3-Axially Loaded Compresion Members PDF

Axially Loaded Compression
Members
Chapter E
CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures
Columns in Steel Frame Buildings
Compression members:
•Column
•Bracing system
•Top chord of trusses
Parts of some members:
•The compression flange

•Built –up beam section
•Members that are subjected to
bending and compressive
simultaneously
1
Compression Members
• Tension member Vs compression member
– Similar
• Both designed based upon average stress
– Different
• P-∆ effects:
– Moments due to P-∆ effects tend to straighten tension members and as
a consequence reduce P- ∆ moments
• Moments due to P- ∆ effects increase deflections of compression
members and as a consequence increase P- ∆ moments (Buckling)
• Lost area due to net section is important in tension but generally not
considered in compression design since it has no effect if bolts or
rivets are place in holes.
Buckling
• Buckling:
– loss of compression load carrying capacity resulting from change
in to the geometry of the member
– Is a mode of failure generally resulting from structural instability
due to compressive action on the structural member of element
involved.
• Elastic buckling
• Plastic buckling
– Nature of buckling is not always rely on the stress or deformation failure

• Buckling of long column is not caused by failure of the material of which
the column is composed, but by determination of what was a stable state of
equilibrium to an unstable one.
2
Mode of Failures for Column
• Flexural Buckling (Euler Buckling)
– Primary type of buckling
• Members are subjected to flexure, or bending when they become unstable.
• Local Buckling
• Some parts of column (thin) buckle locally in compression
(measured by width-thickness ratios).
• Flexural Torsion Buckling

• These column fail by twisting (torsion) or by combination of
torsional and flexural buckling.
Longer column (same cross section) Buckling smaller load
3
Slenderness Ratio
• The tendency of a member to buckle is measured by its
slenderness ratio:
L
Slenderness Ratio =
r
– The tendency to buckle also affected by:
• Type of end connection

• Eccentricity of load application (no perfect concentric load)
• Imperfection of column material (perfect uniformity of material)
• Initial crookedness of columns
• Residual stress from manufacture
Various Factor that effects the strength of Column

I. Initial crookedness,
II. End restraint
III. Residual stress
IV. Eccentricity of applied load.
Yield Strength and Length of Column

• Short column
– The yield stress (their failure stresses are close to those yield stresses)
• Intermediate column
– Residual stresses
• Long slender column
– End conditions
4
Residual Stress
• Stresses that remain in a member after it has been
formed into a finished product.
– Uneven cooling of shapes after hot rolling
– Cambering which performed by cold bending during fabrication

• Bending in a member in a direction opposite to the direction of bending that
will cause d by the service loads.
– Welding
• Sometimes higher residual stress than uneven cooling in (built up member)
Residual Stress
• For example , in a W shape the outer tips of the flanges and the middle of the web
cool quickly, while the other areas cool more slowly
• The quicker cooling part of the sections, when solidified, resist further shortening,
while those parts that are still hot tend to shorten further as they cool.
• The areas that cooled more quickly have residual compressive stresses, and the
slower cooling areas have residual tensile stresses. (15ksi)
• As a column load is increased, some parts of the column will quickly reach the yield
stress and go into the plastic range because of residual compression stresses.
5
Considering cooling process:
– A cools & stiffens contracts freely
– B cools & stiffens but cant contract as mush as A because A restrains.
• B in small tension & A in compression
– C cools and stiffens but really cant contract (stiff A & B)
• C in large Tension
• B in some compression
• A in large compression
More Rapid cooling:

AB C B A
Larger Residual stresses B
A
Residual
stresses are
self-equilibrium.
Section Used for Columns

• Practical view point:
– Section availability
– Connection problems
– Type of structure
– Stiff members, slenderness ratio: rods, bars , plates (unless short and light load)
6
Section Used for Columns
• Tube (weld connection) amazing:

