P6907 PDF

PROJECT REPORT
on
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DIFFERENT FRAMED STRUCTURE
(G+30) USING PILE FOUNDATION UNDER DYNAMIC LOAD AT
SILCHAR
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
CIVIL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING
by
ANKIT SINHA 1221010015

IKJOT SINGH 1221010027
SHOEB KHAN 1221010042
ADWAIT RODE 1221010053
Under the guidance of

Mr. A. VIJAY
Assistant professor (O.G.)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
SRM UNIVERSITY
(Under section 3 of UGC Act, 1956)
SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur- 603203
Kancheepuram District
APRIL 2014
ii
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report titled ““ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF
DIFFERENT FRAMED STRUCTURE (G+30) USING PILE FOUNDATION
UNDER DYNAMIC LOAD AT SILCHAR” is the bonafide work of ANKIT
SINHA (1221010015), IKJOT SINGH (1221010027), SHOEB KHAN
(122100042), ADWAIT RODE (1220100053) who carried out the project under
my supervision. Certified further, that to the best of my knowledge the work
reported herein does not form part of any other project report or dissertation on the
basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion or any other
candidate.
Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD
Mr. A. VIJAY Dr. R. ANNADURAI

Assistant Professor (O.G) Professor & Head
Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering
SRM University SRM University
Kattankulathur- 603203 Kattankulathur- 603203
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
DATE:
iii
ABSTRACT
With the growing population, there is going to be consequent shortage of

space all over plain areas. So high rise structures in hilly areas such as in Silchar
could be built solving the problem for pollution, deforestation and growing
population.
The structure is designed for G+30 Storey having different frames such as
rigid frame, braced frame, outrigger system-unsymmetrical and symmetrical. The
structure is designed as per relevant codal rules more keeping in mind aesthetic the
aesthetic appearance of the structure. All the elements are designed using limit state
methods and their respective drawings are provided.
The plan of the structure is drawn in Auto CAD 2013. Analysis and
design of the structural frames is carried out using STAAD. ProV8i. Loads are also
estimated for each floor and applied uniformly for all types of frames. In the final
result, it is been found out braced frame is the most efficient system.
.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author is grateful and records his sincere thanks to the

MANAGEMENT, Dr. T. P. GANESAN, Pro-Vice Chancellor (P&D) and
Dr. C. MUTHAMIZHCHELVAN, Director, (E&T), SRM UNIVERSITY for
providing all the necessary facilities for carrying out this work.
The author expresses his sincere thanks and gratitude to
Dr. R. ANNADURAI, Professor & Head, Department of Civil Engineering, for his
valuable suggestions and advice in carrying out this project work.
The author expresses his sincere thanks and gratitude to the project co-
ordinator Dr. K. GUNASEKARAN, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
for his valuable suggestions and guidance in carrying out the project work.
The author hereby acknowledges with deep sense of gratitude the valuable
guidance and encouragement given by the Guide, Mr. A.VIJAY, Assistant
Professor (O.G.), Department of Civil Engineering, for initiative and motivation
during the course of this work.
The author expresses his grateful wishes and sincere thanks to the Class in-
charge Mr. SACHIKANT NANDA, Asst. Professor (O.G.), for all the suggestions
given during the course of this project.
The author is grandly indebted to all the Faculty Members of Department
of Civil Engineering, for their valuable help rendered during the course of study.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF FIGURES x
1 OVERVIEW 1
1.1 OBJECTIVE 1
1.2 NECESSITY 1
1.3 SCOPE 1
1.4 METHODOLOGY 2
1.5 MAJOR DESIGN EXPERIENCE 2
1.6 REALISTIC DESIGN CONSTRAINTS 3
1.7 REFERENCE TO CODES AND STANDARS 3
1.8 APPLICATION OF EARLIER COURSE WORKS 4
1.9 MULTIDISCIPLINARY COMPONENT AND TEAM WORK 5
1.10 SOFTWARE/EQUIPMENT USED 5
1.11 FUTURE SCOPE 5
2 INTRODUCTION 6
2.1 GENERAL 6
2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.3 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW 8
3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE 9
3.1 OBJECTIVES 9
3.2 SCOPE 9
3.3 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY 9
vi
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 11
4.1 PLANNING 11
4.1.1 AutoCAD PLAN 11
4.1.2 STAAD.Pro V 8i 3D MODEL 14
4.1.3 Load estimation 17
4.2 ANALYSIS 22
4.2.1 Rigid frame 23
4.2.2 Braced frame 25
4.2.3 Symmetrical outrigger frame 27
4.2.4 Unsymmetrical outrigger frame 29
4.2.5 Reactions 31
4.3 DESIGNS 36
4.3.1 Design principles 36
4.3.2 Design details 36
4.3.3 Design of footing 39
4.4 ESTIMATION 45
4.4.1 Calculation 45
4.4.2 Material cost 53
4.4.3 Excavation 55
4.4.4 Foundation 55
5 CONCLUSION 57
5.1 FUTURE SCOPE 57
REFERENCES 58
vii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO TITLE PAGENO

1.1 Reference to codes books and standards 3
1.2 Application of earlier course work 4
4.1 Dead load 2bhk 17
4.2 Dead load 3bhk 19
4.3 Displacement of rigid frame in different 23
directions
4.4 Forces acting on rigid frame in different directions 24
4.5 Displacement of braced frame in different 25
directions
4.6 Forces acting on braced frame in different 26
directions
directions
directions
directions
directions
4.11 Reactions and loads 32
4.15 Maximum and minimum, shear and bending 37
moment
moment
moment
viii
moment
4.19 Specification 45
4.20 Calculations 45
4.21 Specifications of 3bhk 47
4.23 Specification of 2bhk 49
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE NO

1.1 Methodology flow chart 2
4.1 AutoCAD plan of 2bhk and 3bkh flat 12
4.2 AutoCAD plan of single storey 13
4.3 3D model of rigid frame 14
4.4 3D model of braced frame 15
4.5 3D model of symmetrical outrigger frame 16
4.6 3D model of unsymmetrical outrigger frame 17
4.7 Displacement of frame due to load combinations 23
4.8 Forces acting on frame due to load combinations 24
4.15 Displacement and rotation of all the frames 31
4.16 Reinforcement detailing of beams, columns and
single floor 40
4.17 Top view of under reamed pile 43
4.18 Under reamed pile detailing 43
4.19 Specification of under reamed pile 44
x
CHAPTER 1
OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT
1.1 OBJECTIVE
The objectives of the project are.
 To plan an economical tall structure in a hilly area using structural frames

(braced, rigid, outrigger frames).
 To analyse and design the structure using STAAD.ProV8i.
 To design a feasible and reliable tall structure (G+30) in a hilly area.
 To prepare the estimation of a building.
1.2 NECESSITY
The basic necessities of such a tall structure are.
 To make structure more feasible, reliable using the structural frames in hilly
areas.
 It acts as a landmark for a particular area.
 More occupancy in smaller area.
 Going for better infrastructure planning, soil stability it will create less
damage even under severe disasters.
 Development of hilly rural area. Decreasing the economic gap between rural
and urban areas. Helping in sustainable development.
1.3 SCOPE
The scope of the project is.
 This project includes analysis and design of structural frames (rigid, braced,
symmetrical and unsymmetrical outrigger system) using structural analysis
package (STAAD.ProV8i).
1
 To analyze different frames and to check the stiffness using structural
analysis package.
1.4 METHODOLOGY
The entire project is analytical in nature and the methodology followed in

this project is as follows.
Methodology
Literature review
Collection of materials
Plan (Rigid, Braced , Outrigger -

symmnetrical and unsymmetrical
Analysis (STAAD.Pro.V8i)
Structural modelling
(STAAD.Pro V8i)
Conclusion
Fig.1.1 Methodology flow chart
1.5 MAJOR DESIGN EXPERIENCE
This project is a “Structural Design Project”. Design experience in the

following areas has been gained during the course of the project.
 Design of beams
2
 Design of columns
 Design of pile foundation and pile cap
1.6 REALISTIC DESIGN CONSTRAINTS
Social:
People living in hilly areas are habitual to low rise building they will not
opt for high rise structures.
Economic:
Company may not opt for such structures as it would cause more
expenditure than going for high rise structures in plain areas.
Environment:
Need to take permission from Ministry of Environment and NGOs. It

consumes more time to get authorization from the ministry.
1.7 REFERENCE TO CODES AND STANDARDS
During the course of the project various codes books were referred. The
code books referred were chosen specifically to meet with the requirements of the
Indian Standards. Table 1.1 gives reference to various codes books and standards
followed during the analysis.
Table 1.1 Reference to codes books and standards

CODES CONTEXT USAGE
IS 875:1987 part 1 Design loads for buildings and To determine the loads
structures (dead load, imposed acting upon the structure
load and wind load)
IS 875:1987 part 2 Design loads for buildings and To determine the loads
structures(dead load, imposed acting upon the structure
load and wind load)
IS 1893:2002 Criteria for earthquake design To determine the
of structures earthquake load
3
Table 1.1 (continued)
IS 456:2000 Plain and reinforced concrete - To design RCC
code of practice
SP 16 Design aids for reinforced To design RCC
concrete (IS 456:1978)
IS 2911:1984 Code of practice for design and To design pile
construction pile foundations foundation
IS 800:2007 Code of practice for general To design reinforced
construction in steel steel
IS4326:2008 Earthquake resistant design To design the seismic
and construction of building load acting
IS 383 :1970 Specification of coarse and To determine the size and
fine aggregates from natural shape of coarse and fine
sources for concrete aggregate
1.8 APPLICATION OF EARLIER COURSE WORK
Table 1.2 gives reference to some of the earlier coursework that can be used in the
analysis and design.
Table 1.2 Application of earlier course work

COURSE CODE AND NAME CONTEXT
CI 0201 - Mechanics of Solids Evaluation of bending moment and shear
forces
CI 0202 - Strength of Materials Evaluation of deflection
CI0204-Structural design - I (Steel) Design of steel
CI0303-Structural design - II RCC structures

(Concrete)
CI0212-Soil mechanics laboratory Conducting soil tests
CI0203A-Applied geology Understanding earthquakes and landslides
CI0206A-Soil mechanics Soil type and nature
4
Table1.2 (continued)
CI0305-Foundation engineering Pile foundation
CI0301-Structural Analysis-1 Analysis of determinate structures
CI0302-Structural Analysis-2 Analysis of indeterminate structures
CI0304-Tall Building Structures Tall structures frames

CI0409- Estimation, costing and Estimation and costing
professional practice
CI0405-Earthquake resistant and Earthquake
special structures
1.9 MULTIDISCIPLINARY COMPONENT AND TEAM WORK
 Interaction with government officials.

