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AJAY KUMAR
SAROJ KUMAR
MANIPAL
MANIPAL UNIVERSITY
MANIPAL
Acknowledgement
We would like to acknowledge the support and encouragement received from our project
guide, Mr.S Lakshminarayanan ’, faculty Manipal Institute of Management (MIM),
Manipal, without whose help this project could not have been successfully completed.
We express my sincere thanks to Mr A J Joshua FACULTY, MIM ,Manipal and our project
guide for their guidance and regular feedbacks.
Last but not the least; we would like to thank ICI India, which provided us with this great
opportunity and learning experience.
(Pappu Sharma)
(Ramesh Kumar Chaudhary)
(Ajay Kumar)
(Sroj Kumar)
Declaration
We hereby declare that the local project entitled “Study of the effectiveness of
pharmaceutical detailing on the prescribing habit of physician” has been submitted during the
year 2009-2010 under the valuable guidance and supervision of ‘Mr. S. Lakshminarayanan
and Mr A J Joshua ’, faculty Manipal Institute of Management (MIM), Manipal, in partial
fulfillment of the requirements of the Masters of Business Administration (MBA) degree of
Manipal University.
Pappu Sharma
Ajay kumar
Saroj kumar
Contents
PARTICULARS
Page No
Executive summary
CHAPTER 1:
(1.1) Introduction
CHAPTER 2:
CHAPTER 3:
Data analysis
CHAPTER 4:
Findings
CHAPTER 5:
Suggestions
CHAPTER 6:
Conclusions
ANNEXURE
Bibliography
Appendix
Questionnaire
List of Tables
Table No Particulars Page
No
4.A
Consideration of clinical knowledge
5.0
Maximum impact of Rx behaviours
8.0
M.R repetitive visit to physician
List of Graphs
Table No Particulars Page
No
4
Factor physician consider when prescribing
4.A
Consideration of clinical knowledge
5.0
Maximum impact of Rx behaviours
8.0
M.R repetitive visit to physician
Executive summary
The pharmaceutical industry spends more funds on drug detailing than on any other
marketing instrument. Similar to the effect of advertising, the impact of detailing ex-
penditures spills over beyond the current period. Although the pharmaceutical industry is
mainly driven by innovation, it spends an enormous amount of funds on marketing. Indeed,
for the top 10 pharmaceutical companies, selling, general, and administrative expenses ranks
above research and development spend as the largest single expense. Among various
marketing resources expended, detailing - personal selling through representatives - together
with related sample distribution is the single largest expenditure. In 2008, the Indian
pharmaceutical industry spent Rs7.13 mn on detailing, together with Rs13.04 mn on samples,
which is far more than expenditures on other marketing instruments, e.g., Rs3.23 mn on
direct-to-consumer advertising and Rs0.48 mn on medical journal advertising (IMS Health
2004). Previous studies have shown a positive effect of detailing on physicians' prescription
behaviour.
The interaction between physicians and the pharmaceutical industry has become a subject of
increased interest and concern. This study surveyed a sample of physician practicing in and
around Udupi -Manipal region. It specifically focuses on the effectiveness of these
representatives of the manufacturers on physicians.
CHAPTER -1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The detailing could be Parma’s most powerful sales tool. Used to assist in communicating a
product's features and benefits to physicians, the detailing is a sales aid that reps carry along
on their sales calls—and an opportunity for marketers to influence physicians' prescribing
behaviour. Yet, the development of this critical sales tool often is handled with less rigor than
one might expect. Only one out of every three sales reps actually uses the detail piece during
a physician meeting. Often, sales teams don't use the piece because they don't have
confidence in the work done by marketing in developing it. Marketing counters that reps
simply don't know how to use it. This disconnect causes a considerable loss of energy, creates
a vicious cycle of blame, and places the performance of the brand—and therefore the
company—at great risk.
