EEEB113

Circuit Analysis 1
Chapter 4
Circuit Theorems
By : Nur Fadilah Ab Aziz
Email : Nfadilah@uniten.edu.my
Room : BN-1-031
OVERVIEW
1. Superposition Theorem
2. Source Transformation Theorem
3. Thevenin’s Theorem
4. Norton’s Theorem
5. Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
 1. SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
 Definition:

The superposition states that: the voltage across (or current

through) an element in a linear circuit is the algebraic sum of
the voltages across (or currents through) that element due
to EACH independent source acting alone.

* Another approach to determine voltage/current if a circuit has two or more independent sources
1. SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
 The principle of superposition helps us to analyze a linear circuit
with more than one independent source by calculating the
contribution of each independent source separately and then
adding them up.
 Example:
The total value of v is obtained by
considering the contribution from 6 V
and 3 A one by one, and then add the
two contribution from the two sources
together for the final value.
1. SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
 When applying superposition, keep in mind that:

1. Only one independent source at a time and the other

independent source are made 0 (turn off):
i. Voltage source  0 V (short circuit)
ii. Current source  0 A (open circuit)
2. Dependent sources are left intact because they are controlled
by circuit variables.
1. SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
- Steps to apply the theorem
1. SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
- Example 1 (E. 4.3)
1. SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
- Example 1 (Step 1 & Step 2)
1. SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
- Example 1 (Step 3)
1. SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
- Example 2 (P.P. 4.3)
1. SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
- Example 2 (Solution)
1. SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
- Exercise 1 (P.P. 4.4)
1. SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
- Exercise 2 (P.P. 4.5)
2. SOURCE TRANSFORMATION THEOREM
 Another tool to simplify circuit
 Use the concept of equivalent circuits – the v-i characteristics are
identical with the original circuit

Source Transformation is the process of replacing a voltage

source in series with a resistor with a current source parallel
with the resistor or vice versa.
2. SOURCE TRANSFORMATION THEOREM
 An ideal voltage source, Vs in series with resistor, R can be
transformed into an ideal current source, Is in parallel with resistor,
R using the relation Vs = IsR and vice versa.

a) Independent Source Transformation

 SOURCE TRANSFORMATION THEOREM

b) Dependent Source Transformation

NOTES:
1. The arrow of the I source is directed towards the positive terminal of the V source.
2. NOT possible when: a) R = 0 (voltage sorce) b) R = ∞ (current source)
2. SOURCE TRANSFORMATION THEOREM
- Example 1 (P.P. 4.6)
2. SOURCE TRANSFORMATION THEOREM
- Example 1 (Solution)
2. SOURCE TRANSFORMATION THEOREM
- Example 1 (Solution)
2. SOURCE TRANSFORMATION THEOREM
- Example 1 (Solution)
2. SOURCE TRANSFORMATION THEOREM
- Example 1 (Solution)
2. SOURCE TRANSFORMATION THEOREM
- Exercise 1

ix = 7.059 mA
2. SOURCE TRANSFORMATION THEOREM
- Exercise 2
THEVENIN’s AND NORTON’s THEOREM
 Both theorems help to simplify complex circuit to a simpler equivalent circuit.

Complicated circuit Simpler circuit

We are interested on the value of V

and I across and through the load
THEVENIN’s AND NORTON’s THEOREM
3. THEVENIN’s THEOREM
 Definition:

Thevenin’s Theorem states that: A linear two-terminal circuit

can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a
voltage source, VTh in series with a resistor, RTh.
VTh = open circuit voltage at the terminals
RTh = input or equivalent resistance at the terminal when
the independent sources are turned off.
3. THEVENIN’s THEOREM
3. THEVENIN’s THEOREM
- Steps to find VTh and RTh
1. The terminal are made open circuited by removing the load and determine the Voc across
the terminal, where Voc = VTh.
3. THEVENIN’s THEOREM
- Steps to find VTh and RTh
2. Turn off all the independent sources and find the resistance, RTh ‘looking in’ at the terminals

To Determine RTh (Case 1: NO Dependent Sources)

 Turn off all independent sources.

 Find RTh where it is the equivalent resistance at point ‘a’ and ‘b’ terminals.
 3. THEVENIN’s THEOREM
- Steps to find VTh and RTh
To Determine RTh (Case 2: Circuit HAS Dependent Sources) For Case 2:

a) Any value can

 Turn off all independent sources but dependent sources REMAIN as they are.
be assumed for Vo
 Introduce a voltage (or current) source across the ‘a’ and ‘b’ terminals. and Io (usually
Vo =1V and Io =1A)

𝑽𝒐
b) 𝑹𝑻𝒉 = 𝑰𝒐

c) RTh < 0 implies

that circuit is
supplying power
(possible in a
circuit WITH
dependent source)
3. THEVENIN’s THEOREM
- Steps to find VTh and RTh
3. Determine the current through the load, IL and voltage across the load, VL using the
Thevenin equivalent circuit.
3. THEVENIN’s THEOREM
- Ex. 1, P.P 4.8 (NO dependent sources)
3. THEVENIN’s THEOREM
- Example 1, P.P 4.8 (Step 1)
3. THEVENIN’s THEOREM
- Example 1, P.P 4.8 (Step 1)
3. THEVENIN’s THEOREM
- Example 1, P.P 4.8 (Step 2)
3. THEVENIN’s THEOREM
- Example 1, P.P 4.8 (Step 3)
3. THEVENIN’s THEOREM
- Exercise 1

I = 0.482 A
3. THEVENIN’s THEOREM
- Exercise 2
3. THEVENIN’s THEOREM
- Ex. 2, P.P 4.9 (HAS dependent sources)
3. THEVENIN’s THEOREM
- Example 2, P.P 4.9 (Step 1)
3. THEVENIN’s THEOREM
- Example 2, P.P 4.9 (Step 2)
3. THEVENIN’s THEOREM
- Exercise 3
4. NORTON’s THEOREM
 Definition:

Norton’s Theorem states that: A linear two-terminal circuit can

be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current
source, IN in parallel with a resistor, RN.
IN = short circuit current through the terminals
RTh = RTh, input or equivalent resistance at the terminal
when the independent sources are turned off.
4. NORTON’s THEOREM
4. NORTON’s THEOREM
- Steps to find RN and IN
4. NORTON’s THEOREM
- Steps to find RN and IN
4. NORTON’s THEOREM
- Ex. 1, E. 4.11 (NO dependent sources)
4. NORTON’s THEOREM
- Example 1, E. 4.11 (Step 1)
4. NORTON’s THEOREM
- Example 1, E. 4.11 (Step 2)
4. NORTON’s THEOREM
- Example 1, E. 4.11 (Step 2)
4. NORTON’s THEOREM
- Example 1, E. 4.11 (Step 2)
4. NORTON’s THEOREM
- Exercise 1, P.P. 4.11
4. NORTON’s THEOREM
- Exercise 2
4. NORTON’s THEOREM
- Ex. 2, E. 4.12 (HAS dependent sources)
4. NORTON’s THEOREM
- Example 2, E. 4.12 (Step 1)
4. NORTON’s THEOREM
- Example 2, E. 4.12 (Step 2)
4. NORTON’s THEOREM
- Exercise 3, P.P. 4.12
5. MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
5. MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
- Example 1, E. 4.13
5. MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
- Example 1, E. 4.13 (Solution)
5. MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
- Exercise 1, E. 4.13