 Interaction with architectural department.
 Interaction with software architects.
 Interaction with structural designers.
 Interaction with geologists.
 Interaction with hydrologists.
1.10 SOFTWARE/EQUIPMENT USED
The various software used in the project are:
 STAAD.ProV8i
 STAAD.foundationV8i
 AutoCAD
 Microsoft office
1.11 FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
Will be able to tell industrial people that it is safe to build a high rise
structure in hilly areas. This project will help to understand the structural behaviour
of different frames constructed in hilly areas. Help in taking necessary steps to avoid
catastrophic.
5
CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION
2.1 GENERAL
The mountain range and the hilly areas of India have a critical role to play
in determining the climate and physiographic of the country. Keeping in view the
increasing population of the hilly areas and need to preserve their fragile ecology,
there is a need to design a tall structure using different structural frames under
dynamic load. The main purpose of the project is to land at the most economical type
of frame system among rigid, braced, symmetrical and unsymmetrical outrigger
system and to comprehend the structural effects in hilly areas. The project includes
analysis and design of structural frames using structural analysis package.
Structural frames (Rigid frame, Braced frame, Outrigger) are used to
make a structure more feasible and reliable. These frames are the structural systems
which are designed to resist wind and earthquake forces. Structural frames shift the
load from one member to another through interrelated components. The structural
frame system of a high rise structure is designed to deal with the gravity load and
lateral load. The structural system consists only of the members which are designed
to bear the loads. Tall building developments have been rapidly increasing
worldwide. The post earthquake and study of the structure reveals that the interaction
of soil, foundation and dynamics play a major role in damage of a structure.
A Rigid frame is a load resisting framework constructed with rigid
connection which resists the movements induced at the joints of the members.
Braced frames consist of diagonal which are used to resist the lateral load. Members
in a braced frame are designed to work in tension and compression. Most braced
frames are concentric. Braced frames are comparatively has more tensile stress and
strength. Braced frames use less material and have simpler connections than moment
6
resisting frames. Outrigger is classified into two types which are Symmetrical and
Non symmetrical.
The location chosen for the project is Silchar in the state of Assam in
India. The area of Silchar town is 15.75 Sq.km. It has an average elevation of 22 m
(72 feet). Silchar is located at the southern part of Assam. It is zone 5 earthquake
zone. The Silchar town of Cachar district is susceptible to the natural disaster like
floods, cyclones, earthquake, hailstorm etc. Silchar is located between longitudes
92°24'E and 93°15'E and latitudes 24°22'N and 25°8'N. It is situated 35 m above
mean sea level. The population of the town is 144,003 as per Census 2001. The
topography of Silchar is typically of a vastly undulated and broken nature. The town
is situated at the alluvial flat plain, spotted with swamp and intersected by stream. It
is surrounded by isolated small hills that are tillas. River bank flows and cause heavy
flood to the town during rainy season. Due to presence of ghagra river in west side of
the town and other streams, inundation is a common phenomenon. The climate of the
district is very damp and humid due to heavy rain and high temperature. June and
July are the months with highest rainfall. Generally the period from May end to
October is considered as flood season.
2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Experiments with pile caps provide resistance to lateral loads on deep

foundation which was avoided earlier while analyzing more. Moreover in theory
stiffness is overestimated and damping is underestimated. Based on the literature
pertaining to SSI analysis of framed structure supported on pile foundation it has
been observed that most of the studies reported till now has considered the marginal
effect of soil structure interaction on a one and two bat single storied and two storied
framed structure. There is a need to evaluate the effect of SSI on the response of high
rise structure. There is a need to understand the soil structure interaction with
building infill shear walls. In past many earthquakes have occurred, structures are
damaged even when rested on pile foundation. So we need to look dynamics (Ref.1).
Conduction of a reliability analysis method has been developed for a
plane frame structures with shear walls subjected to earthquake ground acceleration.
The structural reliability is measured in terms of the probability that throughout the
7
structure’s lifetime, its response will remain linear. the earthquake ground is assumed
to be stationary Gaussian random process with mean zero process. To describe the
statistical variation of an individual earthquake’s intensity an extreme value
distribution of type 2 is employed, while the poisons arrival law is used to model the
earthquake (Ref.2).
In this paper mainly describes the outrigger system with shear wall how
does it affect the dynamic structure. The outrigger and column resist the rotation of
the core and reduces lateral deflection and base moment, which would have arisen in
free core. This paper presents the result of an investigation on drift reduction in
uniform belted structures with rigid outriggers through the analysis of sample
structure built in Tehran’s Vanak park. Results show that using optimized multi
outriggers system can effectively reduce the seismic response of the building.
(Ref.3).
A method of analyzing in plane deflection of elastic framed structures by
numerical integration of the exact numerical integration of the exact differential
equation governing a finite bending and axial deformations of beams has been
developed and applied to the non rectangular rigid frames. In principle the method
leads to exact results. Asymmetric and symmetric gabled and a two story, two bay
frame were analyzed. Load deflection curves, interaction diagrams and curves
showing the results of parametric studies are presented (Ref.4).
The behavior of the system under lateral load is dependent on numerous
parameters such as the height of the building, floor plate size, size and location of the
shear wall core, flat slab spans, tall building of compact size, regular shape and
distributed shear wall is a very marked improvement in performance comparison
with and without perimeter frame with closely spaced columns is added to the shear
wall (Ref.5).
2.3 SUMMARY OF LITTERATURE REVIEW
As seen above various literatures have been collected with reference to

analysis and design of high rise structures (Rigid Frame, Braced Frame,
Unsymmetrical Outrigger Frame, and Symmetrical Outrigger Frame).
8
CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE
3.1 OBJECTIVE
The objectives of the project are.
 To plan an economical tall structure in a hilly area using structural frames

(braced, rigid, outrigger frames).
 To analyse and design the structure using STAAD.ProV8i.
 To design a feasible and reliable tall structure (G+30) in a hilly area.
 To prepare the estimation of a building.
3.2 SCOPE
The scope of the project is.
 This project includes analysis and design of structural frames (rigid, braced,
symmetrical and unsymmetrical outrigger system) using structural analysis
package (STAAD.ProV8i).
 To analyze different frames and to check the stiffness using structural
analysis package.
3.3 METHODOLOGY
The entire project in is analytical in nature and methodology followed in

this project are as follows.
 Planning of the phases of work to be done dimensions of various parts of the

structure and the type of structural elements according to collected data.
Moreover planning of rigid frame, braced frame, symmetrical outrigger frame
and unsymmetrical outrigger was done.
9
 Preparation of the plan and elevation of the structure according to the desired
dimension on AutoCAD 2013.Analysis of the structure on STAAD.ProV8i
and design of structural elements.
10
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 PLANNING
The residential building is planned for two basements with a 30 storey.

Firstly the area was chosen of approximately 64 × 56 sq.m .Then in Auto CAD 2013
plan was made for 3bhk (Bedroom, Hall, Kitchen) and 2bhk (Bedroom, Hall,
Kitchen) as shown in fig. 4.1. Then a plan for 2bhk and 3bhk were built. Similarly
structure elements were built in STAADPro.V8i.Some technical specifications of
building are:
 Dimension of the building – 64 sq.m

 Type of structure - Flat slab structure.
 Type of foundation – raft foundation + pile foundation
 Mix design for columns – M40
 Mix design for slabs & walls – M30
 Blocks used for construction – A.A.C Blocks
 Type of steel used - T.M.T steel (30mm-8mm)
 Total stair cases (ground floor to thirtieth floor) - 2
 Total lifts – 4
4.1.1 AutoCAD Plan
The typical plan of 2bhk and 3bhk which are uniform for all types of
frames are shown below. The plan of single floor is shown in Fig 4.1 and Fig 4.2.
The Fig 4.1 shown below shows the plan of 2bhk and 3bhk flats, whereas Fig 4.2
shows the plan of single floor.
11
4.1.2 STAAD. Pro v8i 3D MODEL
Structural models of different frames (rigid frame, braced frame,

symmetrical outrigger frame and unsymmetrical outrigger frame).
Rigid frames connect the columns and girders via moment-resistant

connections. The lateral stiffness of a rigid frame depends on the bending on the
bending stiffness of the columns, girders and connections to the frame. The 3D
model of rigid frame is shown in Fig 4.3
Fig.4.3 3D model of rigid frame
14
In the braced frame system, the lateral load resistance is provided by the
“web” formed by the diagonal members tied to the girders. This creates a vertical
truss, with the columns acting as the chords. The 3D model of Braced frame is shown
in Fig 4.4
Fig.4.4 3D model of braced frame
15
This system consists of a central braced core, which is a braced frame or
shear walls, plus horizontal cantilever “outrigger” trusses or girders that connect the
core to the outer columns. The 3D model of Symmetrical outrigger frame is shown in
Fig 4.5 and the 3D model of Unsymmetrical outrigger frame is shown in Fig 4.6.
Fig.4.5 3D model of symmetrical outrigger frame
16
Fig.4.6 3D model of unsymmetrical outrigger frame
4.1.3 Load estimation
The dead load and live for 2bhk and 3bhk flats are given below in Table 4.1
Table 4.1 Dead load 2bhk

