FM Radio Design: Aliased ADC, Channel Selection & Demodulation

14: FM Radio Receiver
• FM Radio Block Diagram

• Aliased ADC
• Channel Selection
• Channel Selection (1)
• FM Demodulator
• Differentiation Filter
• Pilot tone extraction +
• Polyphase Pilot tone
• Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2017-10178) FM Radio: 14 – 1 / 12

FM Radio Block Diagram

FM spectrum: 87.5 to 108 MHz
• Aliased ADC
• FM Demodulator
• Summary
[This example is taken from Ch 13 of Harris: Multirate Signal Processing]


• Aliased ADC Each channel: ±100 kHz
• FM Demodulator
• Summary


Baseband signal:
• Channel Selection (3) Mono (L + R): ±15 kHz
• FM Demodulator
• Summary


Baseband signal:
• FM Demodulator
• Pilot tone extraction
+
Stereo (L – R): 38 ± 15 kHz
• Summary


Baseband signal:
• FM Demodulator
• Differentiation Filter Pilot tone: 19 kHz
+
• Summary


Baseband signal:
• FM Demodulator
+
• Summary RDS: 57 ± 2 kHz


Baseband signal:
• FM Demodulator
+
FM Modulation:


Baseband signal:
• FM Demodulator
+
FM Modulation:
Freq deviation: ±75 kHz


Baseband signal:
• FM Demodulator
+
FM Modulation:
Freq deviation: ±75 kHz
L–R signal is multiplied by 38 kHz to shift it to baseband

Aliased ADC

FM band: 87.5 to 108 MHz
• Aliased ADC Normally sample at fs > 2f
• FM Demodulator
• Summary

Aliased ADC

However:
• FM Demodulator
• Summary

Aliased ADC

However:
• Channel Selection (3) fs = 80 MHz aliases band
• FM Demodulator
• Differentiation Filter down to [7.5, 28] MHz.
• Summary

Aliased ADC

However:
• FM Demodulator
• Polyphase Pilot tone –ve frequencies alias
• Summary
to [−28, −7.5] MHz.

Aliased ADC

However:
• FM Demodulator
• Summary
to [−28, −7.5] MHz.
We must suppress other

frequencies that alias to the
range ±[7.5, 28] MHz.

Aliased ADC

However:
• FM Demodulator
• Summary
to [−28, −7.5] MHz.

range ±[7.5, 28] MHz.
Need an analogue bandpass filter to extract the FM band.

Aliased ADC

However:
• FM Demodulator
• Summary
to [−28, −7.5] MHz.

range ±[7.5, 28] MHz.
Need an analogue bandpass filter to extract the FM band. Transition band

mid-points are at fs = 80 MHz and 1.5fs = 120 MHz.

Aliased ADC

However:
• FM Demodulator
• Summary
to [−28, −7.5] MHz.

range ±[7.5, 28] MHz.

You can use an aliased analog-digital converter (ADC) provided that the
target band fits entirely between two consecutive multiples of 21 fs .

Aliased ADC

However:
• FM Demodulator
• Summary
to [−28, −7.5] MHz.

range ±[7.5, 28] MHz.

You can use an aliased analog-digital converter (ADC) provided that the
target band fits entirely between two consecutive multiples of 21 fs .
Lower ADC sample rate ,. Image = undistorted frequency-shifted copy.
Channel Selection

FM band shifted to 7.5 to 28 MHz (from 87.5 to 108 MHz)
• Aliased ADC
• FM Demodulator
• Summary

Channel Selection

• Aliased ADC
• Channel Selection We need to select a single channel 200 kHz wide
• FM Demodulator
• Summary

Channel Selection

• Aliased ADC
We shift selected channel to DC and then downsample to fs = 400 kHz.
• FM Demodulator Assume channel centre frequency is fc = c × 100 kHz
• Summary

Channel Selection

• Aliased ADC
We must apply a filter before downsampling to remove unwanted images
• Summary

Channel Selection

• Aliased ADC
• Summary
The downsampled signal is complex since positive and negative
frequencies contain different information.