– Constant r about its centroid (Round HSS)
– Easier to paint (4 side compare 6 side open W,S, M) and fire proof
– Excellent torsional resistance.
– Attractive surface
– Easier to clean (dirt collecting between the flanges of open structural shape)
– Less weight in many cases
• W shape the most common

– Different r values but better than channel.
• Built-up section
– Heavy loads
The EULER Formula

• In 1757, Leonhard Euler, a Swiss mathematician, realize the significance
of buckling, his formula is the most famous equation in this manner.
• The dots will not fall on a smooth curve: (The same LAB)
•Exactly centering the loads

Test Result Curve
•Lack of perfect uniformity of the materials
•Varying dimensions of the sections
•Residual stresses
•End restraint variations
Short column Intermediate column Long slender column

(the yield stress) Residual stresses End conditions
7
Euler equation
• Euler equation is based upon the perfect column
– Elastic (long and slender)
– Perfectly straight
– No Residual Stress Perfect Column
– Pinned Connection
Mechanism of Buckling
3 step:
1)No lateral load F

2)During Applying F
3)After removing F
P< Pcr P< Pcr P< Pcr

Stable equilibrium:
Gravity tends to store the ball
Elasticity acts as a restoring force
F
P=Pcr P= Pcr P= Pcr

Neutral equilibrium:
Column elasticity is not sufficient
to return the column to its original F
position bit it is sufficient to prevent
excessive deflection
P>Pcr P> Pcr P> Pcr
Unstable equilibrium:
Column elasticity is not sufficient
F
to prevent a small disturbance from
growing into an excessively large
deflection (collapse)
8
Flexural Buckling/The EULER Formula
• Critical (Euler) Buckling load:
– The derivation of the equation should be reviewed by YOU .
• The purpose of the Euler formula is to determine the minimum axial
compressive load for which a column will experience lateral
deflection.
r = √I/A (radius of gyration)
π2 EI
P= I = A r2
L2 Fe = P/A
• Critical (Euler) Buckling Stress

π2 E
Fe = Slenderness ratio of column
(L/r)2
• Example 1 :
• A W10x22 is used as a 15-ft/8-ft long pin-connected column, using the Euler
expression, determine the columns critical (buckling) load. Fy=36
• a) 15-ft W10x22 ( A = 6.49 in2, rx = 4.27 in, ry =1.33 in)
L = (12 in/ft) (15ft)

= 135.34
rmin 1.33 in
π2 E π2 (29x 103 ksi)
Fe = = = 15.63 Ksi < 36 Ksi
(L/r)2 (135.34)2
Elastic or buckling load = (15.63 ksi) (6.49 in2) = 101.4 k

• b) 8-ft
L (12 in/ft) (8ft)
= = 72.18
rmin 1.33 in
π2 E π2 (29x 103 ksi)
Fe = = = 54.99 Ksi >36 Ksi
(L/r)2 (72.18)2
Elastic or buckling load = (54.99 ksi) (6.49 in2) = 356.88 k
Buckling load is independent of strength of the steel
9
End Restraint and Effective Lengths of Columns
• Effective length of column KL
– K is the effective length factor
• Depends on the rotational restraint supplied at the ends of the column
– K is just the modification factor to use Euler equation
– K is a simple solution for complicated frame buckling problems
– K is a distance between points of inflection in the buckled shape
or point of zero moment
Isolated Columns
Smaller K
Smaller danger of
lateral buckling
Greater load carrying
Isolated Columns
Approximate Values of effective Length Factor, K
Table C-A-7.1,p 16.1-511
? ?
For continuous frames, alignment