S. No Description Length ×Breadth Area Units
1 Kitchen Area 3.1×2.8 8.68 m2
2 Wash Area 1.14×1.4 1.596 m2
3 Bedroom Area 1 4.0×3.1 12.4 m2
4 Living Room 4.0×5.9 23.6 m2
Area
5 Pooja Room 1.14×1.4 1.596 m2
17
Toilet Area 1 1.2×2.1 2.52 m2
7 Toilet Area 2 2.5×1.4 3.5 m2
8 Bedroom Area 2 3.7×3.4 12.58 m2
Total area 66.47 m2
9 Concrete Unit 25 kN/m3
Weight
10 Average unit 3.38 kN/m2
weight of tile
weight of marble
Weight of Granite
13 Unit weight of 18.85 kN/m3
brick
14 Area of 1 granite 0.5 × 1.25 0.625 m2
in kitchen
Total Flooring 66.472 × 25 1661.8 kN
Weight
15 Tiles Usage ( 16.296 kN/m2
Kitchen + Toilet
1+Toilet 2+Wash)
16 Marble use 50.18 m2
(Bedroom 1&2 +
Living Room +
Pooja)
17 Load of tiles 16.296 × 3.38 55.1 kN
18 Load of marbles 50.176 × 5.38 270.0 kN
19 Load by Granite 0.625 × 5.64 3.525 kN
slab
Total dead load 1991 kN
20 Volume of brick 20 ×10 × 10 0.02 m2
21 Bedroom L×H×2+B×H×2
Area of wall 4.0×3.6×2+4.3×3.6×2 59.76 m2
Total load on 56323.8 kN
walls
Number of bricks 2988
22 Toilet
Area of toilet 1.2×3.6×2+2.1×3.6×2 23.76 m2
Number of brick 1188
Total load 22393.8 kN
23 Wash Room
Area 1.14×3.6×2+1.4×2×3.6 18.29 m2
Number of brick 914
18
24 Kitchen
Area 3.1×3.6×2+2.8×3.6×2 42.48 m2
25 Living Room
Area 4.0×3.6×2+5.9×3.6×1 50.04 m2
26 Bedroom
Area 3.7×3.6×2+3.4×3.6×2 51.12 m2
27 Toilet
Area 2.5×3.6×1+1.4×3.6×2 19.08 m2
Number of brick 954
28 Pooja
Area 1.4×3.6×1+0 5.04 m2
Number of brick 252
Factor of safety 1.5
Total wall load 254067.84 kN
Total load of 384087.3 kN
2bhk
Total bricks 13479
Table 4.2 Dead load 3bhk

S. No Description Length × Breadth Area Units
1 Bedroom 1 3.3×3.0 9.92 m2
2 Bedroom 2 3.4×3.6 12.24 m2
3 Bedroom3 4.2×3.3 13.86 m2
4 Kitchen 3.6×2.45 8.82 m2
5 Sit out 1.7×1.5 2.55 m2
6 Toilet 2.2×1.4 3.08 m2
7 Living 4.0×4.3 17.2 m2
8 Toilet1 1.7×2.2 3.74 m2
19
9 Living 4.0×4.3 17.2 m2
10 Toilet2 2.2×1.4 17.2 m2
11 Toilet3 1.83×1.22 3.74 m2
12 Dinning 4.0×3.3 13.2 m2
13 Free Space 2.1×5.9 12.39 m2
Total floor load 86.2 m2

14 Total flooring 86.2×25 2480.3 kN/m2
weight
15 Tiles usage 8.82+3.08+3.74+2.23 17.87 m2
(kitchen +toilet3)
16 Marble use 27.1+12.24+16.41+13.2 68.95 m2
(bed
1+livingroom+be
d2+bed3+sitout)
weight of tile
weight of marble
weight of granite
20 Load by tiles 3.38×17.87 60.5 kN
21 Load by marble 5.38×68.95 371 kN
22 Load by granite 5.64×0.625 3.52 kN

slab
23 Total clear load 60.41+371+3.6+2481 2916 kN
24 Bedroom (1) L×H×2+B×H×2
Area of the Wall 3.3×3.6×2+3×3.6×2 45.36 m2
No. of bricks used 2268
Total load of 2268×18.85 42751.8 kN

Wall
25 Bedroom (2)
Area of the Wall 3.4×3.6×2+3.6×3.6×2 50.4 m2
20
Total load of 2520×18.85 47502 kN

Wall
26 Bedroom (3)
Area of the Wall 4.2×3.6×2+3.3×3.6×2 54 m2
Total load of 2700×18.85 50895 kN

Wall
27 Kitchen
Area of the Wall 3.6×3.6×2+2.45×3.6×2 43.56 m2
No. of bricks used 43.56/0.02 2178
Total load of 2178×18.85 41055.3k

Wall N
28 Toilet (3)
Area of the wall 0+1.22×3.6×2 8.784 m2
Total load of 440×18.85 8294 kN

Wall
29 Sit out (1)
Area of the Wall 1.7×3.6×1 18 m2
No. of bricks used 18/0.02 300

Wall
30 Dining
Area of the Wall 4.0×3.6×2+3.3×3.6×2 52.56 m2
Total load of 2628×18.85 49538 kN

Wall
31 Toilet (2)
Area of the Wall 2.2×3.6×1+1.4×3.6×2 18 m2
21
Total load of 300×18.85 5768.1 kN

Wall
32 Toilet (1)
Area of the Wall 2.2×3.6×1+1.7×3.6×1 14.04 m2

Wall
33 Free Space
Area of the Wall 2.1×3.6×1+5.9×3.6×1 28.8 m2
Total load of 1440×18.85 27144 kN

Wall
34 Living Room
Area of the Wall 4.0×3.6×1+0 14.4 m2
Wall
Factor of safety 1.5
Total wall load 319633.9 kN
Total load of 3 479450.85 kN

bhk
Total bricks 16196
4.2 ANALYSIS
Once the structure is created on STAAD.Pro V8i, the loads and various
loads combinations were applied, along with the support conditions. The analysis is
run and the results are as follows.
22
4.2.1 Rigid frame
Displacement due to loads in rigid frame is shown below in Figure 4.7

and the details are mentioned in Table 4.3.
Fig.4.7 Displacement of frame due to load combinations
Table 4.3 Displacement of rigid frame in different directions

Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Resultant Rotational
Node L/C X mm Y mm Z mm mm rX rad rY rad rZ rad
Max X 4747 7 WL X 152.066 0.47 0 152.067 0 0 0
Min X 4757 8 WL -X -152.066 0.47 0 152.067 0 0 0
Max Y 1098 5 EQ Z 46.751 11.658 394.957 397.885 0.002 -0.002 0
Min Y 4750 11 DL+LL 17.551 -375.767 0 376.177 0 0 -0.003
Max Z 1189 5 EQ Z 49.916 10.405 473.899 476.634 0.001 -0.002 0
Min Z 1189 6 EQ -Z -49.916 -10.405 -473.899 476.634 -0.001 0.002 0
Max rX 2372 11 DL+LL 0 -306.197 22.935 307.055 0.006 0 0
Min rX 7132 11 DL+LL 0 -306.197 -22.935 307.055 -0.006 0 0
Max rY 1188 6 EQ -Z -49.912 -10.879 -464.87 467.668 -0.001 0.002 0
Min rY 1188 5 EQ Z 49.912 10.879 464.87 467.668 0.001 -0.002 0
Max rZ 5354 11 DL+LL -13.739 -245.411 -3.107 245.815 0.003 0.001 0.005
Min rZ 5340 11 DL+LL 13.74 -245.411 -3.107 245.815 0.003 -0.001 -0.005
23
Stresses due to load combinations are shown below in Figure 4.8 and the details are
mentioned in Table 4.4.
Fig.4.8 Forces acting on frame due to load combinations
Table 4.4 Forces acting on rigid frame in different directions

Beam L/C Node Fx kN Fy kN Fz kN Mx kNm My kNm Mz kN
Max Fx 8405 11 DL+LL 4172 21960 35.03 0 0 0 9.004
Min Fx 1676 5 EQ Z 605 -935 3.448 -27.2 0.349 74.847 9.238
Max Fy 20849 11 DL+LL 4138 66.81 269.6 4.054 3.496 -0.558 244.92
Min Fy 21427 11 DL+LL 5328 66.81 -270 -4.05 -3.496 -0.558 244.92
Max Fz 2233 11 DL+LL 1162 455.2 26.08 95.4 0.668 -139.05 41.805
Min Fz 15697 11 DL+LL 8302 455.2 26.08 -95.4 -0.668 139.046 41.805
Max Mx 3904 11 DL+LL 2373 209.4 141.9 52.49 12.296 -101.04 136.25
Min Mx 12880 11 DL+LL 7133 209.4 141.9 -52.5 -12.296 101.042 136.25
Max My 2233 11 DL+LL 1179 341.8 26.08 95.4 0.668 204.386 -52.09
Min My 15697 11 DL+LL 8319 341.8 26.08 -95.4 -0.668 -204.39 -52.09
Max Mz 19049 11 DL+LL 2287 0.134 206 0 0 0 269.05
Min Mz 5609 11 DL+LL 2974 337.2 93.93 -19.3 0.899 -38.228 -201.7
24
4.2.2 Braced frame
Displacement due to load combinations are shown below in Figure 4.9

and the details are mentioned in Table 4.5
Table 4.5 Displacement of braced frame in different directions

