walaiporn, "Film-induced Tourism: Inventing a Vacation to a Location", BC Film
Commission, June 2009.
١٠٣ ‫א‬ : ‫א‬
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ، ‫א א‬
‫א‬ .((١٠) ‫א‬ ) ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ (Bollywood)
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ (Kansas Travel and Tourism Development Division) ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١,٢
٧ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،
‫א‬ ‫א א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٢٠٠٤
.١
1
Hudson, Simon, and Ritchie, Brent, "Promoting Destinations via Film Tourism: An Empirical
Identification of Supporting Marketing Initiatives", Journal of Travel Research, Vol.44, May 2006.
‫‪١٠٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫)‪( ١٠‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪o‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪trailer‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪o‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪o‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬א‬

‫‪o‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬א‬
‫‪o‬א‬ ‫‪o‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪o‬א‬
‫‪١٠٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٦ .٣‬א‬
‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪،(١١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א ‪،‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫)‪(١١‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬
‫‪١٠٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ o‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫• א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫אא א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א אא א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١٠٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫א‬ ‫אא א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא א ‪،‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫•‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬
‫א‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א ‪.‬‬
١٠٨ ‫א‬ : ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬
‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،
.١ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫• א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫( א א‬ ) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٩٨٦ ‫א‬
:٣ ،٢٠٠٢ ‫אא‬ ‫ א‬،٢ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ، ٦٤ −
. ‫א‬ ‫ א א‬، ‫ א א א‬، ‫א‬
. ‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، −
.( ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ، ‫א‬ −
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ −
. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
. ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ −
. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ −
، ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬١

http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2010/01/22/98063.html
،" ‫א‬ ‫א‬ "، ‫ א‬: ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬٢
http://www2.sis.gov.eg/Ar/Arts&Culture/cinemadrama/mediacity/070403000000000001.htm
3
Egyptian Media Production City (EMPC) website, "EMPC Studios"
http://www.empc.com.eg/English/Studios01.html
‫‪١٠٩‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א אא‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫‪" −‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫"א‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫• א‬

‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪(Euro-Mediterranean‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫"‬ ‫"א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٩٩٥‬‬ ‫)‪ Partnership‬א‬
‫)‪،(MEDA‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
١١٠ ‫א‬ : ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ١٩٩٧ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

− ٢٠٠٤ ٢٠٠٠ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
( ) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ −
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ .(Euromed Audiovisual Program I) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،
، ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬
.١ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
٢٠٠٦ (Euromed Audiovisual Program II) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(א‬ )

، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬
.٢ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ (European Neighborhood Policy - ENP) ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬١

http://www.euromedaudiovisuel.net/general.aspx?treeID=4&lang=ar
،" ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ "، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬٢
http://www.euromedaudiovisuel.net/general.aspx?anchors=1&treeID=3&lang=ar#h00076
‫‪١١١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫"א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪(TV5 ، ARTE‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫"‬
‫א ‪.١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(א‬ ‫)א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א (‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬
‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫(‪ ،‬א‬ ‫)‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‪،‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫• א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪:‬א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪" ،‬א‬
‫‪.٢٠٠٤‬‬ ‫‪،١٦‬‬
‫‪١١٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫•‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א ‪ ،‬א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪١١٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫•‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١١٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫(‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٢٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪ ،‬א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫)‪(Première‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪(Television License‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪ Fees‬א‬
‫‪.١‬‬
‫א‬ ‫•‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪ ٢٥٠‬א‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،٢‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪ ١١‬א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪٧‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ٢٥‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Moullier, Bertrand, and Viswanthan, Bhamati, Opcit, p. 3.‬‬
‫"‪،٢٠٠٨ ،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪"،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢‬א‬
‫‪http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/pls/social/films_pros_2007?LANG=1&lname=FDL‬‬
‫‪١١٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.١‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪٨٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٢٥٠‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٧ .٣‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪"،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١‬א‬

‫‪http://www.empc.com.eg/Arabic/cinema.html‬‬
‫‪١١٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.١‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬
‫(‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫(‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫(א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١١٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א ‪:١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫‪.٤١‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١١٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫א א‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪:٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٤٤ − ٣٤‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١‬א‬

‫‪.٥٠ − ٢٤‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢‬א‬
‫‪٣‬‬
‫‪.٣٥‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪١١٩‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫א א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٣٤ – ٣٣‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١‬א‬

‫‪١٢٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫(‪،‬‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪ ،‬א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫אא א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א א א‬ ‫"‬ ‫‪ ٢٠٠٢‬א‬ ‫‪٨٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٨٥‬‬
‫א א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫"‪،‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫‪.٣٣٣‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪١٢١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٨٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٢٠٠٥‬‬ ‫‪٣٣٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٢٠٠٢‬א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ :‬א א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ o‬א ‪:‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٣٤ – ٣٣‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬

‫‪١٢٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א ‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١٢٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫אא‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١٢٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫אא א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١٢٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪ :‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫• א‬
‫א‬ ‫"‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪" ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،٢٠٠٨ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٢٠٠٩/٢٠٠٨ − ٢٠٠٨/٢٠٠٧ ،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א א‬
‫‪،٤٤٩٦٠‬‬ ‫‪ ،١٣٥‬א‬ ‫"‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.٢٠١٠‬‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪" ،‬א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‪،‬‬
‫‪.٢٠٠٤ ،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪" ،‬א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.٢٠٠٤‬‬ ‫‪،١٦‬‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫("‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪"،‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א א ‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٢٠٠٨‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪"،‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.٢٠٠٥‬‬ ‫א א ‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪"،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫)‪.٢٠٠٦ ،(٢٧‬‬ ‫"‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪" ،‬א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬
‫א ‪.٢٠١٠‬‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
١٢٦ ‫א‬ : ‫א‬
.٢٠١٠ ،٢١٥٨ ‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫ א‬،" "، −

