BASICS OF ELECTRICITY

1 WHAT IS ELECTRICITY?
1) Generating electricity
Atomic nucleus
-
Atomic
nucleus +
+ +
Proton
- Electron
- Neutron
Helium
Hydrogen atom

+ +

- -
Lithium
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2) Frictional electricity

(1) When two different objects are rubbed together, electricity is produced.
(2) Frictional electricity is positive or negative.
(3) Similarly charged bodies repel each other.
(4) Oppositely charged bodies attract each other.
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1 CURRENT, VOLTAGE, RESISTANCE
1) Current
(1) What is Current?

Electric cable
Free electron

A B A B

Electron move.

Neutralized Supplied from B

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(2) Current unit

1 Ampere = 1 Second 1 Coulomb

< Units >

1 ampere = 1000 milliamperes
1 milliampere = 1000 microamperes

< Symbols >

Ampere (A)
Milliampere (mA)
Microampere (µA)
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2) Voltage

Water
pressure Current

Electron flow

Voltage

No water pressure Voltage is zero

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3) Resistance
Generator

Current

Load resistance

Cable internal resistance

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< Units >

1 megaohm = 1000000 ohms = 10 6 ohms
1 kiloohm = 1000 ohms = 10 3 ohms
1 ohm
1 microohm = 1/1000000 ohm = 10 -6 ohm
< Symbols >
Megaohm (M )
Kiloohm (k )
Ohm ( )
Microohm (µ )
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4) Ohm's Law

2 3 1
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Voltage( volt )
Current(amper ) =
Re sis tan ce(ohms)

E (V) I : Current
I (A) =
R ( ) E : Voltage
R : Resistance
E (V)
R ( ) =
I (A)
E = I• R
E (V) = I (A) x R ( )

E
E R=
I= I
R
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3 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT (APPLYING OHM'S LAW)
1) Basic circuit

Switch Fuse
Lamp

I=?

6
+ - 12 V
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(1) When voltage and current are known and resistance is determined
When a resistance was applied to a voltage of 24V, a current of
8A was produced. What was the resistance value?

I=8A

24 V
R=?

E
From Ohm's Law R=
I
E = 24 (V) I = 8 (A)
24
R= = 3( )
8
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(2) When resistance and current are known and voltage is determined
How many volts is required to conduct a current of 2A through
a resistance of 50 

I=2A

100 V
R = 50

From Ohm's Law E=IxR

I = 2 (A) R = 50 

E = 2 x 50 = 100 (V)
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2) Series circuit
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R1 R2 R3

E1 E2 E3

Total voltage E = E1 + E2 + E3
= I•R1 + I•R2 + I•R3
= I (R1 + R2 + R3)

Combined resistance E = E1 + E2 + E3
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Let's obtain the values of the combined resistance and the current.

6 4 2

12 V

R = R1 + R2 + R3

6 + 4 + 2 = 12 

E 12
I= = = 1( A )
R 12
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3) Parallel circuit
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R1

I2

R2
I1

E
E E 1 1
Total current I = I1 + I 2 = + = E ( + )
R1 R2 R1 R2

1 Ohms’ Low
R=
1 1 E( V )
Combined + I( A ) =
R1 R 2 R( )
resistance
1 1 1 1
= + = E( V ) x
R R1 R2 R( )
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What is the combined resistance value in the figure below?

R1 = 20 

R 2 = 30 

R3 = 60

1 1
R= =
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + +
R1 R2 R3 20 30 60
1 1 60
= = = = 10[]
3 2 1 6 6
+ +
60 60 60 60
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2) Battery structure and function

Terminal Positive plate

Cell plug
Connector
Lid Pole Separator

Pole

Battery jar

Glass mat
Negative plate
Positive plate
Glass mat Negative plate
Separator
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Electron

Current
Negative pole Positive pole

- + +
- + +
- + +
- + +

Lead ion + Hydrogen ion +

Pb + 2H2SO4 +PbO2 PbSO4 + 2H2O + PbSO4

Negative pole plates Positive pole plates

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Larger terminal is positive

- +
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3) In-service maintenance
(1) Adjusting electrolyte level and specific gravity

Diluted sulfuric acid

Purified water
(Specific gravity : 1.400)
240
Replaceable quantity (CC)
(per 1 liter of electrolyte)

220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1.240 1.250 1.260 1.270 1.280 1.290 1.300 1.310 1.320

Battery electricity specific gravity (20 degrees)

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(2) Measuring electrolyte specific gravity

Rubber ball

Glass tube
A
Floating scale

Suction tube
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4) Storage cautions
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5) Charging
(1) Charging type

Initial charging Supplementary charging

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(2) Charging methods

1 Constant-current charging method

2 Fast charging method

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(3) Voltage and specific gravity changes during charging

2.9
2.8
Voltage
2.7
Terminal voltage (V)

2.6
2.5
2.4 Specific gravity 1.3

Specific gravity
2.3

2.2 1.2
2.1

2.0 1.1

1.9
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Charging time (H)
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(4) Charging-related cautions

-
-
+ +
-
+
-
+

Discharge rate(Ah)
Charging time(h) = x (1.2 to 1.5)
Charging current(A)
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(5) Battery capacity
Unit Ampere-hour (Ah)

Ampere-hour capacity (Ah)

= discharge current (A) x discharge time (h)

Watt-hour capacity (Wh)

= discharge current (A) x discharge time (h) x mean discharge voltage (V)

Ampere-hour capacity (Ah)

(Example)

Discharge: 5 hours
6 (A) x 5 (h) = 30 (Ah)
Current: 6A

Voltage: 12V
40 (Ah) x 12 (V) = 480 (Ah)
Battery: 40Ah
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5A
10 A

Heat loss
Chemical
100Ah 100Ah reactions

20 hours at 5 A
10 hours at 10 A