Max X 4747 7 WL X 81.176 0.455 -0.153 81.178 0 0 0
Min X 4757 8 WL -X -81.249 0.455 -0.082 81.25 0 0 0
Max Y 3994 6 EQ -Z -2.133 23.631 -179.862 181.42 -0.002 0 0
Min Y 4754 11 DL+LL -11.32 -376.05 -0.326 376.222 0 0 0.002
Max Z 1183 5 EQ Z -2.374 10.848 255.422 255.664 0.001 0.001 0
Min Z 1183 6 EQ -Z 2.374 -10.848 -255.422 255.664 -0.001 -0.001 0
Max rX 2372 11 DL+LL -2.401 -310.93 16.187 311.357 0.005 0 0
Min rX 7132 11 DL+LL 2.639 -310.92 -15.102 311.298 -0.005 0 0
Max rY 645 6 EQ -Z -8.487 -2.755 -38.16 39.189 -0.004 0.003 0.001
Min rY 645 5 EQ Z 8.487 2.755 38.16 39.189 0.004 -0.003 -0
Max rZ 4756 11 DL+LL -11.378 -331.98 -1.341 332.177 0 0 0.004
Min rZ 4748 11 DL+LL 11.633 -331.98 2.398 332.193 0 0 -0
Max Rst 4750 11 DL+LL 11.575 -376.05 1.396 376.227 0 0 -0
25
Stress due to load combinations are shown below in Figure 4.10 and the details are
mentioned in Table 4.6
Table 4.6 Forces acting on braced frame in different directions

Beam L/C Node Fx kN Fy kN Fz kN Mx kNm My kNm Mz kN
Max Fx 8405 11 DL+LL4172 21989 39.1 0.057 -0.039 -0.088 18.515
Min Fx 14606 11 DL+LL7773 -4078 87.24 2.06 -0.446 -12.067 50.408
Max Fy 20849 11 DL+LL4138 32.3 269.4 4.261 3.57 -4.526 244.78
Min Fy 21431 11 DL+LL5332 32.35 -269 4.248 3.572 4.516 244.66
Max Fz 2804 6 EQ -Z 1206 728.6 -7.52 165.3 -6.234 -262.483 -19.96
Min Fz 2804 5 EQ Z 1206 -729 7.524 -165 6.234 262.483 19.961
Max Mx 1699 5 EQ Z 628 -1727 30.19 -135 19.025 248.613 54.822
Min Mx 1699 6 EQ -Z 628 1727 -30.2 134.6 -19.025 -248.613 -54.82
Max My 5065 6 EQ -Z 2430 -834 -1.52 150.1 -8.257 314.585 3.831
Min My 5065 5 EQ Z 2430 833.6 1.524 -150 8.257 -314.585 -3.831
Max Mz 19066 11 DL+LL2304 -0.98 200.6 0.617 0.001 -1.342 258.19
Min Mz 1691 11 DL+LL637 17617 83.57 9.572 12.036 20.281 -183.8
26
4.2.3 Symmetrical Outrigger frame


Max X 6343 14 DL+WL+LL 671.732 -101.06 381.067 778.876 0.002 0 -0.005
Min X 2770 11 DL+LL -247.061 -135.72 0.85 281.885 0 0 -0.001
Max Y 1039 13 LL+WL 441.393 13.375 412.076 603.998 0.002 0.003 0.017
Min Y 4750 11 DL+LL 18.739 -370.97 0 371.443 0 0 -0.004
Max Z 2372 14 DL+WL+LL 307.68 -237.77 481.101 618.593 0.005 0 0
Min Z 1189 4 EQ -Z -45.998 -11.204 -464.181 466.589 -0 0.002 -0.001
Max rX 657 14 DL+WL+LL 44.877 -30.532 54.983 77.261 0.007 0 -0.004
Min rX 6275 4 EQ -Z 12.47 -0.601 -234.213 234.545 -0.01 0.002 0
Max rY 988 14 DL+WL+LL 638.913 -79.519 383.661 749.486 0.003 0.004 -0.005
Min rY 8128 14 DL+WL+LL 628.766 -99.056 381.079 741.876 0.002 -0.006 -0.005
Max rZ 2974 11 DL+LL -1.736 -159.5 4.391 159.567 0 0 0.028
Min rZ 6530 11 DL+LL 2.588 -157.72 -4.382 157.801 0 0 -0.028
Max Rst 6360 14 DL+WL+LL 668.269 -103.48 390.742 781.006 0.002 0 0.007
27

Beam L/C Node Fx kN Fy kN Fz kN Mx kNmMy kNmMz kNm
Max Fx 8405 11 DL+LL 4172 21989.471 39.1 0.057 -0.039 -0.088 18.515
Min Fx 14606 11 DL+LL 7773 -4077.848 87.24 2.06 -0.446 -12.07 50.408
Max Fy 20849 11 DL+LL 4138 32.302 269.4 4.261 3.57 -4.526 244.778
Min Fy 21431 11 DL+LL 5332 32.348 -269 4.248 3.572 4.516 244.657
Max Fz 2804 6 EQ -Z 1206 728.567 -7.52 165.3 -6.234 -262.5 -19.961
Min Fz 2804 5 EQ Z 1206 -728.567 7.524 -165 6.234 262.48 19.961
Max Mx 1699 5 EQ Z 628 -1726.814 30.19 -135 19.025 248.61 54.822
Min Mx 1699 6 EQ -Z 628 1726.814 -30.2 134.6 -19.03 -248.6 -54.822
Max My 5065 6 EQ -Z 2430 -833.626 -1.52 150.1 -8.257 314.59 3.831
Min My 5065 5 EQ Z 2430 833.626 1.524 -150 8.257 -314.6 -3.831
Max Mz 19066 11 DL+LL 2304 -0.98 200.6 0.617 0.001 -1.342 258.192
Min Mz 1691 11 DL+LL 637 17617.014 83.57 9.572 12.036 20.281 -183.764
28
4.2.4 Unsymmetrical outrigger frame


Max X 8366 11 DL+LL 1432.08 -960.658 1349.164 2189.51 0.39 0.047 -0.3
Min X 8350 11 DL+LL -1437.9 -1085.58 1358.19 2256.26 0.391 -0.05 0.301
Max Y 8344 7 WL -Z -1.774 33.906 210.427 213.149 -0.007 0 0
Min Y 8336 11 DL+LL -5.064 -6625.96 -2840.62 7209.19 0.626 0 0
Max Z 8335 14 DL+LL+WL -874.135 -920.109 1522.609 1982.18 0.315 -0.04 0.241
Min Z 8368 11 DL+LL -1.97 -6418.79 -2845.64 7021.29 0.625 0 0
Max rX 8336 11 DL+LL -5.064 -6625.96 -2840.62 7209.19 0.626 0 0
Min rX 8341 11 DL+LL 243.124 -494.237 -249.324 604.601 -0.036 0.003 -0.05
Max rY 8334 11 DL+LL 1427.257 -1157.55 1364.295 2288.73 0.391 0.047 -0.3
Min rY 8335 11 DL+LL -1437.19 -1156.27 1365.54 2295.03 0.391 -0.05 0.301
Max rZ 8335 11 DL+LL -1437.19 -1156.27 1365.54 2295.03 0.391 -0.05 0.301
Min rZ 8334 11 DL+LL 1427.257 -1157.55 1364.295 2288.73 0.391 0.047 -0.3
Max Rst8336 11 DL+LL -5.064 -6625.96 -2840.62 7209.19 0.626 0 0
29

Beam L/C Node Fx kN Fy kN Fz kN Mx kNm My kNm Mz kNm
Max Fx 8405 11 DL+LL 4172 23022.494 31.404 -0.395 -0.008 0.386 6.012
Min Fx 6017 11 DL+LL 3424 -1834.515 96.347 16.784 1.801 -51.318 44.374
Max Fy 11750 11 DL+LL 6530 32.937 324.456 -6.24 1.67 13.737 419.246
Min Fy 20424 11 DL+LL 4308 -7.754 -296.27 -4.253 -35.961 -52.08 171.665
Max Fz 7708 11 DL+LL 4002 5550.055 -235.79 221.551 19.342 -246.086 -200.526
Min Fz 11892 14 DL+LL+WL 6078 12579.5 57.474 -252 0.247 315.482 82.117
Max Mx 24456 11 DL+LL 8336 29.697 -24.041 76.418 504.35 -1038.82 -522.766
Min Mx 24455 11 DL+LL 8334 -186.17 292.205 -76.418 -504.74 -161.694 1292.893
Max My 24786 11 DL+LL 8367 343.162 -91.784 -0.018 499.452 1299.04 141.415
Min My 24784 11 DL+LL 8368 30.148 24.157 -77.305 -503.78 -1043.58 -522.775
Max Mz 24457 11 DL+LL 4023 558.701 -212.65 0 502.713 1297.254 1394.009
Min Mz 7712 11 DL+LL 4023 5435.227 233.288 219.123 -20.312 547.361 -634.993
30
From the Figure 4.1 it is clear that braced frame is efficient out of all
other frames such as rigid frame, braced frame, symmetrical outrigger frame and
unsymmetrical outrigger frame since displacement is minimum.
Fig.4.15 Displacement and rotation of all the frames
4.2.5 Reactions
In the post processing mode, the support reactions are given for each of the
supports that are provided at the nodes, the support reactions and the moments due
to various loads such as dead load, live load and seismic load are given and
presented as the following figures and tables.
31
The Table 4.11 shows rigid frame loads and reactions.
Table 4.11 Reactions and loads