For sales reps to believe in the value of the detailing, they need to see evidence that it's
working. Currently, neither marketing nor sales tests the detail piece rigorously enough prior
to introduction. While the typical brand invests more than $100 million in annual sales-force
support, it spends less than $2 million on average to determine whether the detail piece is
driving prescriptions. Some companies altogether fail to test the effectiveness of the detail
piece during development because of limited budgets or time constraints. (Most pharma
companies operate on a pre-determined promotion cycle that only allows for new detail
pieces anywhere from two to four times per year.) Instead, companies often will settle for
qualitative feedback among the same, small physician panel. This approach not only lacks
statistical rigor, but also could lead to biased results that are not representative of the
marketplace.
1.2 NEED OF STUDY
The pharmaceutical industry spends more funds on drug detailing than on any other
marketing instrument. Similar to the effect of advertising, the impact of detailing ex-
penditures spills over beyond the current period. Although the pharmaceutical industry is
mainly driven by innovation, it spends an enormous amount of funds on marketing. Indeed,
for the top 10 pharmaceutical companies, selling, general, and administrative expenses ranks
above research and development spend as the largest single expense. Among various
marketing resources expended, detailing - personal selling through representatives - together
with related sample distribution is the single largest expenditure. In 2008, the Indian
pharmaceutical industry spent Rs7.13 mn on detailing, together with Rs13.04 mn on samples,
which is far more than expenditures on other marketing instruments, e.g., Rs3.23 mn on
direct-to-consumer advertising and Rs0.48 mn on medical journal advertising (IMS Health
2004). Previous studies have shown a positive effect of detailing on physicians' prescription
behaviour.
The interaction between physicians and the pharmaceutical industry has become a subject of
increased interest and concern. This study surveyed a sample of physician practicing in and
around udupi -manipal region. It specifically focuses on the effectiveness of these
representatives of the manufacturers on physicians.
1.3Literature review
A recent survey from company Gemini Earnst and young highlighted the strain on some of
the relationship within the pharmaceutical sector, including those between sale representative
and the physician they target. A staggering 65%of surveyed physician expressed concern
about the message they send to patients. Pharmaceutical companies feel strongly about this
restricted access to the market ,with detailing times being reduced to as little as 30s
Manchanda and Honka(2005)summarise that detailing has a strong and lasting positive effect
on physician prescribing behaviour.
Effect of detailing persists and takes this carry over effect in to consideration in their
detailing process
Based on the pooled time series cross sectional data involving 3 drugs ,24 monthly
observation and 74,075individual physician in total. Support that detailing and free samples
have positive and statistically significant effect on the number of new prescription issued by a
physician. However we find that the magnitudes of the effect are modest
Marketing and promotional effects have helped raise physician awareness of the most recent
clinical practice guidelines
A 2007 physician surveyed by the tuft centre for the study of drug development, asked to
identify factors very imp in prescribing decision CME(67%) information from peers
(43%)and payers decision(13%) ought weighted information pharmaceutical
representative(13%).
Pharmaceutical marketing is far from the sale source of information for physician it plays an
important role in providing information for physician ,it plays an important role in providing
information about brand medicines and helps balance other factors that emphasize promoting
older treatment and that reduce use of needed medicines
1- To find out the component of detailing which has maximum impact on prescribing
behaviour of physician.
3- To find out the relation between brand image of the company and ease of detailing.
2.3-Limitation of the study:
The sample size was 200 because of the difficulty in conducting the interviews with
respondents in given time frame.
Sometimes respondents have varied views, personal bias cannot be overruled.
Time constant,
2.4-Research methodology:
A successful completion of any project and getting genuine results from that depends upon
the method used by the researcher. The plan or the methodology for this study is laid upon
the following basis:
Research Design:
Sources of data collection
Research Approach
Sampling plan
1. Framework of the population
2. Sampling procedure
3. Sampling unit
4. Sampling size
Research Design: The research design for this research is descriptive.
Data sources
Two types of data viz., Primary and Secondary.
Primary -.Questionnaires method, Personal Interview method.
Secondary-Research articles, internet magazines, journals.
Research approach:
The approaches mainly opted by the researcher to get the results include behavioral, survey,
focus group, observational etc.
Questionnaire Method: The questionnaire used in the study for the purpose of data
collection was of structured type. The questionnaire was designed keeping in mind the
research problem, which included both open and closed ended questions
Sampling plan:
Target population: All physician of Udupi and Manipal region.