Channel Selection

• Aliased ADC
• Summary
We will look at three methods:

1 Freq shift, then polyphase lowpass filter

Channel Selection

• Aliased ADC
• Summary

2 Polyphase bandpass complex filter

Channel Selection

• Aliased ADC
• Summary

2 Polyphase bandpass complex filter
3 Polyphase bandpass real filter

Channel Selection (1)
14: FM Radio Receiver fc

• FM Radio Block Diagram Multiply by e−j2πr 80 MHz to shift
• Aliased ADC
channel at fc to DC.
fc c
• Channel Selection (1) fc = c × 100 k ⇒ 80 M = 800
• FM Demodulator
• Summary


• Aliased ADC
fc c
• FM Demodulator Result of multiplication is complex
(thick lines on diagram)
• Summary


• Aliased ADC
fc c
• Summary Next, lowpass filter to ±100 kHz
∆ω = 2π 200 k
80 M = 0.157


• Aliased ADC
fc c
∆ω = 2π 200 k
80 M = 0.157
60 dB
⇒M = 3.5∆ω = 1091


• Aliased ADC
fc c
∆ω = 2π 200 k
80 M = 0.157
60 dB
⇒M = 3.5∆ω = 1091
Finally, downsample 200 : 1


• Aliased ADC
fc c
∆ω = 2π 200 k
80 M = 0.157
60 dB
⇒M = 3.5∆ω = 1091
Polyphase:
1092

Hp (z) has 200 = 6 taps


• Aliased ADC
fc c
∆ω = 2π 200 k
80 M = 0.157
60 dB
⇒M = 3.5∆ω = 1091
Polyphase:
1092

Complex data × Real Coefficients (needs 2 multiplies per tap)


• Aliased ADC
fc c
∆ω = 2π 200 k
80 M = 0.157
60 dB
⇒M = 3.5∆ω = 1091
Polyphase:
1092

Complex data × Real Coefficients (needs 2 multiplies per tap)
Multiplication Load:
2 × 80 MHz (freq shift) + 12 × 80 MHz (Hp (z)) = 14 × 80 MHz


Channel centre frequency fc = c × 100 kHz where c is an integer.
• Aliased ADC
• FM Demodulator
• Summary


• Aliased ADC Write c = 4k +
cl
where k = 4 and l = cmod 4
• FM Demodulator
• Summary


cl
• FM Demodulator
• Summary


cl
• FM Demodulator
• Summary c
We multiply u[r] by e−j2πr 800 , convolve with h[m] and then downsample:
PM −j2π(200n−m) 800 c
v[n] = m=0 h[m]u[200n − m]e [r = 200n]


cl
• FM Demodulator
• Summary c
PM c
v[n] = m=0 h[m]u[200n − m]e−j2π(200n−m) 800 [r = 200n]
PM mc 4k+l
= m=0 h[m]ej2π 800 u[200n − m]e−j2π200n 800 [c = 4k + 1]


cl
• FM Demodulator
• Summary c
PM c
PM mc 4k+l
PM ln ∆ mc
= m=0 g[c] [m]u[200n − m]e−j2π 4 [g[c] [m] = h[m]ej2π 800 ]


cl
• FM Demodulator
• Summary c
PM c
PM mc 4k+l
PM ln ∆ mc
ln PM −j2π ln
= (−j) g
m=0 [c] [m]u[200n − m] [ e 4 indep of m]


cl
• FM Demodulator
• Summary c
PM c
PM mc 4k+l
PM ln ∆ mc
ln PM −j2π ln
= (−j) g


cl
• FM Demodulator
• Summary c
PM c
PM mc 4k+l
PM ln ∆ mc
ln PM −j2π ln
= (−j) g
Multiplication Load for polyphase implementation:

G[c],p (z) has complex coefficients × real input ⇒ 2 mults per tap


cl
• FM Demodulator
• Summary c
PM c
PM mc 4k+l
PM ln ∆ mc
ln PM −j2π ln
= (−j) g

ln
(−j) ∈ {+1, −j, −1, +j} so no actual multiplies needed


cl
• FM Demodulator
• Summary c
PM c
PM mc 4k+l
PM ln ∆ mc
ln PM −j2π ln
= (−j) g

ln
(−j) ∈ {+1, −j, −1, +j} so no actual multiplies needed
Total: 12 × 80 MHz (for G[c],p (z)) + 0 (for −j ln ) = 12 × 80 MHz


Channel frequency fc = c × 100 kHz where c = 4k + l is an integer
• Aliased ADC
• FM Demodulator
• Summary


• Aliased ADC
• FM Demodulator
• Summary
cm
g[c] [m] = h[m]ej2π 800


• Aliased ADC
• FM Demodulator
• Summary
cm
g[c] [m] = h[m]ej2π 800
j2π c(200s+p)
g[c],p [s] = gc [200s + p]= h[200s + p]e 800 [polyphase]