L/C Fx kN Fy kN Fz kN Mx kNm My kNm Mz kNm
1 Loads 697.94 0 0 0 20816.402 -64057.24
Reactions -697.94 0 0 0 -20816.4 64057.241
Difference 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 Loads -697.94 0 0 0 -20816.4 64057.241
Reactions 697.94 0 0 0 20816.402 -64057.24
3 Loads 0 0 1274.581 1.17E+05 -44361.06 0
Reactions 0 0 -1274.58 -1.17E+05 44361.056 0
4 Loads 0 0 -1274.58 -1.17E+05 44361.056 0
Reactions 0 0 1274.581 1.17E+05 -44361.06 0
5 Loads 3594.9 0 0 0 91704.892 -2.25E+05
Reactions -3594.9 0 0 0 -91704.89 2.25E+05
6 Loads -3594.9 0 0 0 -91704.89 2.25E+05
Reactions 3594.9 0 0 0 91704.892 -2.25E+05
7 Loads 0 0 4731.785 2.92E+05 -1.51E+05 0
Reactions 0 0 -4731.79 -2.92E+05 1.51E+05 0
Difference 0 0 0 -0.001 0 0
8 Loads 0 0 -4731.79 -2.92E+05 1.51E+05 0
Reactions 0 0 4731.785 2.92E+05 -1.51E+05 0
Difference 0 0 0 0.001 0 0
10 Loads 0 -7.00E+05 0 1.65E+07 0 -2.24E+07
Reactions 0 7.00E+05 0 -1.65E+07 0 2.24E+07
9 Loads 0 -1.81E+06 0 4.74E+07 0 -5.81E+07
Reactions 0 1.81E+06 0 -4.74E+07 0 5.81E+07
32
The Table 4.12 shows braced frame loads and reactions.

1 Loads 667.9 0 0 0 20302.479 -61161.34
Reactions -668 0 0 0 -20302.48 61161.342
4 Loads -668 0 0 0 -20302.48 61161.342
Reactions 667.9 0 0 0 20302.479 -61161.34
5 Loads 0 0 8015.23 7.34E+05 -2.79E+05 0
Reactions 0 0 -8015.2 -7.34E+05 2.79E+05 0
Difference 0 0 0 -0.002 0 0
6 Loads 0 0 -8015.2 -7.34E+05 2.79E+05 0
Reactions 0 0 8015.23 7.34E+05 -2.79E+05 0
Difference 0 0 0 0.002 0 0
8 Loads -4833 0 0 0 -1.35E+05 3.01E+05
Reactions 4833 0 0 0 1.35E+05 -3.01E+05
9 Loads 0 0 -5663.9 -3.53E+05 1.81E+05 0
Reactions 0 0 5663.94 3.53E+05 -1.81E+05 0
Difference 0 0 0 0.001 0 0
10 Loads 0 0 5663.94 3.53E+05 -1.81E+05 0
Reactions 0 0 -5663.9 -3.53E+05 1.81E+05 0
Difference 0 0 0 -0.001 0 0
7 Loads 4827 0 0 0 1.35E+05 -3.01E+05
Reactions -4827 0 0 0 -1.35E+05 3.01E+05
3 Loads 0 -4.13E+05 0 1.16E+07 0 -1.32E+07
Reactions 0 4.13E+05 0 -1.16E+07 0 1.32E+07
2 Loads 0 -1.81E+06 0 5.08E+07 0 -5.80E+07
Reactions 0 1.81E+06 0 -5.08E+07 0 5.80E+07
33
The Table 4.13 shows Symmetrical outrigger frame loads and reactions.

1 Loads 607.092 0 0 0 18455.598 -55437.537
Reactions -607.092 0 0 0 -18455.598 55437.537
2 Loads -607.092 0 0 0 -18455.598 55437.537
Reactions 607.092 0 0 0 18455.598 -55437.537
3 Loads 0 0 7285.1 6.65E+05 -2.54E+05 0
Reactions 0 0 -7285 -6.65E+05 2.54E+05 0
Difference 0 0 0 -0.001 0 0
4 Loads 0 0 -7285 -6.65E+05 2.54E+05 0
Reactions 0 0 7285.1 6.65E+05 -2.54E+05 0
Difference 0 0 0 0.001 0 0
5 Loads 4055.816 0 0 0 1.14E+05 -2.50E+05
Reactions -4055.82 0 0 0 -1.14E+05 2.50E+05
6 Loads 4055.816 0 0 0 1.14E+05 -2.50E+05
Reactions -4055.82 0 0 0 -1.14E+05 2.50E+05
7 Loads 0 0 5029.1 3.18E+05 -1.61E+05 0
Reactions 0 0 -5029 -3.18E+05 1.61E+05 0
Difference 0 0 0 -0.001 0 0
8 Loads 0 0 5029.1 3.18E+05 -1.61E+05 0
Reactions 0 0 -5029 -3.18E+05 1.61E+05 0
Difference 0 0 0 -0.001 0 0
9 Loads 0 -1.56E+06 0 4.36E+07 -0.004 -4.99E+07
Reactions 0 1.56E+06 0 -4.36E+07 0.004 4.99E+07
Difference 0 0 0 0 0 0.001
10 Loads 0 -3.61E+05 0 1.01E+07 0 -1.15E+07
Reactions 0 3.61E+05 0 -1.01E+07 0 1.15E+07
34
The Table 4.14 shows Unsymmetrical outrigger frame loads and reactions.

1 Loads 628.553 0 0 0 19105.639 -57301.91
Reactions -628.55 0 0 0 -19105.64 57301.914
2 Loads -628.55 0 0 0 -19105.64 57301.914
Reactions 628.553 0 0 0 19105.639 -57301.91
3 Loads 0 0 7542.63 6.88E+05 -2.66E+05 0
Reactions 0 0 -7542.6 -6.88E+05 2.66E+05 0
Difference 0 0 0 -0.001 0 0
4 Loads 0 0 -7542.6 -6.88E+05 2.66E+05 0
Reactions 0 0 7542.63 6.88E+05 -2.66E+05 0
Difference 0 0 0 0.001 0 0
5 Loads 4055.82 0 0 0 1.14E+05 -2.50E+05
Reactions -4055.8 0 0 0 -1.14E+05 2.50E+05
6 Loads 4055.82 0 0 0 1.14E+05 -2.50E+05
Reactions -4055.8 0 0 0 -1.14E+05 2.50E+05
7 Loads 0 0 5110.97 3.20E+05 -1.67E+05 0
Reactions 0 0 -5111 -3.20E+05 1.67E+05 0
Difference 0 0 0 -0.001 0 0
8 Loads 0 0 5136.58 3.21E+05 -1.68E+05 0
Reactions 0 0 -5136.6 -3.21E+05 1.68E+05 0
Difference 0 0 0 -0.001 0 0
9 Loads 0 -1.63E+06 0 4.56E+07 0.005 -5.35E+07
Reactions 0 1.63E+06 0 -4.56E+07 -0.005 5.35E+07
10 Loads 0 -3.87E+05 0 1.08E+07 0 -1.31E+07
Reactions 0 3.87E+05 0 -1.08E+07 0 1.31E+07
35
4.3 DESIGN
4.3.1 Design principles

The aim of the design is to achieve acceptable probabilities that the
structure will not become unfit for the use for which it is intended. A structure or a
part of structure must be safe against collapse and also serviceability. The
acceptable limits for the safety and serviceability requirement before failure occurs
is called limit state method of determining the design load and design strength of
material from their characteristic values. This method is widely used in practice.
The structure is designed under Limit State Method. In this method of
design based on limit state concept, the structure shall be designed to withstand
safety all loads liable to act on it throughout the life. It shall also satisfy the
serviceability requirement, such as limits of deflection and cracking.
The aim of the design is to achieve acceptable probabilities that the
structure will not become unfit for the use for which is intended i.e., it will not reach
a limit state.
All relevant limit state shall be considered in design to ensure an adequate
degree of safety and serviceability. To ensure the above objectives the design in
based on the:
Characteristics strength of materials
 Design load
 Partial safety factor
4.3.2 Design details
Table shown below shows the beam end summary of the beams with
maximum shear force, bending moment, minimum shear force and bending moment.
36
Table 4.15 shows maximum and minimum shear and bending moment of rigid
frame.
Table 4.15 Maximum and minimum, shear and bending moment

Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Moment
Node L/C Fx kN Fy kN Fz kN Mx kNm My kNmMz kNm
Max Fx 1200 11 DL+LL 42.801 21117.52 5.464 12.52 -0.743 -24.79
Min Fx 1198 11 DL+LL -42.999 21120.35 5.586 12.701 0.759 25.222
Max Fy 1206 11 DL+LL -27.356 29737.27 -5.048 -2.431 -0.646 1.435
Min Fy 7737 13 LL+WL -20.27 -2652.91 152.673 3671.28 -17.725 45.137
Max Fz 7740 14 DL+WL+LL -36.639 5792.053 180.524 3806.3 -3.608 52.161
Min Fz 7143 11 DL+LL -4.588 11211.69 -54.68 -24.025 -0.514 4.479
Max Mx 7741 14 DL+WL+LL -36.629 5762.893 180.165 3813.24 -0.577 51.955
Min Mx 7743 3 EQ Z 2.965 134.561 -6.285 -147.09 1.891 -6.524
Max My 7751 12 DL+WL -2.359 3633.42 157.328 3552.91 11.566 -22.047
Min My 7737 14 DL+WL+LL -5.446 4140.185 152.709 3673.9 -17.754 39.438
Max Mz 7738 12 DL+WL -38.338 4598.402 174.006 3741.92 -10.826 53.632
Min Mz 4179 6 WL -X 11.615 -27.875 0.458 0.649 -0.071 -39.389
Table 4.16 shows maximum and minimum shear and bending moment of braced
frame.

