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Ratnam Tharusan
R.THARUSAN |16034088
THREE STOREYS HOUSES WITH SHOPING AREA
Acknowledgement
This project has taken a considerable amount of time and resources and I would like to
acknowledge the help of all of those who have made the project possible. First and
foremost I would like to thank my supervisor Eng. Mr.Nadun Kongahage
For his time, patience and guidance, and also vast technical knowledge of structural
design specific to reinforced concrete structures played an instrumental role in my
project.
I express my sincere thanks to our module leader of Civil Engineering Design Project,
Mrs. Amashani Kariyawasam, for her daily support and individual guidance which was
vital to my development as BEng. Student.
Ratnam Tharusan.
(16034088)
Northshore College of Business and Technology,
Mattakuliya.
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Abstract
This report outlines the structural design of a Three-story reinforced house with
shopping area in accordance with EN 1992 – EC2. The framing arrangement and
column location of the building was provided based on architectural and structural
requirements. The structure system of the house with shopping area building is a
reinforced concrete frame with a two-way slab and beam floor system. This report
covers the design process in the following order: the calculation of the expected loads
on the structure, the analysis of the slab, the design of slab reinforcement, calculation to
check crack control, the analysis of beam, the design of the L-beam reinforcement for
both flexural and shear, the calculation to check L-beam deflection and design of
isolated footing reinforcement.
The details of the design can be found within the report. The basic design of the house
with shopping area includes 125 mm slab throughout, 200mm x 400mm rectangular
columns and T-beam and L-beam depths of 450mm for the longer span direction and
500mm depth for the shorter span direction. Due to complexity of manual calculations
in beam analysis the design was restricted to a shorter span L-beam.
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Contents
Acknowledgement.............................................................................................................. i
Abstract ............................................................................................................................. ii
1. Introduction of the Project ......................................................................................... 1
2. Design Narrative or Commentary .............................................................................. 2
2.1 Site Analysis ....................................................................................................... 2
2.1.1 Topography and Geomorphology ............................................................... 2
2.1.2 Most significant Engineering Geological Condition................................... 3
2.1.3 Field Investigation ....................................................................................... 3
3. Client Requirements................................................................................................... 5
3.1. Budget and Time Requirements ............................................................................. 6
4. The Technology Chosen and the Site Processes ........................................................ 9
4.1 Feasibility Study ..................................................................................................... 9
4.1.1 Environment Feasibility .............................................................................. 9
4.1.2 Social Feasibility ......................................................................................... 9
4.1.3 Positive impacts .......................................................................................... 9
4.2 Nature of the construction ................................................................................ 10
5. The Engineering Principles Involved and the Design Protocols ............................. 11
5.1 Design Concept ..................................................................................................... 11
5.2 Soil Investigation .............................................................................................. 11
5.3 Structure of the Building .................................................................................. 12
5.4 Design Codes, Manuals and Loadings ............................................................. 12
5.1 Testing of Materials .......................................................................................... 13
5.2 General Requirements ...................................................................................... 14
5.3 Structural Requirements ................................................................................... 14
6. An Appraisal of the Sustainability ........................................................................... 15
6.1 Sustainable constructions ................................................................................. 15
6.1.1 Sustainable site .......................................................................................... 15
6.1.2 Water efficiency ........................................................................................ 16
6.1.3 Materials and resources ............................................................................. 17
7. Health and Safety ..................................................................................................... 18
7.1 Risk assessment ................................................................................................ 19
7.2 Design development based on risk assessment ................................................ 20
7.2.1 Safe design consideration at concept design stage .................................... 20
7.2.2 Safe design consideration at functional design stage ................................ 20
7.2.3 Safe design consideration at detailed design stage ................................... 21
8. Hazards That Would Occur and Control Measures Are Described In the Table
Below. ...................................................................................................................... 22
9. Architectural Layout Plan of the Two Storied Building .......................................... 26
10. Analysis and Design Calculations ........................................................................... 28
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The proposed building is a three story building. This building has shops and store in
ground floor and first and second floor House units. The proposed building is located at
Sinsaba Road, Wellawattat, Colombo 6. Estimated value of the project is 60 Million
rupees and estimated duration of the project is one year. This property is owned by
D.Ramanayakka and this project construct by Peak Engineering (pvt) ltd.
Total length of Building is 19.08 m and width is 9.74 m.
Area of a one floor is 185.75 m2
Total floor area is 743 m2
Land area is 345 m2
And each floor have staircase and lobby area
Ground floor to 1st floor height is 4m.