• Aliased ADC
• FM Demodulator
• Summary
cm
g[c] [m] = h[m]ej2π 800
j2π c(200s+p)
cp
j2π cs j2π 800
= h[200s + p]e 4 e


• Aliased ADC
• FM Demodulator
• Summary
cm
g[c] [m] = h[m]ej2π 800
j2π c(200s+p)
cp
j2π cs j2π cs
= h[200s + p]e 4 ej2π 800
, h[200s + p]e 4 αp


• Aliased ADC
• FM Demodulator
• Summary
cm
g[c] [m] = h[m]ej2π 800
j2π c(200s+p)
cp
j2π cs j2π cs
= h[200s + p]e 4 ej2π 800
, h[200s + p]e 4 αp
j2π (4k+l)s
Define f[c],p [s] = h[200s + p]e 4 = j ls h[200s + p]


• Aliased ADC
• FM Demodulator
• Summary
cm
g[c] [m] = h[m]ej2π 800
j2π c(200s+p)
cp
j2π cs j2π cs
= h[200s + p]e 4 ej2π 800
, h[200s + p]e 4 αp
j2π (4k+l)s
Although f[c],p [s] is complex it requires only one multiplication per
tap because each tap is either purely real or purely imaginary.


• Aliased ADC
• FM Demodulator
• Summary
cm
g[c] [m] = h[m]ej2π 800
j2π c(200s+p)
cp
j2π cs j2π cs
= h[200s + p]e 4 ej2π 800
, h[200s + p]e 4 αp
j2π (4k+l)s
Although f[c],p [s] is complex it requires only one multiplication per
tap because each tap is either purely real or purely imaginary.
Multiplication Load:
cp
6 × 80 MHz (Fp (z)) + 4 × 80 MHz (×ej2π 800 ) = 10 × 80 MHz
FM Demodulator

• Aliased ADC
• FM Demodulator
• Differentiation Filter Complex FM signal centred at DC: v(t) = |v(t)|ejφ(t)
• Summary

FM Demodulator

• Aliased ADC
• FM Demodulator
• Polyphase Pilot tone We know that log v = log |v| + jφ
• Summary

FM Demodulator

• Aliased ADC
• FM Demodulator
• Summary
dφ
The instantaneous frequency of v(t) is dt .

FM Demodulator

• Aliased ADC
• FM Demodulator
• Summary
dφ
dφ dℑ(log v)
We need to calculate x(t) = dt = dt

FM Demodulator

• Aliased ADC
• FM Demodulator
• Summary
dφ
dφ dℑ(log v) 1 dv

We need to calculate x(t) = dt = dt =ℑ v dt

FM Demodulator

• Aliased ADC
• FM Demodulator
• Summary
dφ
dφ dℑ(log v) 1 dv 1
v ∗ dv

We need to calculate x(t) = dt = dt =ℑ v dt = |v|2 ℑ dt

FM Demodulator

• Aliased ADC
• FM Demodulator
• Summary
dφ
v ∗ dv


FM Demodulator

• Aliased ADC
• FM Demodulator
• Summary
dφ
v ∗ dv

We need:
(1) Differentiation filter, D(z)

FM Demodulator

• Aliased ADC
• FM Demodulator
• Summary
dφ
v ∗ dv

We need:
(2) Complex multiply, w[n] × v ∗ [n] (only need ℑ part)

FM Demodulator

• Aliased ADC
• FM Demodulator
• Summary
dφ
v ∗ dv

We need:
(3) Real Divide by |v|2

FM Demodulator

• Aliased ADC
• FM Demodulator
• Summary
dφ
v ∗ dv

We need:
(3) Real Divide by |v|2
x[n] is baseband signal (real):

Differentiation Filter

• Aliased ADC
• FM Demodulator
• Summary


Window design method:
• Aliased ADC (1) calculate d[n] for the ideal filter
• Channel Selection (1) (2) multiply by a window to give finite support
• FM Demodulator
• Summary


d jωt
• FM Demodulator Differentiation: dt e = jωejωt
• Summary


• Channel Selection (2) (
d jωt jω |ω| ≤ ω0
• FM Demodulator Differentiation: dt e = jωejωt ⇒ D(ejω ) =
• Differentiation Filter 0 |ω| > ω0
• Summary


jnω ω0
R ω0 h i
1 jωn j ωejnω e
• Summary
Hence d[n] = 2π −ω0
jωe dω = 2π jn − j 2 n2 [IDTFT]
−ω0
nω0 cos nω0 −sin nω0
= πn2


jnω ω0
R ω0 h i
1 jωn j ωejnω e
• Summary
−ω0
= πn2
1.5 ω0 0
-20
1 |H| (dB)
|H|
-40
0.5 -60 ω0
-80
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
ω (rad/sample) ω (rad/sample)
Using M = 18, Kaiser window, β = 7 and ω0 = 2.2 = 2π×140 kHz