Node L/C Fx kN Fy kN Fz kN Mx kNm My kNm Mz kNm
Max Fx 610 8 WL -X 79.335 -299.428 1.464 4.3 -2.486 -126.871
Min Fx 7738 7 WL X -79.59 -312.87 -1.678 -4.035 -2.495 125.771
Max Fy 4172 11 DL+LL -39.102 21989.471 0.057 0.088 -0.039 18.515
Min Fy 3586 6 EQ -Z -8.834 -2551.72 91.446 230.742 -8.473 13.133
Max Fz 1206 6 EQ -Z 7.524 728.567 165.271 262.483 -6.234 -19.961
Min Fz 1206 5 EQ Z -7.524 -728.567 -165.271 -262.483 6.234 19.961
Max Mx 1206 6 EQ -Z 7.524 728.567 165.271 262.483 -6.234 -19.961
Min Mx 1206 5 EQ Z -7.524 -728.567 -165.271 -262.483 6.234 19.961
Max My 611 5 EQ Z -27.082 -1778.633 -90.695 -231.456 10.928 57.24
Min My 611 6 EQ -Z 27.082 1778.633 90.695 231.456 -10.928 -57.24
Max Mz 7738 7 WL X -79.59 -312.87 -1.678 -4.035 -2.495 125.771
Min Mz 610 8 WL -X 79.335 -299.428 1.464 4.3 -2.486 -126.871
37
Table 4.17 shows maximum and minimum shear and bending moment of
symmetrical outrigger frame.

Max Fx 4170 11 DL+LL 40.684 19030.676 0 0 0 -22.114
Min Fx 2985 14 DL+WL+LL -82.614 15780.214 -75.798 -135.915 0.371 123.21
Max Fy 4172 11 DL+LL -32.412 22396.123 0 0 0 7.901
Min Fy 597 13 LL+WL -36.865 -1170.485 -34.36 -94.554 -5.134 280.647
Max Fz 2990 4 EQ -Z 1.351 -90.394 53.009 95.232 -0.266 -3.69
Min Fz 4767 14 DL+WL+LL -65.139 17559.277 -97.563 -148.297 -0.416 112.204
Max Mx 2990 4 EQ -Z 1.351 -90.394 53.009 95.232 -0.266 -3.69
Min Mx 5959 14 DL+WL+LL -62.834 14863.112 -90.579 -152.357 0.055 114.248
Max My 7737 14 DL+WL+LL -35.398 6319.226 -49.198 -100.236 5.415 268.71
Min My 4776 12 DL+WL -37.898 5264.867 -19.925 -90.018 -5.264 288.948
Max Mz 6561 14 DL+WL+LL -50.9 7398.271 -58.497 -106.135 0.975 329.88
Min Mz 4170 11 DL+LL 40.684 19030.676 0 0 0 -22.114
Table 4.18 shows maximum and minimum shear and bending moment of
Unsymmetrical outrigger frame.

Max Fx 4170 11 DL+LL 41.535 19192.098 0.047 0.164 -0.01 -23.924
Min Fx 2985 14 DL+LL+WL -81.483 16131.66 -76.501 -137.942 0.399 120.227
Max Fy 4172 11 DL+LL -31.404 23022.492 -0.395 -0.386 -0.008 6.012
Min Fy 597 13 LL+WL -36.741 -1163.281 -33.639 -92.589 -5.161 278.742
Max Fz 2991 4 EQ -Z 1.494 -149.336 54.778 98.702 -0.271 -4.098
Min Fz 4767 14 DL+LL+WL -63.353 17838.059 -98.417 -149.355 -0.515 107.49
Max Mx 2991 4 EQ -Z 1.494 -149.336 54.778 98.702 -0.271 -4.098
Min Mx 5959 14 DL+LL+WL -61.244 15609.935 -90.859 -154.047 0.086 110.807
Max My 7737 14 DL+LL+WL -35.334 6393.566 -48.444 -98.189 5.405 266.952
Min My 597 14 DL+LL+WL -35.622 4553.663 -18.743 -86.772 -5.232 268.853
Max Mz 1787 13 LL+WL -49.404 -313.681 -56.549 -102.593 -1.023 317.952
Min Mz 4170 11 DL+LL 41.535 19192.098 0.047 0.164 -0.01 -23.924
38
4.3.2.1 Beams
A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load

primarily by resting by bending. Beams are traditionally descriptions of building or
civil engineering structural such as truck or automobile frames, machine frames, and
other mechanical or structural systems contain beam structures that are designed and
analyzed in a similar fashion. Internally, beams experience tensile, compressive and
shear stress as a result of the load applied to them. Typically, under gravity loads, the
original depth of the beam is slightly reduced to enclose a smaller radius arc at the
top of the beam, resulting in compression, while the same original beam length at the
bottom of the beam is slightly stretched to enclose a larger radius arc and so is under
tension. The reinforcement detailing of beams is shown in Figure 4.16.
4.3.2.2 Single floor
A floor is the walking surface of a room or vehicle. Floors vary

from simple dirt in a cave to many-layered surfaces using modern technology. Floors
may be stone, wood, bamboo, metal, or any other material that can support the
expected load. The reinforcement detailing of floor is shown in Figure 4.16.
4.3.2.3 Columns
Column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural

element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to
other structural elements below. In other words, a column is a compression member.
Columns are frequently used to support beams or arches on which the upper parts of
the walls or ceiling rest. In architecture column refers to such a structural element
that also has certain proportional and decorative features. A column might also be a
deco. The reinforcement detailing of column is shown in Figure 4.16
4.3.3 Design of footing
Single under reamed has been used for the foundation. Single under
reamed piles are bored of cast in situ and bored compaction concrete types having
one or more bulbs formed by suitably enlarging the borehole for the pile stem. With
39
the provision of bulb, substantial bearing or anchorage is available. These piles find
application in varying situations in different types of soils where foundations are
required to be taken down to a certain depth in view of considerations like the need
to avoid the undesirable effect of seasonal moisture changes as in expansive soils, to
reach firm strata, to obtain adequate capacity for downward, upward and lateral loads
and moments or to take the foundations below scour level. Under reamed piles are
the most safe and economical foundation in black cotton soil. Under reamed piles are
bored in situ concrete piles having bulb shaped enlargement near base. A pile having
one bulb is called single under reamed pile.
4.3.3.1 Reinforcement
The minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement should be 0.4 % of mild

steel. Clear cover is 50 mm. Circular Stirrups diameter should be 8 mm. Six numbers
of 12 mm diameter bars of length steel shall be provided. Spacing of Stirrup should
not be more than stem diameter or 0.3 m.
4.3.3.2 Design of single under reamed pile
The load bearing capacity of pile with 0.3 stem diameter and 0.75 bulb
diameter with 14 m depth is 900 KN. The maximum load of rigid frame is 697.5
KN. Therefore the foundation is safe.
Spacing (centre to centre distance between two plies = 1.5 x bulb diameter.
Total number of pile for the whole structure (56 x 48 sq.m) = 550 piles
Therefore number of stirrups for one pile = 56 stirrups.
4.3.3.3 Longitudinal reinforcement
Equation 4.1 is used for calculating the Ultimate load capacity.
Pu = [0.4fckAg + (0.67fy- 0.4fck)Asc] (4.1)
Where,
Pu = Ultimate load
fck = Characteristic compressive strength of concrete (M25)
Ag = Gross area of cross section
41
Fy = Yield stress of steel (Fe415)
Asc = Area of steel in compression zone
697.5 × 103 = 0.4 ×25 × (3.14x d2/ 4)+ (0.67× 415- 0.4× 25)Asc
Asc = 2336.05 mm2
Provide 7 bars of 25 mm diameter with a clear cover of 50 mm
4.3.3.4 Lateral reinforcement
Lateral reinforcement in the central portion of pile = 0.2% of gross volume

Using 8 mm diameter ties
Volume of one tie = 50 [4(300-100)]
= 40,000 mm3
If p= pitch of tie
Volume of pile per pitch length = 300 × 300 × p
= 90000p ( mm3)
Therefore, 40,000 = (.02/100)× 90000p
Solving p = 222 mm
Maximum permissible pitch = 300/2= 150 mm
Hence, provide 8 mm diameter ties at 150 mm centres
Lateral reinforcements near pile head
Spiral reinforcement is to be provided inside the main reinforcement for a
length of 3 x 300 = 900 mm
Volume of spiral = 0.6 % of gross volume
Using 8 mm diameter helical ties (As=50 mm2)
Volume of spiral per mm length =0.6×300×300= 540mm3
100
If p = pitch of spiral with d= [300-100-40] = 160 mm
p = circumference of spiral = 3.14×160×50 = 46.51 mm
540 540
Provide 8 mm diameter spiral at a pitch of 46 mm for a length of 900 mm near the
pile head
Volume of ties=0.6 % of gross volume for a length =3D =3×300 = 900 mm
Using 8 mm diameter ties (As= 50 mm2)
42
Volume of each tie = 50[4(300-100)] = 40,000 mm3
If p= pitch of ties
40,000 = 0.6×300×300×p
100
Solving p = 74 mm
Provide 8 mm diameter ties at 74 mm centres for a distance of 900 mm from
the end of the pile both at top and bottom.
4.3.3.5 Reinforcement detailing
Reinforcement detailing of under reamed pile is shown in Figure 4.19 and 4.20.
Fig.4.19 Top view of under reamed pile
Fig.4.20 Under reamed pile detailing
43
The specification of Under reamed pile is shown in Figure 4.21
Fig 4.21 Specification of Under-reamed pile
44
4.4 ESTIMATION
Table 4.19 and Table 4.20 below show the specifications and calculations
of 2bhk flats all the frames
.
Table 4.19 Specification
S.No Description Length ×Breadth Area Unit
2 Wash Area 1.14×1.4 1.596 m2
3 Bedroom Area 1 4.0×3.1 12.4 m2
4 Living Room Area 4.0×5.9 23.6 m2
5 Pooja Room 1.14×1.4 1.596 m2
6 Toilet area 1 1.2×2.1 2.52 m2
7 Toilet Area 2 2.5×1.4 3.5 m2
8 Bedroom Area 2 3.7×3.4 12.58 m2
4.4.1 Calculations
Table 4.20 Calculations