‫א‬، ،" ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ "א‬، ‫א‬ −
.٢٠٠٠ ، ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ .. ‫א‬ "، −
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،" ‫א א‬
.٢٠٠٢ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
.٢٠٠٤ ،" ‫א‬ ‫א א‬: ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫ "א‬، ‫א א‬ −
: ‫א‬ ‫"א‬ ،" ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ "א‬، −
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬ ،" ‫א‬ ‫ א‬.. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
.٢٠٠٧
،"٢٠٥٠ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ "، −
.٢٠٠٩ ، ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫ א‬،"(١٩٥٢ −١٩٣٥) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ "א‬، ‫א‬ −
.٢٠٠٩ ،
‫• א א א‬
."http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg" ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬−

."http://www2.sis.gov.eg " ، ‫ א‬: ‫א‬ ‫ א‬−
."http://www.ikhwanonline.com" ، ‫א‬ −
."http://www.euromedaudiovisuel.net" ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ −
."http://www.alriyadh.com" ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ −
."http://www.shorouknews.com" ، ‫א‬ −
."http://www.alarab.co.uk" ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ −
."http://www.alarabiya.net" ، ‫א‬ −
."http://www.alghad.com" ، ‫א‬ −
."http://www.cdf.eg.org" ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ −
١٢٧ ‫א‬ : ‫א‬
."http://www.33fan.com" ، ‫א‬ −
."http://aljazeera.net" ، ‫א‬ −
."http://news.bbc.co.uk" ، −
،" ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ١٠٠" ، ‫א‬ −
."http://www.arrouiah.com" ،٢٠٠٨
."http://www.empc.com.eg" ،" ‫א‬ "، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ −
،" ‫א א‬ ‫ "א‬،(UNESCO) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ −
."http://www.unesco.org"
."www.ciffc.org" ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ −
."www.cairofilmfest.org" ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ −
‫א‬ ‫ א‬:
‫א‬ ‫• א‬
- Creative Economy Report 2008, "The Challenge of Assessing the Creative
Economy: Towards Informed Policy Making", United Nations, 2008.
- Ghoneim, Ahmed, "Competition, Cultural Variety and Global Governance: The
Case of the Egyptian Audiovisual System", HWWA Report 246, Hambufrg Institute
of International Economics, 2004.
- Ghoneim, Ahmed, "Cultural Industries in Egypt: An Overview", WIPO
NATIONAL TRAINING WORKSHOP ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY FOR
DIPLOMATS, World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the Institute
for Diplomatic Studies, Dec 2004.
- Ghoneim, Ahmed, "Promoting Competitive Markets in Developing Economies",
2005, p.27.
- Grasstek, Van, "Treatment of Cultural Goods and Services in International Trade
Agreements", p. 18.
- Hudson, Simon, and Ritchie, Brent, "Promoting Destinations via Film Tourism: An
Empirical Identification of Supporting Marketing Initiatives", Journal of Travel
Research, Vol.44, May 2006.
- International Trade Forum, "Creative Economy: A Dynamic Sector in World
Trade", Issue 3/2009.
- Moullier, Bertrand, and Viswanthan, Bhamati, "Giant with Feet of Clay: Creativity,
IP Rights and Economic Challenges in the Egyptian Film Industry", Creative and
Innovative Economy Center, The George Washington University Law School,
October 2007, p.10 – 11.
١٢٨ ‫א‬ : ‫א‬
- Rewtrakunphaiboon, Walaiporn, "Film-induced Tourism: Inventing a Vacation to a

Location", June 2009.
- Sagina, Burama, "Strengthening Local Creative Industries and Developing Cultural
Capacity for Poverty Alleviation", Sixth Annual Conference, International Network
for Cultural Diversity, Nov 2005.
- Screen Australia, "Top 50 countries by number of Feature films producers 2004 –
2008".
- UNESCO Institute for Statistics, "International Flows of Selected Cultural Goods
and Services, 1994- 2003", UNESCO Sector for Culture, 2005.
- United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, "Creative Industries and
Development", June 2004.
‫• א א א‬
- Egyptian Media Production City (EMPC) website, "EMPC Studios",
"http://www.empc.com.eg/English/Studios01.html".
- Tunisia Online website, "Culture: Tunisia, an immense film shooting location",
"http://www.tunisiaonline.com/starwars".

مستقبل صناعة الثقافة فى مصر - صناعة السينما نموذجا

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‫‪٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ − ‫א‬ − ‫א‬

Consolidating Egypt’s cultural standing especially concerning the film-making

‫‪٦ ..............................................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪١٠ .............................٢٠٠٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١‬‬

‫‪٤٥‬‬ ‫‪..................٢٠٠٨ − ٢٠٠٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١‬‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬

‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١.١‬‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،٢٠٠٥‬‬ ‫"‪،‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪" ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١‬א‬

‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ " ‫"א א‬

، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

: ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،٢٠٠٥ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫ א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ٢٠٠٥ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

٢٢,١ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ،٢٠٠٢

٣٣٣٣٠,٦ ٣٠٦٦,٧ ٤٨٢٩,١ ٢٧٨١,٤ ١٧٤٦,٥ ٤٢٥٨ ١٦٦٤٩ − ‫א א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬٢٠٠٢ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬٢ .١

‫אא‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫‪٢٩,٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٣,١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١‬א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١‬א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪١٢٤٩‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٧٤٩٩٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٢‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫‪١٩٩٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪٨١,٨‬‬ ‫‪،٢٠٠٩/٢٠٠٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٣. ١‬א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪o‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪١٩٧٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٢٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