Name:________________________________________

MAE 3113
MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATIONS
SPRING 2017

Exam 2
Closed Book
Open Lab/Class Journal
Master Equation Sheet

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BE SURE YOU EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWERS FOR FULL CREDIT

Points Distribution
95 points maximum + 5 Bonus

Exam Date: 04/14/167

Start Time: 12:30
End Time: 13:20
(No more than 50 Mins)
 FOR FULL CREDIT BE SURE YOU
EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWERS

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AND

MAKE SURE YOU ANSWER

ONLY WHAT IS ASKED FOR

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1. (5 points) True or False: Suppose the correlation coefficient between two variables is
found to be -1. 25, it can be said that there is a strong positive correlation between the
two variables. If false, correct statement so that is becomes true. If statement is true,
then state the condition(s) required to make it false.
a) True
b) False
This statement is false for two reasons; the correlation coefficient must
range between 1 and -1 and a strong positive correlation would indicate a
result close to 1.
A word of caution, while the correlation coefficient is directly related to the
direction of the slope it is not the same as the slope.

Page 3 of 15
2. (5 points) You and a colleague are working on processing some data and they feel that some
of the data is outliers. You run the Chauvent’s criterion and determine that they are not
outliers. Your colleague believes strongly that they are outliers, as the cluster in question is
about three standard deviations. To resolve this issue, they propose to double the data by
collecting additional data to show that the data points are outliers. Briefly explain to your
colleague why collected more data may still not result in showing the points are outliers.
You can assume the mean and sample standard deviation do not change.
Chauvent’s criterion is used to determine if there are outliers in single
parameter data. The accepted number of standard deviations grows as you
take more data. So in this case if the data points have been shown not to
be outliers, collecting more data will only make them less of outliers as
the range of accepted standard deviations will grow.

3. (5 points) Consider the following set of measurements of a steady velocity:

12.0, 10.0, 13.0, 11.0, 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 14.0 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠. What are the precision and accuracy errors of the fourth
data point (in units of 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠) assuming the true value is 12.75 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠?
Accuracy (point):
Is the difference between the value at a point and the true value.
In this case
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 11.0 − 12.75 = −1.75

Precision (point):
Is the difference between the value at a point and the mean of the
measured data set.
In this case
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 12.0
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 11.0 − 12.0 = −1.00
4. (5 points) A portable UAV launcher was tested to determine its launch performance. The unit
was tested under field conditions and the results of 100 launches were compiled. It was
determined that the average launch speed was 120 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘ℎ and had a standard deviation of
8.75 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘ℎ. While looking over the data, it was noticed that five (5) of the tests resulted in small
cluster near 96 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘ℎ. Can you justify removing these data points as outliners using Chauvenet's
criterion? Briefly support your answer for credit.
a) No
b) Yes
c) More information is required.

Table 1 Support of Problem 4

Number of Maximum Acceptable Number of Standard Deviations
Readings (n)
2 1.15
3 1.38
4 1.53
5 1.65
10 1.96
15 2.13
20 2.24
25 2.33
30 2.40
50 2.58
100 2.81
200 3.02
500 3.29
10000 4.06

In this experiment, there are 100 single point samples so the largest range
of standard deviations we accept is ± 2.81.

Since the standard deviation for this case is 8. 75 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘ℎ, we must accept all
data that are within ±8.75 ∙ (2.81) = ±24.58 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘ℎ. In this case the five
suspect data points are -24 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘ℎ away from the mean so we must keep
them. It is close very close but we must still keep them.
If the cluster had occurred above 144.58 or below 95.4 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘ℎ then we would
be justified to remove the data points and then determine a new mean and
standard deviation. Once the outliers have been removed by a method of
data rejection, we are not able to remove any more data points.

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5. (25 points total + 5 bonus) 20 data pairs (y vs. x) are collected and a linear regression analysis
is run. The resulting scatter plot and regression table are shown below.