Description Formulae Calculation Value Unit
Bedroom Volume L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3

of brick
Walls 2(L×b×H+B×H× 2(4.0×3.6×0.1+4.3 0.596 m3
volume b) ×3.6×0,1)
Number 2988 -
of bricks
Volume L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3
of brick
Toilet Walls 2(L×b×H+B×H× 2(1.2×3.6×0.1+2.1 2.736 m3
volume b) ×3.6×0.1)
Number 1188 -
of brick
Volume L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3
of brick
Wash Volume 2(L×b×H+B×H× 2(1.14×3.6×0.1+1.4 1.829 m3
Room of walls b) ×3.6×0.1)
Number 914.4 -
of brick
45
Volume L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3

Kitchen of brick
Volume 2(L×b×H+B×H× 2(3.1×3.6×0.1+2.8 4.248 m3
of walls b) ×3.6×0.1)
Number 2124 -
of brick
Volume L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3
of brick
Living Volume L×H×b+B×H×b 4.0×3.6×2×0.1+5.9 5.004 m3
Room of walls ×3.6×0.1
Number 2502 -
of brick
Volume L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3
of brick
Bedroom Volume 2(L×b×H+B×H× 2(3.7×3.6×0.01+3.4 5.112 m3
of walls b) ×3.6×0.01)
Number 2556 -
of brick
Volume L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3
of brick
Toilet Volume L×H×b+B×H×b (2.5×3.6×0.1+1.4× 1.908 m3
of walls 3.6×0.1)
Number 954 -
of brick
Volume L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3
of brick
Pooja Volume L×b×H 1.4×3.6×1 0.504 m3
of walls
Number 252 -
of brick
Therefore total number of bricks in one 2bhk flat = 13479

Total number of 2bhk flats in one floor =4
Total floors in building =30
Total number of 2bhk flats in building =120
So total bricks in all 2bhk flats =1617480
The table 4.21 and 4.22 shows the specifications and calculations of 3bhk flat all the
frames.
46
Table 4.21 specifications of 3bhk
S.No Description Length ×Breadth Area Unit
1 Bedroom area 1 3.3×3.0 9.92 m2
2 Bedroom area 2 3.4×3.6 12.24 m2
3 Bedroom area 3 4.2×3.3 13.86 m2
4 Kitchen area 3.6×2.45 8.82 m2
5 Sit out area 1.7×1.5 2.55 m2
6 Toilet area 1 2.2×1.4 3.08 m2
7 Living area 1 4.0×4.3 17.2 m2
8 Toilet area 2 1.7×2.2 3.74 m2
9 Living area 2 4.0×4.3 17.2 m2
10 Toilet area 3 2.2×1.4 17.2 m2
11 Toile area 4 1.83×1.22 3.74 m2
12 Dinning area 4.0×3.3 13.2 m2
13 Free space 2.1×5.9 13.39 m2
Table 4.22 calculations

Bedroom 1 Volume L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3

of brick
Volume 2(L×b×H+B×H× 2(3.3×3.6×0 4.536 m3
of walls b) .1+3×3.6×0.
1)
Number 2268 -
of brick
Volume L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3
of brick
Bedroom 2 Volume 2(L×b×H+B×H× 2(3.4×3.6×0 5.040 m3
of walls b) .1+3.6×3.6×
0.1)
Number 2250 -
of brick
Volume L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3
of brick
Bedroom 3 Volume 2(L×b×H+B×H× 2(4.2×3.6×0 5.40 m3
of walls b) .1+3.3×3.6×
0.1)
47
Bedroom Number 2700 -

of brick
Volume L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3
of brick
Kitchen Volume 2(L×b×H+B×H× 2(3.6×3.6×0 4.356 m3
of walls b) .1+2.45×3.6
×0.1)
Number 2178 -
of brick
Volume L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3
of brick
Toilet 1 Volume 2(L×b×H) 2(1.22×3.6× 0.8784 m3
of walls 0.1)
Number 440 -
of brick
Sit out Volume L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3
of brick
Volume L×b×H 1.7×3.6×0.1 0.612 m3
of walls
Number 306 -
of brick
Volume L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3
of brick
Dining Volume 2(L×b×H+B×H× 2(4.0×3.6×0 5.256 m3
of walls b) .1+3.3×3.6×
0.1)
Number 2628 -
of brick
Toilet 2 Volume L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3
of brick
Volume L×b×H+2×B×H× 2.2×3.6×1+ 1.8576 m3
of walls b 1.4×3.6×2
Number 929 -
of brick
of brick
Volume L×b×H+B×H×b 2.2×3.6×0.1 1.404 m3
of walls +1.7×3.6×0.
1
Number 702 -
of brick
48
Free space Volume L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3

of brick
Volume L×b×H+B×H×b 2.1×3.6×0.1 2.88 m3
of walls +5.9×3.6×0.
1
Number 1440 -
of brick
Volume L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3
of brick
Living Volume L×b×H 4.0×3.6×0.1 5.40 m3
room of walls
Number 720 -
of brick
Total bricks in one flat of 3bhk flat = 16196

Total number of 3bhkflat in one floor =8
Total floors in building = 30
Total 3bhk flats in building = 240
Therefore total number of bricks in all 3bhk flats = 3887040
The Table 4.23 and 4.24 shows specifications and calculations of all the frames.
Table 4.23 Specification of 2bhk

S.No. Description Length ×Breadth Area Unit
2 Wash Area 1.14×1.4 1.596 m2
3 Bedroom Area 1 4.0×3.1 12.4 m2
4 Living Room Area 4.0×5.9 23.6 m2
5 Pooja Room 1.14×1.4 1.596 m2
6 Toilet area 1 1.2×2.1 2.52 m2
7 Toilet Area 2 2.5×1.4 3.5 m2
8 Bedroom Area 2 3.7×3.4 12.58 m2
49
Bedroom Volume of L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3

brick
Walls 2(L×b×H+B×H× 2(4.0×3.6×0.1+4. 0.596 m3
volume b) 3×3.6×0,1)
Number 2988 -
of bricks
Toilet Volume of L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3
brick
volume of 2(L×b×H+B×H× 2(1.2×3.6×0.1+2. 2.736 m3
Walls b) 1×3.6×0.1)
Number 1188 -
of brick
Volume of L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3
brick
Wash Volume of 2(L×b×H+B×H× 2(1.14×3.6×0.1+1 1.829 m3
Room walls b) .4×3.6×0.1)
Number 914.4 -
of brick
Volume of L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3
brick
Kitchen Volume of 2(L×b×H+B×H× 2(3.1×3.6×0.1+2. 4.248 m3
walls b) 8×3.6×0.1)
Number 2124 -
of brick
Volume of L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3
brick
Living Volume of L×H×b+B×H×b 4.0×3.6×2×0.1+5. 5.004 m3
Room walls 9×3.6×0.1
Number 2502 -
of brick
Volume of L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3
brick
Bedroom Volume of 2(L×b×H+B×H× 2(3.7×3.6×0.01+3 5.112 m3
walls b) .4×3.6×0.01)
Number 2556 -
of brick
`` Volume of L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3
brick
Toilet Volume of L×H×b+B×H×b (2.5×3.6×0.1+1.4 1.908 m3
walls ×3.6×0.1)
Number 954 -
of brick
50
Volume of L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3

brick
Pooja Volume of L×b×H 1.4×3.6×1 0.504 m3
walls
Number 252 -
of brick
Therefore total number of bricks in one 2bhk flat = 13479

Total number of 2bhk flats in one floor =4
Total number of 2bhk flats in building = 120
So total bricks in all 2bhk flats = 1617480
The Table 4.25 shows calculations.