Other floor to floor height is 3m
Master bedroom
Bedroom
Kitchen
Dinning
Living
Bathroom
Water Tank
Balcony
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The proposed project is located at the entry point to Wellawatta by the side of the Galle
main road. The area consists of many residential apartments. The land is close to St.
Peter’s College.
Proposed
site
Proposed
Land
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Using these profiles the most significant geotechnical conditions have been
identified as:
In general, the near surface profile is 0.60m thick filling of pale reddish brown lateritic
clay followed by loose to medium dense yellowish brown fine sand with trace of clay
down to about 2.50m depth.
The above profile is followed by medium dense very dense series of fine & fine to
medium sand profiles down to 10,00m depth followed by medium dense to very dense
clayey sand down to 15.00m depth.
The profile below 15.00m is around 0.30m thick decomposed organic matter followed
by very stiff sandy clay down to 17.00m depth and followed by very dense clayey sand
profiles of completely weathered rock down to the bedrock level at 24.50m depth
General
This investigation was carried out as per the following standards / codes:
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Sectional profile of the subsurface conditions is shown below. The details of layering
are given in Table 2.0 below.
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The 'loose sand' deposits are underlain by successive deposits of 'medium dense
sand' and 'very dense sand' up to a depth of about 14.5m.
3. Client Requirements
The Clint of the project is D.Ramanayakka.
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House units should be Three bed room, one common bathroom, one attach
bathroom, kitchen, dining, living and balcony.
There should be water tank in the upper floor in the terrace floor.
Common Requirements
As with the difficulties of the current residences, the client wants to handover the
building by August 2018.
Parallel work have to adapt in order to finish the work within one year.
In order to finish the structural work as soon as possible, different form work will be
used.
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Advantages and disadvantages of each alternative apart from financial point of view
Alternative 1 - Two storey building with Ground floor shop and first floor house
Table 3: Advantage and disadvantages of alternative-1
Advantages Disadvantages
As it is a two storied building the Large amount of area need to fulfill the
construction time will be shorter. client requirement required
As it has a pad footing the construction time As adjacent buildings are also two story
for the pad footing compared to the other height there can be ventilation problems
types of foundations will be shorter. as there are difficulty for air to sneak in.
Alternative 2 - Three storey consist with Ground floor shop and upper floor house
building with the roof slab
Table 4: Advantage and disadvantages of alternative-2
Advantages Disadvantages
Cost very less than roof truss Comparatively less ventilation than other
options.
Easy to construction Load higher than others
Less time taken to complete
No need to consider threat from
corrosion
High life time
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Alternative 3 - Three storey consist with Ground floor shop and upper floor house
building with the truss roof
Table 5: Advantage and disadvantages of alternative-3
Advantages Disadvantages
Less weight slab roof Difficult to construction
Less time taken to complete construction time will be higher
need to consider threat from
corrosion
Not available much skill workers to
do the truss work
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Positive impacts
Soil erosion is reduced due to well-structured drainage system used in this project. The
development of the natural environment (gardening and planting of trees) would create
new habitats and food for living species. Mango butter or fruit trees will be set around
the hotel's surrounding floor and to grow the grass surrounding the area. The treated
water from the purification plant was planned for gardening.
Negative impacts
The natural water paths may be polluted.
Noise, dust and construction activities may affect the wild life and their habitats.
The drainage paths may be disturbed.
The vegetation cover will be removed for constructions and that would cause erosion.
Removing / destroy of long life trees will disturb the biophysics and hydrosphere.
Negative impact
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The presence of a different cultural system can create some change in the regular
lifestyle of the villagers.
Car Parks
Building regulations and Industry standards require minimum numbers of vehicular
parking spaces that need to be provided based on shops, house and other guest facilities
available in the premises. Car park was planned to provide 10 Numbers vehicles
including service.
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Special conditions exist for fire isolated spaces which have to be strictly adhered
to.
Lighting and ventilation (Natural & Artificial).
Structure and Façade.
Car Parking.
Site vehicular access and access to parking.
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Imposed loads
Table 7: Imposed Load
EURO CODES
EN 1990 – ECO – Basic of structural design
EN 1991 – EC1 – Action on structures
EN 1992 – EC2 – Design of concrete structure
EN 1994 – EC4 – Design of composite steel and concrete structure
EN 1996- EC6 – Design of masonry structure
Load Combinations
Dead loads and impose loads were combined with factors of safety in accordance with
the stipulations in EC 2. In the analysis of the structure, whichever combination that
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produces the most unfavourable effect in the building, foundation or any structural
member (centre core, columns, beams, slabs etc…) was adopted in the structural design
The structural elements of the building are to be designed using the following design
load values.
Load combinations
Load combination for ultimate limit state is 1.35gk + 1.5qk
Load combination for serviceability limit state is 1.0gk + 1.0qk
.