400 kHz :


jnω ω0
R ω0 h i
1 jωn j ωejnω e
• Summary
−ω0
= πn2
1.5 ω0 0
-20
1 |H| (dB)
|H|
-40
0.5 -60 ω0
-80
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

400 kHz :
Near perfect differentiation for ω ≤ 1.6 (≈ 100 kHz for fs = 400 kHz)


jnω ω0
R ω0 h i
1 jωn j ωejnω e
• Summary
−ω0
= πn2
1.5 ω0 0
-20
1 |H| (dB)
|H|
-40
0.5 -60 ω0
-80
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

400 kHz :
Near perfect differentiation for ω ≤ 1.6 (≈ 100 kHz for fs = 400 kHz)
Broad transition region allows shorter filter
Pilot tone extraction +

• Aliased ADC
• FM Demodulator Aim: extract 19 kHz pilot tone, double freq → real 38 kHz tone.
• Summary


• Aliased ADC
• Summary


• Aliased ADC
20 kHz
−j2πn 400
+
(1) shift spectrum down by 20 kHz: multiply by e kHz
• Summary


• Aliased ADC
20 kHz
−j2πn 400
+
• Summary (2) low pass filter to ±1 kHz to extract complex pilot at −1 kHz: H(z)


• Aliased ADC
20 kHz
−j2πn 400
+
jωt 2
= ej2ωt ]

(3) square to double frequency to −2 kHz [ e


• Aliased ADC
20 kHz
−j2πn 400
+
jωt 2
= ej2ωt ]

40 kHz
+j2πn 400
(4) shift spectrum up by 40 kHz: multiply by e kHz


• Aliased ADC
20 kHz
−j2πn 400
+
jωt 2
= ej2ωt ]

40 kHz
+j2πn 400
(5) take real part


• Aliased ADC
20 kHz
−j2πn 400
+
jωt 2
= ej2ωt ]

40 kHz
+j2πn 400
(5) take real part
More efficient to do low pass filtering at a low sample rate:


• Aliased ADC
20 kHz
−j2πn 400
+
jωt 2
= ej2ωt ]

40 kHz
+j2πn 400
(5) take real part
Transition bands:
F (z): 1 → 17 kHz, H(z): 1 → 3 kHz


• Aliased ADC
20 kHz
−j2πn 400
+
jωt 2
= ej2ωt ]

40 kHz
+j2πn 400
(5) take real part
Transition bands:
F (z): 1 → 17 kHz, H(z): 1 → 3 kHz, G(z): 2 → 18 kHz


• Aliased ADC
20 kHz
−j2πn 400
+
jωt 2
= ej2ωt ]

40 kHz
+j2πn 400
(5) take real part
Transition bands:
F (z): 1 → 17 kHz,H(z): 1 → 3 kHz, G(z): 2 → 18 kHz
∆ω = 0.25 ⇒ M = 68, ∆ω = 0.63 ⇒ 27, ∆ω = 0.25 ⇒ 68

Polyphase Pilot tone

• Aliased ADC
• FM Demodulator
• Summary


• Aliased ADC
• FM Demodulator
• Summary


• Aliased ADC
• Channel Selection (3) Anti-alias filter: F (z)
n
th j2π 20
• FM Demodulator Each branch, Fp (z), gets every 20 sample and an identical e
• Summary


• Aliased ADC
n
th j2π 20
• Differentiation Filter p
• Pilot tone extraction + So Fp (z) can filter a real signal and then multiply by fixed ej2π 20
• Summary


• Aliased ADC
n
th j2π 20
• Summary
Anti-image filter: G(z)
n
Each branch, Gp (z), multiplied by identical ej2π 10


• Aliased ADC
n
th j2π 20
• Summary
n
So Gp (z) can filter a real signal


• Aliased ADC
n
th j2π 20
• Summary
n
Multiplies:
F and G each: (4 + 2) × 400 kHz