Sampling method: In this research study non – probability convenience sampling is
opted for. Convenience sampling is done purely on the basis of convenience or
accessibility. This sampling method has been mainly chosen because of time,
financial constraints as well as lack of expertise.
Sampling unit: Single physician
Sample size: A sample size of 200 was taken.
Statistical tools:
Classification and Tabulation transforms the raw data collected through questionnaires and
personal interviews into useful information by organizing and compiling the bits of data
contained in each of the 200 questionnaires and responses are converted into understandable
and orderly statistics for further analysis and interpretation.
Following applications of statistics are used to organize and analyze the data:
Simple tabulation of data using tally marks.
Calculating the percentage of the responses.
Formula used:
Percentage= (Number of responses/Total responses)*100
Graphical analysis by means of pie charts, bar graphs etc.
CHAPTER 3
3.1-DATA ANALYSIS:
Table3.1)
Somewhat agree 82 41
Somewhat disagree 6 3
Strongly disagree 0 0
60
50
40 Strongly agree
30 Somewhat agree
Somewhat disagree
20
Strongly disagree
10
0
Percentage
FIG-3.1
Interpretation: from this figure most of the physician agree about up-to-date information,
strongly disagree percentage is zero
2) usefulness of information from pharmaceutical company representative
(Table no-3.2)
Strongly agree 66 33
Somewhat disagree 6 3
Strongly disagree 0 0
70
60
50
Strongly agree
40
Somewhat agree
30 Somewhat disagree
20 Strongly disagree
10
0
Percentage
FIG-3.2
(Table no-3.3)
Strongly agree 56 28
Somewhat disagree 14 7
Strongly disagree 4 2
70
60
50
Strongly agree
40
Somewhat agree
30 Somewhat disagree
20 Strongly disagree
10
0
Percentage
FIG-3.3
Interpretation:from fig 3.3 most of the physician are somewhat agree about Reliability of
information from pharmaceutical company representative
(Table no-4.A)
Parameter Responses Percentage
Some 14 7
Not at all 2 1
100
80
60 Great deal
Some
40 Not at all
20
0
Percentage
FIG-4.A
Interpretation: from fig 4.A mostly accept about Consideration of clinical knowledge and it
has great deal in prescribing
Table 4.B)
Parameter Responses Percentage
Some 82 41
Not at all 12 12
60
50
40
Great deal
30 Some
20 Not at all
10
0
Percentage
FIG-4.B
Interpretation: from fig 4.B Considerations of Peer Reviewed Journal has great deal
C) Consideration of clinical practice guidelines
Table 4.C)
Great deal 86 43
Some 94 47
Not at all 20 10
50
40
30 Great deal
Some
20
Not at all
10
0
Percentage
FIG-4.C
Interpretation: from fig 4.C Most of the physicians have some effect of clinical guidelines
in prescribing
D) Consideration of Colleagues and Peer
Table 4.D)
Great deal 74 37
Some 104 52
Not at all 22 11
60
50
40
Great deal
30 Some
20 Not at all
10
0
Percentage
FIG-4.D
Table 4.E)
Great deal 80 40
Some 92 46
Not at all 28 14
50
40
30 Great deal
Some
20
Not at all
10
0
Percentage
FIG-4.E
Table 4.F)
Great deal 22 11
Some 126 63
Not at all 52 26
70
60
50
40 Great deal
30 Some
Not at all
20
10
0
Percentage
FIG-4.F
Table 4.G)
Great deal 34 17
Some 110 55
Not at all 56 28
60
50
40
Great deal
30 Some
20 Not at all
10
0
Percentage
FIG-4.G
Interpretation: from fig 4.G Consideration of Patient Personal Opinion has some effect
Q5) Maximum Impact of Rx Behaviors
Table-5)
Thoroughness of drug 4 2
70
60
50
Brand image
40
Comments frompeer
30 Prior work experience
20 Thoroughness of drug
10
0
Percentage
FIG-5.O
Interpretation: from fig 5.0 Brand image has maximum impact on Rx behaviors
6) Physician value the work of pharmaceutical representative
Table 6.A)
Often Useful 42 21
Somewhat useful 42 21
Not useful 10 5
60
50
40 AlwaysUseful
30 OftenUseful
Somewhat useful
20
Not useful
10
0
Percentage
FIG-6.A
Table 6.B)
Always Useful 70 35
Often Useful 50 25