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.4800
R Square 0.2304
Adjusted R Square 0.1876
Standard Error 3.6008
Observations 20

ANOVA
df SS MS F Significance F
Regression 1 69.870 69.870 5.389 0.0322
Residual 18 233.384 12.966
Total 19 303.254

Standard
Coefficients Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95%
Intercept 4.082 1.552 2.631 0.017 0.822 7.342
x 3.241 1.396 2.321 0.032 0.308 6.175
Standard Standard
Observation Predicted y Residuals Residuals Observation Predicted y Residuals Residuals
0.00 4.082 0.718 0.205 1.00 7.324 -1.524 -0.435
0.10 4.406 6.323 1.804 1.10 7.648 2.352 0.671
0.20 4.730 -1.130 -0.323 1.20 7.972 -5.572 -1.590
0.30 5.055 -4.555 -1.300 1.30 8.296 0.704 0.201
0.40 5.379 -1.779 -0.508 1.40 8.620 3.480 0.993
0.50 5.703 -1.303 -0.372 1.50 8.944 4.856 1.385
0.60 6.027 2.873 0.820 1.60 9.268 4.832 1.379
0.70 6.351 -3.351 -0.956 1.70 9.593 -1.093 -0.312
0.80 6.675 -2.375 -0.678 1.80 9.917 -5.917 -1.688
0.90 6.999 2.501 0.713 1.90 10.241 -0.041 -0.012
Determine the following: You must show work or explain your solution to receive credit.
a. (5 points) Is there a linear trend between y and x, to the standard engineering
confidence level of 95%. (Table of Critical Values of the Linear Correlation Coefficient on last
page of exam)
In this case the correlation coefficient is found in the table as
Multiple R and has a value of 0.4800. The critical correlation table is
used at 𝑛𝑛 = 20 and 𝛼𝛼 = 1 – 0.95 = 0.05 for the standard
engineering confidence level of 95%. From the table, the critical
value is 𝑟𝑟𝑡𝑡 = 0.44376. 𝑟𝑟𝑡𝑡 is compared to the actual value of 𝑟𝑟𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 .
Since |𝑟𝑟𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 | ≥ 𝑟𝑟𝑡𝑡 , we can state that yes, there is a trend between y
and x, to the standard engineering confidence level of 95%.
Using the table, while we know we can state to at least a confidence
level of 95%, we also know that the confidence level must be lower
than 97%. From the table, the critical value at the 𝑛𝑛 = 20 and the α
= 1 – 0.97 = 0.03 is 𝑟𝑟𝑡𝑡 = 0.48551, therefore we know the
confidence level must lay between 95% and 97%.
Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.4800
R Square 0.2304
Adjusted R Square 0.1876
Standard Error 3.6008
Observations 20

b. (5 points) Determine the equation of the best fit line.

Since this is a linear regression analysis, we can obtain the best fit by
looking at the coefficients of the Intercept and x. In this case the
best fit equation is:
𝑦𝑦(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑚𝑚 ∙ 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏
𝑦𝑦(𝑥𝑥) = 3.241 ∙ 𝑥𝑥 + 4.082

St
Coefficients
Intercept
Intercept 4.082
x 3.241
Slope/Sensitivity

Page 7 of 15
c. (5 points) Determine the standard error on the prediction.
Standard Error for the Y estimate given X (𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦,𝑥𝑥 ) is a measure of the
data scatter about the best-fit line and is given as Standard Error
under the Regression Statistics
Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.4800
R Square 0.2304
Adjusted R Square 0.1876
Standard Error 3.6008
Observations 20

d. (5 points) What does the Significance F, tell you about this fit?
The Significance F, indicates the percent chance the fit occurred by
accident. In this case there is less than a 3.22% chance that the fit
occurred by accident.
ANOVA
df SS MS F Significance F
Regression 1 69.870 69.870 5.389 0.0322
Residual 18 233.384 12.966
Total 19 303.254

e. (5 points) What is the range of uncertainty on the slope of the fit?

There are two places you can obtain this data, you can use the
Standard Error next to the slope coefficient or you can more directly
use the slope coefficients under the upper and lower 95%.
Standard
Coefficients Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95%
Intercept 4.082 1.552 2.631 0.017 0.822 7.342
x 3.241 1.396 2.321 0.032 0.308 6.175

In this case the uncertainty on the slope of the fit, ranges between
0.308 and 6.175 or we can state that the slope to 95% confidence is
3.241 ± 2.93.
f. (Bonus 5) Are any of the data points candidates for removal as outliers?
To determine if there are any outliers, we calculate the standardized
residual 𝑒𝑒𝑖𝑖 /𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦,𝑥𝑥 for each data pair. In this case the standardized
residual has been found and are shown in the Standard Residuals
column.