Bedroom 1 Volume L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3

of brick
Volume 2(L×b×H+B×H× 2(3.3×3.6×0.1+3× 4.536 m3
of walls b) 3.6×0.1)
Number 2268 -
of brick
Volume L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3
of brick
Bedroom 2 Volume 2(L×b×H+B×H× 2(3.4×3.6×0.1+3. 5.040 m3
of walls b) 6×3.6×0.1)
Number 2250 -
of brick
Volume L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3
of brick
Bedroom 3 Volume 2(L×b×H+B×H× 2(4.2×3.6×0.1+3. 5.40 m3
of walls b) 3×3.6×0.1)
Number 2700 -
of brick
Volume L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3
of brick
Kitchen Volume `2(L×b×H+B×H× 2(3.6×3.6×0.1+2. 4.356 m3
of walls b) 45×3.6×0.1)
51
Number 2178 -
of brick
Volume L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3
of brick
Toilet 1 Volume 2(L×b×H) 2(1.22×3.6×0.1) 0.8784 m3
of walls
Number 440 -
of brick
Sit out Volume L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3
of brick
Volume L×b×H 1.7×3.6×0.1 0.612 m3
of walls
Number 306 -
of brick
Dining Volume L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3
of brick
Volume 2(L×b×H+B×H× 2(4.0×3.6×0.1+3. 5.256 m3
of walls b) 3×3.6×0.1)
Number 2628 -
of brick

of brick
Volume L×b×H+2×B×H× 2.2×3.6×1+1.4×3. 1.8576 m3
of walls b 6×2
Number 929 -
of brick
Volume L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3
of brick
Toilet 3 Volume L×b×H+B×H×b 2.2×3.6×0.1+1.7× 1.404 m3
of walls 3.6×0.1
Number 702 -
of brick
Volume L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3
of brick
Free space Volume L×b×H+B×H×b 2.1×3.6×0.1+5.9× 2.88 m3
of walls 3.6×0.1
Number 1440 -
of brick
52
Total bricks in one flat of 3bhk flat = 16196
Total number of 3bhk flat in one floor =8
Total 3bhk flats in building = 240
Therefore total number of bricks in all 3bhk flats = 3887040
Total bricks in all flats = 5504520
Cost of 1000 bricks = Rs 3200
Total cost of bricks in flat = Rs17614464
Total floor outside the flat = 25054 m2
Flooring cost outside flat = Rs 40 per sq. ft
1 meter square = 10.764 sq. feet
25054 meter square = 266574.6 sq. ft
Total cost of flooring outside flat = Rs 15586800
Total floor area inside the flats = 36201 m2
Flooring cost inside flat = Rs 60 per sq. ft
1 meter square = 10.764 sq. ft
36201 sq.m = 389667.6 sq. ft
Cost of flooring inside flat = Rs 16180884
Total cost = Rs 49382148
4.4.2 Material cost
The tentative material cost for the frames are discussed below:
One cubic meter concrete (M30) contains 320 kg cement 600 kg sand 1200
kg gravel and 176 liters water
Cost of one cubic meter concrete = Rs 2900
Cost of Fe 415 grade TMT steel bar = Rs 48000/ton
Braced frame
Total bricks required in non braced section = 182880
Cost of bricks according Rs 3200 per 1000 bricks = Rs 585216
Bricks required at braced section = 18000
Cost of bricks at braced section = Rs 57600
Cost of one side of building = Rs 642816
53
Cost of whole outer braced section = Rs 2571264
Total volume of concrete required = 11755.41 m3
Cost of 1 m3 of M30 concrete = Rs 2900
Cost of 11755.41 m3 = Rs 34090689
Total weight of steel bars required = 12274943N
= 1251.695 ton
Cost of 1 ton of Fe 415 grade steel bar = Rs 48000
Cost of 1251.695 ton of steel = Rs 60081360
Total cost of braced frame (Bricks + concrete
+ Flooring + bracing + steel bars) = Rs 143805461
Rigid frame
Total bricks required at one side of wall = 430560
Total cost of bricks at one side of building = Rs 1377792
Total cost of brick at all four side of building = Rs 5511168
Total cost of concrete = Rs 16436040
Total weight of steel bars required = 6527241 N
= 665.593 ton
Cost of one ton of Fe415 grade TMT steel bar = Rs 48000
Total cost of 665.593 ton of steel bars = Rs 31948464
Total cost of rigid frame (bricks + flooring
+ steel bars + concrete) = Rs 103277820
Symmetrical outrigger
Total cost of 6103.67 m3 of concrete = Rs 17700643
= 665.593 ton
Cost of 665.593 ton = Rs 31948464
54
Unsymmetrical outrigger
Total volume of concrete required = 6199 m3
Total cost of 6199 m3 of concrete = Rs 17977100
= 669.567 ton
Cost of 669.567 ton = Rs 32139216
4.4.3 Excavation
The volume of excavation to be done = (56×48×6.3) m3
Rental cost of J.C.B. = Rs 750 per hour
Capacity of J.C.B. 3CX (3 cycle per minute) = 50.40 m3 per hr
Numbers of hours J.C.B. required = =336 hrs
Total cost of excavation = 336×750

= Rs 252000
4.4.4 Foundation estimation
Pile diameter (D) = 0.3 m
Pile radius (R) = 0.15 m
Pile length (H) = 14 m
Numbers of piles = 550
Steel bars diameter (d) =16 mm
=0.016 m
Steel bars radius (r) = 0.008 m
Length of bars (h) =14 m
Number of steel bars in one pile =7m
Volume of one pile =πR2H
= 3.14(0.15)214
55
= 3.9564 m3
Volume of one steel bar = πr2h
= 3.14(0.008)214
= 0.01125 m3
Total volume of seven steel bars(s) = volume of one bar × 7
= 0.01125 × 7
= 0.07875 m3
Volume of concrete in a pile = Volume of one pile – Volume of 7 bars
= (3.9564 - 0.785) m3
= 3.1689 m3
Total volume of concrete in 550 piles = (550×3.1689) m3
= 1742.895 m3
Total volume of steel bars in 550 piles = (0.7875×550) m3
= 433.125 m3
= 152.956 ton
3
Cost of 1m of M30 concrete = Rs 2900
So cost of concrete in foundation = 1742.895×2900
= Rs 5054395.5
Cost of one ton of Fe415 TMT steel bars = Rs 48000
So cost of 152.956 ton of steel bars = Rs 7341888
Total cost of footing = (cost of concrete + Cost of steel bars)
= (5054395.5 +7341888)
= Rs 12396283.5
Total estimation
Braced frame = Rs 156453744.5

Rigid frame = Rs 115926103.5
Symmetrical outrigger = Rs 117190706
Unsymmetrical outrigger = Rs 117657915.5
56
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
The conclusion of the project is.
• The analysis and design of an economical tall structure in a hilly area using
structural frames (braced, rigid, outrigger frames) is accomplished.
• Frames were analysed and designed using STAAD.ProV8i.
• The estimation of a building (excavation, foundation, brick work,) has been
calculated tentatively.
• It is observed that the braced frame is the most efficient frame out of four.
5.1 FUTURE SCOPE
This project will help structural engineers to understand the structural

behavior of different frames that are to be constructed in hilly areas. The
displacement for the applied loads will give a better understanding of efficient frame
structures. Help in taking necessary steps to avoid catastrophic.
57
REFERENCES
1. Sushma pulikanti, Pradeep Kumar Ramachandra. (2013), SSI Analysis of

framed structure supported on pile foundation.
2. C Tzavelis. (1998), Seismic reliability of rigid frame structure.
3. Z Bayati, M Mahdikhani and A. Rahaei. (2008), Optimized use of Multi-
Outriggers to stiffen tall buildings.
4. Rivad k. Quasu. (1983), Large Deflection and Stability of Rigid Frames.
5. Alpa Sheth. (2008), Effect of perimeter frames in seismic performance of tall
concrete building with shear wall core and flat slab system.
6. Pankaj Aggarwal, Manish Shrinkhande. (2006), Earthquake resistant design
of structures, 4th edition, New Delhi, Eastern Economy Edition.
7. IS: 4326 (2008), Earthquake resistant design and construction of building.
8. IS: 456 (2000), Plain and reinforced concrete.
9. IS: 875 (1987), Design loads for building and structures-part 2.
58

P6907 PDF

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

P6907 PDF

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

PROJECT REPORT

ANKIT SINHA 1221010015

Under the guidance of

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Certified that this project report titled ““ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF

DIFFERENT FRAMED STRUCTURE (G+30) USING PILE FOUNDATION

UNDER DYNAMIC LOAD AT SILCHAR” is the bonafide work of ANKIT

SINHA (1221010015), IKJOT SINGH (1221010027), SHOEB KHAN

my supervision. Certified further, that to the best of my knowledge the work

Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD

Mr. A. VIJAY Dr. R. ANNADURAI

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

With the growing population, there is going to be consequent shortage of

The author is grateful and records his sincere thanks to the

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.

TABLE NO TITLE PAGENO

FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE NO

OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT

The objectives of the project are.

 To plan an economical tall structure in a hilly area using structural frames

The basic necessities of such a tall structure are.

The scope of the project is.

The entire project is analytical in nature and the methodology followed in

Plan (Rigid, Braced , Outrigger -

Fig.1.1 Methodology flow chart

1.5 MAJOR DESIGN EXPERIENCE

This project is a “Structural Design Project”. Design experience in the

1.6 REALISTIC DESIGN CONSTRAINTS

Need to take permission from Ministry of Environment and NGOs. It

1.7 REFERENCE TO CODES AND STANDARDS

Table 1.1 Reference to codes books and standards

1.8 APPLICATION OF EARLIER COURSE WORK

Table 1.2 Application of earlier course work

CI0303-Structural design - II RCC structures

CI0206A-Soil mechanics Soil type and nature

CI0301-Structural Analysis-1 Analysis of determinate structures

CI0302-Structural Analysis-2 Analysis of indeterminate structures

CI0304-Tall Building Structures Tall structures frames

1.9 MULTIDISCIPLINARY COMPONENT AND TEAM WORK

 Interaction with government officials.

1.10 SOFTWARE/EQUIPMENT USED

The various software used in the project are:

1.11 FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Experiments with pile caps provide resistance to lateral loads on deep

2.3 SUMMARY OF LITTERATURE REVIEW

As seen above various literatures have been collected with reference to

OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE

The objectives of the project are.

 To plan an economical tall structure in a hilly area using structural frames

The scope of the project is.

The entire project in is analytical in nature and methodology followed in

 Planning of the phases of work to be done dimensions of various parts of the

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The residential building is planned for two basements with a 30 storey.

 Dimension of the building – 64 sq.m

4.1.1 AutoCAD Plan

Structural models of different frames (rigid frame, braced frame,

Rigid frames connect the columns and girders via moment-resistant

Fig.4.3 3D model of rigid frame

Fig.4.4 3D model of braced frame

Fig.4.5 3D model of symmetrical outrigger frame

4.1.3 Load estimation