Somewhat useful 70 35
Not useful 10 5
35
30
25
AlwaysUseful
20
Often Useful
15 Somewhat useful
10 Not useful
5
0
Percentage
FIG-6.B
Interpretation: About latest drug and treatment mostly accept it is always useful
C) About Assistance Programs for Prescription Coverage
Table 6.C)
Always Useful 92 46
Often Useful 32 16
Somewhat useful 56 28
Not useful 20 10
50
40
30 AlwaysUseful
Often Useful
20 Somewhat useful
Not useful
10
0
Percentage
FIG-6.C
Interpretation: About Assistance Programs for Prescription Coverage mostly accept that it
is always useful
D) Provide Free Drug Sample
Table 6.D)
Often Useful 34 17
Somewhat useful 40 20
Not useful 22 11
60
50
40 AlwaysUseful
30 Often Useful
Somewhat useful
20
Not useful
10
0
Percentage
FIG-6.D
E) Informational Presentation for Physician and Staff
Table 6 .E)
Always Useful 46 23
Often Useful 46 23
Somewhat useful 84 42
Not useful 24 12
50
40
Always Useful
30
Often Useful
20 Somewhat useful
Not useful
10
0
Percentage
FIG-6.E
Table 6.F)
Always Useful 72 36
Often Useful 34 17
Somewhat useful 48 24
Not useful 46 23
40
35
30
25 AlwaysUseful
20 OftenUseful
15 Somewhat useful
10 Not useful
5
0
Percentage
FIG-6.F
Visual aids 72 36
Physician sample 34 17
M.R communication 46 23
skill
40
35
30
25 Visual aids
20 Physiciansample
15 Companynewsletter
10 M.Rcommunicationskill
5
0
Percentage
FIG-7.0
Negative 30 15
No consideration 20 10
70
60
50
40 Positive effect
30 Negative
20 No consideration
10
0
Percentage
FIG-8.0
Interpretation: from fig 8.0 repetitive visit of M.R has positive effect
CHAPTER -4
Findings
Pharmaceutical representative provide them information about new studies and
clinical data, new dosing information and update on safety and risk information
Value in representative answering their specific question and relaying reports of side
effect and other experimental information
Most effective component of detailing is visual aids ,after that companies news letter
and M.R communication skill
Repeat visit of M.R is useful mainly in brand recall, knowing recent advances and
about other similar product
Patient personal opinion have little effect in prescribing, and clinical knowledge, peer-
reviewed journals have great impact on prescribing
CHAPTER-5
Suggestion
Apart from visual aids pharmaceutical company can improve effective detailing by
modern technology using internet, video conferencing
Company should give more attention on latest drug and treatment while in detailing
Medical representative should bridge the communication gap and information gap
CHAPTER-6
Conclusion
Pharmaceutical marketing and promotion provides
value to physicians by providing FDA-regulated
educational and scientific information about new
medicines. However, marketing of new medicines by
pharmaceutical companies is only one factor considered
by physicians. This marketing does not exist in a
vacuum—physicians’ judgment and experience, many
other sources of information, formularies and other
utilization management techniques all play a large role
in determining what, if any, medicine a patient receives.
While pharmaceutical marketing is far from the sole
source of information for physicians, it plays an
important role in providing information about brand
medicines and helps balance other factors that
emphasize promoting older treatments and that reduce
use of needed medicines.
Bibliography
1- Kong et al(2006), International journal of medical marketing, volume 4,page 138-140
9-IMS Press Release, “IMS Reports U.S. Prescription Sales Grew 3.8 Percent in
10-J. Ma, “National Trends in Statin Use by Coronary Heart Disease Risk Category,”
B} Peer-reviewed journals
a) Positive attitude towards the brand b) negative attitude towards the brand
c) No consideration d) both
Profile of
Respondent:
Name:
____________________________
Address:
___________________
Contact No.:________________________