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ABSTRACT: The 27hMay 2006 earthquake has reduced some parts of Jogja and Klaten into rubbles. The
aftermathreconstructionof the housings is confrontedwithvarious localfactors, i.e :1/financial constraints,
2/ the need of durability and earthquake resistance, 3/ the requirement of short construction time, 4/ the pres-
ervation of environment and 5/ the manifestation of the local community self-help. In cooperation with World
Hope International and Lembaga Harapan Sejahtera, PT Berkah Pertama Mandiri (BPM) has successfully
pioneered the construction of l4 (fourteen) units of low-cost earthquake-resistant housings in Grundotempel,
Desa Monggang, kelurahan Srihardono, l@camatan Pundong, Kabupaten Bantul, Jogja. High-Strength Light-
weight Steel Frames with Zincalume Coatings produced by PT Bluescope Lysaght Indonesia hwe beenfabri-
cated and installed. Regarding the five requirements (ocal factors), the construction of the housings has in-
deed demonstrated the competetiveness of the price, the strength and durability of the structure, the very short
construction time (2 days / unit), the active involvement of the local people, and the recycling of the rubbles.

Keywords: Earthquake-Resistant, Lightweight-Steel, Low-Cost, Recycling, Local-Involvement.

INTRODUCTION The reconstruction for Jogja-Klaten earthquake

Natural disasters (earthquake, tsunami, volcanic
eruption,etc) have successively hit various parts of
lndonesia. Starting with Aceh earthquake and Tsu-
nami in 2004, they struck Nias in April 2005. And
very recently, they also got Jogja-Klaten regions on
27th May 2006. ln all those disasters, death toll were
high and property losses were huge. For each case,
the reconstruction approach has its own characteris-
tics related to its local socio-economic conditions,i.e
: reconstruction approach for Aceh should be differ-
ent from ones for Nias, Jogja,etc.
tors, PT BPM has successfully constructed a housing
model with the following characteristics.
ANALYSIS OF THE SITUATIONS
From various field observations, especially in the vi-
cinity of Bantul and Klaten, the following facts have
been found among the collapsed and the badly dam-
aged residential housings :
l. Those which were collapsed or badly dam-
aged are basically non-engineered buildings.
2. Among the rubbles, recycleable materials
like bricks, door-leaves, window-leaves, etc
are abundant.
3. Human resources, i.e the house owners, are
abundantly available.
which has killed more than 5.000 people and flatten-
ned down more than 200.000 housings has to con-
front at least five local factors, i.e:
1. Financial constraints and resourcing
2. The need of strength and durability assurance
of the new structures against possible future
earthquakes.
3. The requirement of short construction time.
4. The preservation of physical environments.
5. The need of conducive atmosphere to the
spirit of local community self-help.
ln its effort to meet the peviously mentioned fac-
1. It consists of a house frame (spot foundations,
structural frames, and trusses and roofing
sheets) which is strong, durable, and quick to
construct.
2. The construction encourages local people to
participate and thus transfer of technology is
expected to happen.
3. The non structural works are left to the local
people to suit their needs, flavours and mate-
rial availability.
HIGH-STRENGTH LIGHT-WEIGHT STEEL (HSLWS)
To enable a speedy construction, steel is the an-
swer. Compared to the heavy concrete, steel is much
lighter thus attracts much smaller earthquake load
but yet strong and ductile meaning a significant in-
crease ofearthquake resistance. Steel is undoubtedly
superior to either timber or bamboo. The last two
materials mentioned are just not suitable especially
for the local environment when the need of them is
so excessive.
The light-weight steel used in the construction
has a teniile strength of 550 MPa or 5.500 kglcm2
(compared with 300 MPa for the conventional steel).
Because of its small thickness (i.e 0,4-1.0 mm) but
high strength, this material is called High Strength
Light-Weight Steel (HSLWS)
To protect this steel, a metal alloy of 55Yo Al +
43.5% Zinc + 1.5% Silicon called ZincalumeR pro-
duced by PT Bluescope Steel is used. The composi-
tion is believed to be optimum based on the exten-
sive study by Betlehem Steel USA. Just to mention
some, different compositions like Galvanized Steel
(Zinc+O,2Yo Al), GalFan (Zinc+SYo Al) and Alumin-
ized Steel (Al+10% Si) are also available in the mar-
ket. The oxidized Al in Zincalume will protect the
core steel against further corrosion while the zinc
will sacrifice it-self to protect the edge of the steel
cut or the scratch.(See Fig-l)
EARTHQUAKE-RESISTAIYT HOUSINGS
More stringent than its predecessor, the recent
lndonesian Earthquake Code for Buildings (SNI-03-
1726-2002) bases itself on a 500 year return period.
According to the new code, the housings in Pun-
dong, Bantul is exempted from all the clauses within
because of its single story with no more than ten
people inhabiting. Inspite of that, principles of earth-
quake-resistant design are applied. They include:
1. Self-weight must be kept minimum by the
use of HSLWS.
2. The dead load which consists of roofsheets,
trusses, and halfivay columns is amounted to
411 kg.
3. Live load is assumed to be 320 kg which is
equivalent to 5 kg/m2 or to be the weight of
5 workers working on top.
4. With l0 columns standing around, each col-