• Aliased ADC
n
th j2π 20
• Summary
n
Multiplies:
F and G each: (4 + 2) × 400 kHz, H + x2 : (2 × 28 + 4) × 20 kHz


• Aliased ADC
n
th j2π 20
• Summary
n
Multiplies:
Total: 15 × 400 kHz


• Aliased ADC
n
th j2π 20
• Summary
n
Multiplies:
Total: 15 × 400 kHz [Full-rate H(z) needs 273 × 400 kHz]

Summary

• Aliased ADC allows sampling below the Nyquist frequency
• Aliased ADC ◦ Only works because the wanted signal fits entirely within a
• Channel Selection (1) Nyquist band image
• FM Demodulator
• Summary

Summary

• Channel Selection (3) • Polyphase filter can be combined with complex multiplications to
• FM Demodulator
• Differentiation Filter select the desired image
+
◦ subsequent multiplication by −j ln shifts by the desired multiple
• Summary of 41 sample rate
⊲ No actual multiplications required

Summary

• FM Demodulator
+
dφ
• FM demodulation uses a differentiation filter to calculate dt

Summary

• FM Demodulator
+
dφ
• Pilot tone bandpass filter has narrow bandwidth so better done at a

low sample rate
◦ double the frequency of a complex tone by squaring it

Summary

• FM Demodulator
+
dφ
• Pilot tone bandpass filter has narrow bandwidth so better done at a

low sample rate
◦ double the frequency of a complex tone by squaring it
This example is taken from Harris: 13.

FM Radio Design: Aliased ADC, Channel Selection & Demodulation

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14: FM Radio Receiver

• FM Radio Block Diagram

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-10178) FM Radio: 14 – 1 / 12

14: FM Radio Receiver

[This example is taken from Ch 13 of Harris: Multirate Signal Processing]

14: FM Radio Receiver

[This example is taken from Ch 13 of Harris: Multirate Signal Processing]

14: FM Radio Receiver

[This example is taken from Ch 13 of Harris: Multirate Signal Processing]

14: FM Radio Receiver

[This example is taken from Ch 13 of Harris: Multirate Signal Processing]

14: FM Radio Receiver

[This example is taken from Ch 13 of Harris: Multirate Signal Processing]

14: FM Radio Receiver

[This example is taken from Ch 13 of Harris: Multirate Signal Processing]

14: FM Radio Receiver

[This example is taken from Ch 13 of Harris: Multirate Signal Processing]

14: FM Radio Receiver

[This example is taken from Ch 13 of Harris: Multirate Signal Processing]

14: FM Radio Receiver

L–R signal is multiplied by 38 kHz to shift it to baseband

[This example is taken from Ch 13 of Harris: Multirate Signal Processing]

14: FM Radio Receiver

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-10178) FM Radio: 14 – 3 / 12

14: FM Radio Receiver

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-10178) FM Radio: 14 – 3 / 12

14: FM Radio Receiver

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-10178) FM Radio: 14 – 3 / 12

14: FM Radio Receiver

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-10178) FM Radio: 14 – 3 / 12

14: FM Radio Receiver

We must suppress other

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-10178) FM Radio: 14 – 3 / 12

14: FM Radio Receiver

We must suppress other

Need an analogue bandpass filter to extract the FM band.

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-10178) FM Radio: 14 – 3 / 12

14: FM Radio Receiver

We must suppress other

Need an analogue bandpass filter to extract the FM band. Transition band

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-10178) FM Radio: 14 – 3 / 12

14: FM Radio Receiver

We must suppress other

Need an analogue bandpass filter to extract the FM band. Transition band

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-10178) FM Radio: 14 – 3 / 12

14: FM Radio Receiver

We must suppress other

Need an analogue bandpass filter to extract the FM band. Transition band

14: FM Radio Receiver

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-10178) FM Radio: 14 – 4 / 12

14: FM Radio Receiver

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-10178) FM Radio: 14 – 4 / 12

14: FM Radio Receiver

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-10178) FM Radio: 14 – 4 / 12

14: FM Radio Receiver

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-10178) FM Radio: 14 – 4 / 12

14: FM Radio Receiver

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-10178) FM Radio: 14 – 4 / 12

14: FM Radio Receiver

We will look at three methods:

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-10178) FM Radio: 14 – 4 / 12

14: FM Radio Receiver

We will look at three methods: