DIET Menurukan berat badan

(Shimoda et al., 2006; Cho et al., 2010; Lopez-Garcia et al., 2006).

Shimoda, H., Seki, E., Aitani, M., 2006. Inhibitory effect of green coffee bean extract on fat accumulation
and body weight gain in mice. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 6, 1–9

Cho, A.S., Jeon, S.M., Kim, M.J., et al., 2010. Chlorogenic acid exhibits anti-obesity property and
improves lipid metabolism in high-fat diet-induced-obese mice. Food Chem. Toxicol. 48 (3), 937–943.

Lopez-Garcia, E., VanDam, R.M., Rajpathak, S., et al., 2006. Changes in caffeine intake and long term
weight change in men and women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 83 (3), 674–680.

Anti-Cancer Activity

(Kang et al., 2011).(Giovannucci, 1998; Michels et al., 2005)(Inoue et al., 2005)(Jordan et al.,
2004),(Hirose et al., 2007),(Le, 1985; Lubin et al., 1985; Mannisto et al., 1999)(Hirakawa et al.,

2005).

Kang, N.J., Lee, K.W., Kim, B.H., et al., 2011. Coffee phenolic phytochemicals suppress colon cancer
metastasis by targeting MEK and TOPK. Carcinogenesis 32 (6), 921–928.

Giovannucci, E., 1998. Meta-analysis of coffee consumption and risk of colorectal cancer. Am. J.
Epidemiol. 147, 1043–1052.

Michels, K.B., Willett, W.C., Fuchs, C.S., et al., 2005. Coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption and incidence
of colon and rectal cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 97, 282–292.

Inoue, M., Yoshimi, I., Sobue, T., et al., 2005. Influence of coffee drinking on subsequent risk of
hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective study in Japan. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 97, 293–300.

Hirose, K., Niwa, Y., Wakai, K., et al., 2007. Coffee consumption and the risk of endometrial cancer:
evidence from a case control study of female hormone-related cancers in Japan. Cancer Sci. 98, 411–
415.

Le, M.G., 1985. Coffee consumption, benign breast disease, and breast cancer. Am. J. Epidemiol. 122,
721.

Lubin, F., Ron, E., Wax, Y., et al., 1985. Coffee and methylxanthines and breast cancer: a case-control
study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 74, 569–573.

Mannisto, S., Pietinen, P., Virtanen, M., et al., 1999. Diet and the risk of breast cancer in a case-control
study: does the threat of disease have an influence on recall bias? J. Clin. Epidemiol. 52, 429–439.

Hirakawa, N., Okauchi, R., Miura, Y., et al., 2005. Anti-invasive activity of niacin and trigolline against
cancer cells. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 69, 653–658.
Cardiovascular Diseases

Green coffee bean extract reduces visceral fat and

homocysteine levels in blood plasma (Ochiai et al., 2004)
and inhibits lipid and LDL degradation and clumping
of blood platelets to improve blood circulation all
over the body, thus preventing hardening of the arteries
(www.makeamericawell.com/svetol-green-coffeebean-
extract). The antihypertensive action of GCBE is
attributed to chlorogenic acid. Ferulic acid, a metabolic
component of chlorogenic acid, improves release of
nitric oxide (NO) from vascular endothelium (Suzuki
et al., 2002), which in turn regulates vasoconstriction and
vasodilatation by producing and releasing various vasoactive
factors, including NO (Swales, 1995; Vanhoutte
and Boulanger, 1995). Therefore, it keeps blood vessels
open through NO-induced vasodilatation, improves
vasoreactivity, controls hypertension, reduces the risk
of atherosclerosis, and thus helps to prevent stroke and
coronary heart disease (Suzuki et al., 2002; Saito et al.,
2002; Ochiai et al., 2004; Kozuma et al., 2005).

Ochiai, R., Jokura, H., Suzuki, A., et al., 2004. Green coffee bean extract improves human vasoreactivity.
Hypertens. Res. 27, 731–737.

Swales, J.D., 1995. Manual of Hypertension, first ed. Blackwell Science Ltd., London, pp. 32–36.

Vanhoutte, P.M., Boulanger, C.M., 1995. Endothelium-dependent responses in hypertension. Hypertens.

Res. 18, 87–98.

Saito, I., Tsuchida, T., Watanabe, T., et al., 2002. Effect of coffee bean extract in essential hypertension.
Jpn. J. Med. Pharm. Sci. 47, 67–74.

Kozuma, K., Tsuchiya, S., Kohori, J., et al., 2005. Antihypertensive effect of green coffee bean extract on
mildly hypertensive subject. Hypertens. Res. 28, 711–718.

Neurodegenerative Diseases Including PD and AD

Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
Neurodegenerative disorders are generally associated
with oxidative stress to neurons due to reactive oxygen
species (ROS) including hydrogen peroxide. GCB
extract improves learning abilities and alertness, reduces
fatigue, and increases endurance (www.makeamericawell.
com). Caffeine exerts positive effects on cognitive
and behavioral processes, especially in sub-optimal
conditions when arousal is low.
Mechanism
Bioactive compounds present in coffee, including
caffeine and phenolic compounds (namely ferulic
acid, caffeic acid, and chlorogenic acids), have promising
antioxidant properties. CGA protects neurons from
hydrogen peroxide–induced stress by upregulating the
antioxidant enzyme NADPH:quinine oxidoreductase 1
(NQO1). CGA may also preserve dopaminergic neurons
by suppressing inflammation in neurons (Cropley et al.,
2012).

Cropley, V., Croft, R., Silber, B., et al., 2012. Does coffee enriched with chlorogenic acids improve mood
and cognition after acute administration in healthy elderly? A pilot study. Psychopharmacol 219 (3),
737–749.

Higdon, J.V., Frei, B., 2006. Coffee and health: a review of recent human research. Crit. Rev. Food Sci.
Nutr. 46, 101–123.

Barranco, Q.J.L., Allam, M.F., Serrano Del Castillo, A.R., et al., 2007. Alzheimer’s disease and coffee: a
quantitative review. Neurol. Res. 29, 91–95.

The antioxidant capacity of chlorogenic acid is more than that of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) or

mannitol, which is a selective hydroxyl-radical scavenger (Morishita and Kido, 1995).

Morishita, H., Kido, R., 1995. Antioxidant derivatives and chlorogenic acid. In: 16th International Colloqu
Chem Coffee, Kyoto (April 09–14, 1995).

http://www.makeamericawell.com/svetol-green-coffee-bean-extract

Immunomodulator

It modulates the immune system and acts as an antiallergic

by inhibiting histamine release and by improving

oxygen utilization (www.makeamericawell.com).

ANTI BAKTERI

Lou, Z., Wang, H., Zhu, S., et al., 2011. Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of chlorogenic acid.
J. Food Sci. 76 (6), M398–M403
Type 2 Diabetes
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is an important risk factor of diabetes mellitus (DM) type II and cardiovascular diseases.
Coffee consumption lowers the risk of DM, and there is an inverse association between coffee consumption and risk
of DM, including several glycemic markers of diabetes (Tuomilehto et al., 2004; van Dam and Feskens, 2002; van
Dam and Hu, 2005), and a positive association between coffee consumption and insulin
sensitivity (Agardh et al., 2004; van Dam et al., 2004).

Tuomilehto, J., Hu, G., Bidel, S., 2004. Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus among
middle-aged Finnish men and women. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 291, 1213–1219.

van Dam, R.M., Feskens, E.J., 2002. Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lancet 360,
1477–1478.

van Dam, R.M., Hu, F.B., 2005. Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. J.
Am. Med. Assoc. 294, 97–104.