umn will (on average) support 41 kg dead
load or 73 kg dead load + live load.
5. Based on the Code, theMaximum Base Shear
is found to be :
V:0.5 x Wt:0.5 x 4l I kg: 206kg
6. Each column is supported by a spot-
foundation ("Umpak") of 30 cm (Length) x
30 cm (Width) x 30 cm (Height). With the
base shear distributed evenly among the ten
"umpak", each umpak has to resist 21 kg of
horizontal force which is easily provided
partly by the passive resistance of the soil,
and partly by the friction of the foundation
base.
7. The 2.8 meter column of C75.75 profile has
0.8 kN buckling capacity (according to the
same test conducted by PT Bluescope Steel
Lysaght) based on fixed-free standing ele-
ment assumption According to a the same
test, if noggings are supplied, the buckling
capacity could increase to 2.5 kN. Since the
real total column load is no more than 73 kg
(0.73 kN), the column system is undoubtedly
far from instability conditions.
8. The key factor for the overall stability of the
structure is the installation of diagonal brac-
ings at two diametrical corners.(See Fig-2)
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTS
ln July 2006, sponsored by World Hope Intema-
tional and Lembaga Harapan Sejahtera, PT BPM
Constructed 14 (fourteen) units of low-cost Earth-
quake proof houses in Grudotempel, Desa Mong-
gang, Kelurahan Srihardono , Kecamatan Pundong,
Kabupaten Bantul, Jogiakarta. The general specifica-
tion of the materials is as follows:
1. The Umpak was made of concrete with a 40
cm C75.75 stump halfway immersed. The ten
umpak have a size of 30cm x 30cm x 30cm.
2. The strap-beam (elevation +/- 0.00) and the
ring beam (elevation +2.80) are made of C-
75.75 profile (75mm height and 0.75mm
thickness). The length were 7.20 meter and
4.80 meter
3. The coloumns (C75.75 x 2.8 m) were spaced
every 1.20 meter.
4- Noggings of 1.2m long C75.75 are installed
horizontally in the middle of every panel.
5. Four trusses (Smartruss*; of 4.8m span and
300 slope were made of CiS.lS and piaced on
top of the ring beam every 2.4 meter.
6. Purlins were placed on top of the trusses and
spaced every 110 cm while the ceiling-
battens were installed every 160 cm under-
neath.
7. The roofsheet was made of the same materi-
als(Zincalume-coated) with an effective
width of 760 mm and length of 3.65 m.
length. The sheet was of Custom-Orb cross-
section with a thickness of 0.35mm.
8. Roof ridge was made of 626mm width x
0.35mm thick forming an angle of 1200 in
the centre.
9. A pair of roof grills were installed vertically
to provide air ventilation.
10. Shap-Bracings were installed at two diamet-
rical corners of the structure. To tighten up
the bracings, tensioners were used.
 10. Install the six column at both ends of the
Table 1. Steel Brace Specification structure. These columns should fix the end
Minimum basic Type of Steel Brace trusses and keep them vertical.
Working loads, kN Strap-Brace Speed-Brace 11. Place the secondary columfls among the
Steel Tension,End
main six columns with its bottoms going into
Fixing,Wrap Around 35-5 5kN 5.5kN the strap-beam while its tops going into the
Splice Capacity ring beams.
Brace to intermediate 055N O.45kN 12. Install the noggings (stiffeners) by consider-
Truss Fixing Capacity
40xl.0
ing the positions and sizes of the windows
Dimensions (mm) 25xl.0
and doors.
Nail-size requirements 10-16x16 10-16x16*
* Wafer/ Hex tck selfdrilling screw
13. Place the four trusses on top of the ring
beams and temporarily shore them. Secure
their supports on top of the main columns by
All the cquipments and tools needed for the con―
using L-brackets.
struction include:
14. Four Purlins spaced at 110 cm are installed
1.Hand― held drill with reverse rotation to work on each side of the slopes and secured by
with self― tapplng screw system
shoe-brackets-
2. Cutting wheel or scissors tQ cut.
15. Install the two ceiling battens just under the
3. Other standard tools like roll¨ meter, leveler,
bottom chords of the trusses at 1.6 m inter-
cable,sting,ctc.
vals. (See Fig. 5)
16. Stiffen the four corners by diagonal bracings
FABRICAT10N PROCESS screwed on the comer ring beams.
17. Attac,h four pairs of diagonal bracings at the
ne choice Of 4.80m x 7.2Clm slze hollsing was
comer panels using strap plates. Use tension-
bascd on the minimuln/basic need ofa family of4-
ers to tighten up the diagonal bracings.
6.The l.2 m module was takcn in line with the 18. Install the roofsheets and its ridges.
available standard sレ es of materials IIll the IIlarket_
l9.Install the ventilation grills at both ends of
The slope ofthe roofwas taken 30° to provide good
the strucfure
circulation of fに sh〔 壼 which is most crllcial for
20. Add some anchors to the panels which are to
metal roo■
be covered by brickwalls (See Fig.6 & Fig.7)
h fab五 cation process of this low― coSt earth―
quakc resistant housings can be described as fbllows.
CONCLUSIONS
1.■ e locJ people prepareぬ e ten holes for the
ullnpak foundation.The hole size is approxl―
Regarding the five requirements (local factors), the
mately 40 cm x 40 cln x 30 cln,and spaced at
construction of the housings has indeed demon-
a dislレ nce of2.4 1netcr.
strated the competetiveness of the price, the strength
2. The hole base is then compacted and layered
and durabilrty of the structure, the very short con-
with 5-10 cln Sand.
struction time (2 days lunit), the active involvement
3.The ten``Ump〔 よ"are put into their holes and
of the local people, and the recycling of the rubbles.
可 uSted fOr theむ vOttcd alld hO五 zontal posi―