Standard Standard
Observation Predicted y Residuals Residuals Observation Predicted y Residuals Residuals
0.00 4.082 0.718 0.205 1.00 7.324 -1.524 -0.435
0.10 4.406 6.323 1.804 1.10 7.648 2.352 0.671
0.20 4.730 -1.130 -0.323 1.20 7.972 -5.572 -1.590
0.30 5.055 -4.555 -1.300 1.30 8.296 0.704 0.201
0.40 5.379 -1.779 -0.508 1.40 8.620 3.480 0.993
0.50 5.703 -1.303 -0.372 1.50 8.944 4.856 1.385
0.60 6.027 2.873 0.820 1.60 9.268 4.832 1.379
0.70 6.351 -3.351 -0.956 1.70 9.593 -1.093 -0.312
0.80 6.675 -2.375 -0.678 1.80 9.917 -5.917 -1.688
0.90 6.999 2.501 0.713 1.90 10.241 -0.041 -0.012

Since 𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦,𝑥𝑥 is a kind of standard deviation of the original data

compared to the predicted least-squares fit values, we would expect
that approximately 95% of the standardized residuals should lie
between -2 and 2, in other words, within ±2 standard deviations
from the best-fit curve, assuming random errors at a 95% confidence
level. So, to determine if a particular (x,y) data point is an outlier, we
check if �𝑒𝑒𝑖𝑖 ⁄𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦,𝑥𝑥 � > 2. If so, we suspect that data point to be an
outlier. In this case there are no candidate outliers.

Page 9 of 15
 6. (20 points total) The bending stiffness (𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸) of a simple beam can be found by using a four-
point loading test. The relationship between the deflection at the middle of the beam’s span
and the bending stiffness is governed by:

𝑀𝑀 𝑙𝑙2
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 =
𝛿𝛿 8𝑏𝑏
Where:
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁) 𝑏𝑏 = 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ (𝑚𝑚) 𝛿𝛿 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (𝑚𝑚)
𝑀𝑀 = 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 (𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁) 𝑙𝑙 = 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (𝑚𝑚)

The following were determined to be constants.

𝑏𝑏 = 50 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑀 = 222 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
The following was estimated to 95% confidence level:
𝑙𝑙 = 𝑙𝑙 ̅ ± 𝑢𝑢𝑙𝑙 = 300 ± 1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
The deflection (𝛿𝛿) was measured and determined to have the following:
Average deflection 15 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Precision uncertainty at 95% confidence level: 𝑃𝑃𝛿𝛿 = 0.3 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Accuracy uncertainty at 95% confidence level: 𝐴𝐴𝛿𝛿 = 0.4 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

a. (5 points) Determine the uncertainty at 95% for the deflection.

±𝑢𝑢𝛿𝛿 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
This is a single parameter uncertainty, where the overall uncertainty in both
Accuracy and Precision are known. In order to determine the overall we will
need to combine the Accuracy and Precision using RSS or:
𝑢𝑢𝛿𝛿 = �((0.3)2 + (0.4)2 = 0.5𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
b. (15 points) Determine the mean and uncertainty at 95% for the resulting bending stiffness.
���
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 ± 𝑢𝑢𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 (𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁)
This is a multi-parameter uncertainty, since both the deflection (𝛿𝛿) and free span (𝑙𝑙) have
uncertainty. We will need to make use of the propagation of uncertainty:
2
𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = �� � 𝑢𝑢 �
𝛿𝛿𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
𝑀𝑀� = 222 𝑁𝑁 ∙ 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑀 𝑙𝑙2 𝑙𝑙 ̅ = 300 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.3 𝑚𝑚
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝛿𝛿̅ = 15 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.015 𝑚𝑚
𝛿𝛿 8𝑏𝑏
𝑏𝑏� = 50 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.050 𝑚𝑚

𝑵𝑵 ∙ 𝒎𝒎(𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐 )
���
𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 = = 𝑵𝑵 ∙ 𝒎𝒎
𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎(𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎)
222(3002 )
���
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = ≅ 3330 𝑁𝑁 ∙ 𝑚𝑚
15(8)(50)

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 −𝑀𝑀𝑙𝑙2 222(3002 ) 𝑁𝑁 ∙ 𝑚𝑚

= = = −222
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 8𝛿𝛿 2 𝑏𝑏 8(152 )(50) 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑀𝑀 𝑙𝑙 222 300 𝑁𝑁 ∙ 𝑚𝑚
=2 = 2� �� � = 22.2
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝛿𝛿 8𝑏𝑏 15 8 ∙ 50 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2 2
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = �� ∙ 𝑢𝑢𝛿𝛿 � + � ∙ 𝑢𝑢𝑙𝑙 �
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = �(222 ∙ 0.5)2 + (22.2 ∙ 1)2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = �12321 + 492.84 ≅ 113 𝑁𝑁 ∙ 𝑚𝑚

In standard engineering format

���
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 3330 ± 113 𝑁𝑁 ∙ 𝑚𝑚

Looking at the results from the partials it would appear that deflection (𝛿𝛿) would have the largest
effect or influence on the overall uncertainty at this point.