Durability
Structural elements of the building were selected to build with design durability, which
complies with the requirements of Euro code standard and relevant specifications.
Minimum cover to reinforcements was as per EC2 to suit the environment and fire
resistant.
Fire Resistance
The design of structural elements was based on fire resistance levels to satisfy EC2 and
regulations.
Reinforcement
Random samples of each diameter of reinforcement were tested from consignments of
different suppliers to verify the properties and strength are in accordance with the
relevant EC.
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Orientation
Orientation of building was planned to build with energy efficient. The building was
planned to face natural ventilation and prevent from direct sunlight. The build is decided
to build upper area of the land to make drainage and rain water disposals easily.
Water Table
The depth of the water table is 4.6m below from the existing level hence there no effect
of water table to consider the possibility in the building. .
Foundation type
According to soil investigation pad footing was decided. Which is suitable to this
project with cost effective.
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Structural System
The most appropriate structural system, was used in -situ concrete frame, which is ease
& convenience of building and economics.
Pollution prevention
Water sprinkling on access paths of the site
Washing pits at site entrance to keep site clean and to avoid water wastage.
Site selection
Located on elevated ground
Alternative transport access - During constriction it is important to have
alternative transport access to move materials. There are 2 alternative transport
accesses available to this site there for during public functions or traffic blocks it
is easy to use other alternative ways.
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Occupancy censored lights for occasionally used interior spaces and for gardens
at night
Solar power lights were used to light street and outer area.
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Waste collection
Plastic, glass & organic waste bins with its colour code
Construction waste
Concrete debris used as backfill and sub base of paved roads in the landscape
Broken CSE blocks used for undulations in the landscape
Regional materials
CSEB blocks manufactured with local soil, Sand and cement used for interior
walls reducing materials for plaster
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Thermal comfort
View towards the stream intake cool air from the Eastern end
The creepers at West end perimeter minimize heat absorption into the open space
Thermally insulated concrete roof slab
Health and safety should be addressed as soon as possible in a project to have the
greatest impact on safety. The following figure indicates that the greatest ability to
influence the safety of a project occurs in the start-up stages of a project and the
improvements to safety continue until the startup process followed by use and
maintenance.
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Risk assessment should be done at each stage of design process to eliminate possible
risks
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Finding health and safety risks are affect the feasibility of the project.
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Return of vehicles from the site to the roads can be dangerous to pedestrians. In this
specific project, a system of forward movements is taken into account for vehicles in the
design phase.
The roles are specified that are opened when vehicles usually leave the site. So when the
vehicles are reversed to the road, the rods act as an indicator to inform people that the
truck is about to leave. Warning light is specified to link to the ports where the
information can be effectively passed on to people.
Alternatives
Duplicates are specified for a secure follow-up of the work in case of failure.
Safe access
Permanent roof access is provided via stairs to prevent high-risk operation. And the
stairs are not designed too steeply, which can cause safety problems.
It is the process of concentrating on the ability to change the design to eliminate the
problems that endanger the ongoing safety of the people in terms of construction,
maintenance, use or demolition
Temporary obstacles are replaced by an integrated rail system along the edges.
Access to the building is allowed
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workers. decontamination.
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Working Working under direct sunlight causes Heat stress can be reduced by
at high heat rashes, heat cramps, heat providing shelter, blowing fans,
temperatur exhaustion and even heat stroke. adequate cool drinks to replace
es the water lost as sweat and
sufficient rest breaks.
Trips and Trips and falls are caused by uneven Prevented by clearly labeling pits,
falls surfaces, obstacles, trailing cables, trenches, wet floors or any other
wet or slippery surfaces and changes surface that can cause workers to
in level slip or trip and putting up
perimeter fencing or taping
around them.
Collapse Due to improper designing false A competent engineer with
of form work and form work can collapse adequate training and experience
work and which can severe injury to the in designing false work and form
false work construction workers. work should be appointed.
Excavatio The soil in the walls of the excavated Parking of vehicles should not be
n collapse area can lose its shear strength and allowed near the excavated area
can fall on to the workers working in which can cause soil to collapse.
the excavated pit. Excavation can affect the
neighboring places, so proper
ground testing
should be done before the
excavation.
Hazards Description of hazards Control measures
Fire Fire accidents mostly occur during Possibility of a fire can be
the renovation and refurbishment of reduced by reducing the quantity
a building due to damaged electric of combustive materials used in
cables and lot of dry timbers present the construction site. And make
and also fire accidents can occur in sure that emergency exit routes
the construction stage where are kept unobstructed in case of
adhesives and insulating materials an emergency.
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