mttPlP雷 電臨謝織ギ背器 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

above are done together with the local people。
We express our sincere gratitude to :
(See Fig-3) 1. World Hope International and Lembaga
4. Proflles are cut into eleIInents according the
Harapan Sejahter4 who have given financial
prcparcd cutting list. .
support.
■ e four ullits ofTruss are then assembled ac―
5。

cording to lhe prepared working sheet.

2. Mr.Gary Newby @T Bluescope-Lysaght),
who has given many technical supports.
6.The strap― bealns arc notched every 2:4 m and
3. Mr. kosa Wahyudi,ST,MT (PT Bluescope
then placed on top of the `ulnpak'. ■ e
Lysaght Indonesia), with whom structural ef-
smmps Ofthe `umpak' should stand and go
ficiency matters have been discussed.
through the notchcs。 (SCe Fig… 4)
7.Colums arc thcn attached to the`llmpak'by
4. Mr. Sumamo and his fellow neighbours in
Grundotempel-Pundong-Bantul, who have
spccial boxing systeln, positioned and ad…
justed for their plumbness to both directions,
demonstrated their enthusiasms about the
project.
8.Check thc right angle ofthe structure by tcm―
porarily shoring the follr colu― s at thc cor…
ners.
9. hstall thc■ ■g bealns with downward position
REFERENCES
Dttid Trisnohad」 antO,2006.Coatcd Flat Steel,Product lntro‐
ductions and Applications as building SolutiOns..

SN1 03-1726-2002, 2002. Tata― Cara Perencanaan Ketahanan

Gempa Untuk Ruinah dan Gcdung.

APPENDⅨ

Figure la Anti-corrosion Mechanism

Figure lb Sacrificial Reaction as an Anti-
corrosion Mechanism
Figure2 Strap-Bracings and Tensioners
Figure 3 Community Self-help Demonstrated
during the Project Construction
Figure 4 : Umpak foundation,its stump and the
boxed C75.75 Column
Figure 5 The Frames and Trusses Erected
Figure 6 Brick-Walling and Ventilation-Grill
Figure 7 The Reinstallation of Doors and Win-
dows
 ￢
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Fig. la. Anti-corrosion Mechanism Fig. lb. Sacrificial Reaction as an Anti-

corrosion Mechanism

Fig. 2. Strap-Bracing and Tensioners Fig. 3. Community Self-help Demonstrated

during the Prgject Construction

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Fig。 4.Umpak fomdation,itssmp andthe Fig. 5. The Frames and Trusses Erected
boxed C 75。 75 Colllmn
 i

Fig. 6. Brick-Walling and Ventilation-Grills Fig.7. Reinstallation of Doors and Windows