Page 11 of 15
7. (10 points total) Two instruments are available for measuring the force loading for an
experiment: an analog instrument with an analog meter that has a pointer and 2000
divisions over the range (−200 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 800 𝑁𝑁), and a digital instrument that has a range
(0 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 1000𝑁𝑁), and a digital display showing three digits. The expected force loading is
15.35 𝑁𝑁.
Analog Instrument: This device has a fixed resolution over the range -200 to 800 N
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 − 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 1000 N
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆/𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 0.5 N
1
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑛𝑛𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = ± 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = ±0.25 𝑁𝑁
2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 @ 15.35 𝑁𝑁 15.25 ± 0.25 𝑁𝑁
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 0.10 𝑁𝑁

Digital Instrument: This device can only display three digits so its resolution varies over
the range 0 to 1000 N
Span from 0.00 to 9.99 N 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 0.01
Span from 10.0 to 99.9 N 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 0.1
Span from 100 to 999 N 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 1
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 @ 15.35 𝑁𝑁 15.4 ± 0.05 𝑁𝑁
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 0.05 𝑁𝑁

a. (5) Which instrument is more accurate? Discuss.

In this case the digital sensor is closer to the real solution so it is more accurate.
If the measurement had been in the range between 100 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 999 𝑁𝑁 the analog sensor
would be closer. If the measurement was between 0 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 200 𝑁𝑁, the analog sensor
would be the only choice as this is not in the range of the digital sensor.

b. (5) Which instrument has better resolution at the point of the expected load? Discuss.
In this case the digital sensor has the better resolution. At the input of 15.4 𝑁𝑁, the analog
sensor has a resolution of 0.5 𝑁𝑁, whereas the digital sensor has a resolution of 0.1 𝑁𝑁.
 8. (20 points total) A voltmeter is used to measure the electrical output signal
from a pressure transducer. The nominal pressure is expected to be about
52.3 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 . The following information is available:
Voltmeter (Output)
Resolution: 1.25mV

Pressure Transducer (Input)

Range: ±100 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
Sensitivity: 25 m𝑉𝑉/𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
Input power: 15 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 ± 2.5% 𝑉𝑉
Output: ±5 𝑉𝑉
Linearity error: ± 2.5 mV/psi
Sensitivity error: ± 0.25% reading

a. (5 points) Determine the range of the input and output.

Output Range is ± 5V
Input Range appears to be ± 100 psi, but this should be checked to
make sure it is within the range of the output by using the sensitivity.
In this case:
Actual output is 100 psi ∙ 25mV�psi = 2500 mv = 2.5 V.
So the output range is actually ± 2.5 V for an input range of
± 100 psi.

b. (5 points) Determine the resolution of the input and output.

Output resolution is given as 1.25 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚. The input resolution is found
with the sensitivity and output resolution as:
1 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = (1.25 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ) ≅ 0.05 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
25 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

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c. (10 points) Estimate the design-stage uncertainty in this combination.
This will be a combination of the uncertainty due to the input and output
stages. The output stage has only resolution uncertainty or only a zero-
order uncertainty.
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑢𝑢𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = ± = 0.625 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 0.025 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
2

The input stage has several uncertainties but no zero-order uncertainties.

Measurement Point of Interest 52.3 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 or
1307.5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Linearity error: ± 2.5 mV/psi 523 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
Sensitivity error: ± 0.25% reading 0.13075 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝

The uncertainty of the input stage is found by combining using RSS

𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = �5232 + 0.130752 ≅ ±523 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝

The overall uncertainty is found by combining the input and output

stages using RSS

𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = �5232 + 0.0252 ≅ ±523 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝

In this case the data at this point would have an uncertainty of

52.3 ± 523 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝

The main driver is the uncertainty in the linear fit. If one had to use this
data, they should look closer at the fit and determine if this should be fit
in a linear piecewise way or try fitting the data to higher order fit. One
problem with either the piecewise or nonlinear fit is that the sensitivity
would now be a function of the range of input and no longer constant
over the entire range.
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