charts are used for finding K.
10
Effect of Braced and Unraced structural frame on columns strength
– Braced frame:
• A braced frame is one for each sideways or joint translation is prevented by means of bracing,
shear walls, or lateral support from adjoining structure.
– Unbraced frame
• An unbraced frame doesn’t have any of these types of bracing supplied and must depend on the
stiffness of its own members and the rotational rigidity of the joints between the frame members to
prevent lateral buckling.
For braced frames, k is less than 1, but for unbraced frames k value is
always greater than 1.
Local Buckling
• Up to here , overall stability of members were considered. (Buckling of
the whole members)
• Local buckling in compression of thin flanges or webs about their weak

axes (small moment of inertia) can occur.
• The AISC Specification (section B4) provides limiting values for the
width- thickness ratios of the individual parts of compression
members. Base on two categories:
– Unstiffened Elements:
• Is a projecting piece with one free edge parallel to the direction of the
compression force.
– Stiffened Elements:
• Is supported along two edges in that direction
11
Classification of Compression Sections for Local Buckling
• AISC Specification divides member into three classification for
establishing width-thickness ratio.
– Compact section NonSlender compression element
– Noncompact section (compression section)
– Slender compression element
– A nonslender element is one where the width-to-thickness of its

compression elements does not exceed λr from Table B4.1a (16.1-16)
• E3 ( Pn is based only on the limit state of flexural buckling)
– A slender element is one where the width-to-thickness of its compression
elements does exceed λr from Table B4.1a (16.1-16)
• E7 ( Pn is based on the lowest value of flexural buckling, torsional buckling and
flexural-torsional buckling)
– Almost all W and HP shape are nonslender for 50 ksi yield stress.
12
13
Long, Short and Intermediate Columns
• Long columns:
– Usually fails elastically.
– The Euler formula predicts very well the strength of long
columns.
– No matter your Fy is 36 or 50.
• Short columns:
• The failure stress will equal the yield stress and no buckling will
occur. VERY short (as the same load as in tension)
• Intermediate columns
• Some of the fibers will reach the yield stress and some will not.
The members will fail by both yielding and buckling, and their
behavior is said to be inelastic. Most column
– Euler formula should be modified according to the reduced modulus
concept or the tangent modulus concept to account for the presence of
residual stresses.
Column Formulas
• AISC:
– One equation (Euler) for long columns with elastic

buckling.
– Empirical parabolic equation for short and

intermediate columns.
– After Fcr is determined, it is multiplied by the cross

sectional area of the members to obtain Pn.
14
Column Formulas
KL
• a) ≤ 4.71√ E/Fy (or Fy/Fe ≤ 2.25)
r
Fy/Fe
Fcr= [0.658 ] Fy (AISC Equation E3-2 page 16.1-33)
π2 E
KL Fe =
• b) ≥ 4.71√ E/Fy (or Fy/Fe > 2.25) (KL/r)2
r
Fcr= 0.877Fe (AISC Equation E3-3 page16.1-33)
Fcr flexural buckling stress

Inelastic buckling
AISC Equation E3-2
Pn= Fcr Ag
Elastic buckling
Φcpn = ΦcFcrAg AISC Equation E3-3
Φc= 0.9
Transition KL/r between equations
134 for Fy=36 ksi, 113 for Fy=50 ksi
Is it tedious?
• AISC manual provides computed value of Φ cFcr or Φ cPn:
– Table 4-22 - page 4-322 ⇒ ΦcFcr
• 0 < KL/r < 200 & Fy = 35,36,42,46,and 50 Ksi.
– Table 4-1 to 4-11 (use KL) ⇒ ΦcPn

• The strengths were determined with respect to least r of the section.
Max Slenderness ratios
– It used to be 200 but not anymore.

– During fabrication, shipping, and erection extra-special care in
handling such a slender member ( kL/r >200)
– Fcr < 6.3 ksi
15
• Example 2 :
• Find the LRFD design strength. Fy= 50 ksi, L= 15 ft
W 12 x 72: Ag =21.1 in2, d= 12.3 in, bf = 12.00 in,
tf = 0.67 in, tw= 0.43 in, rx= 5.31in, ry= 3.04in, k=1.27 in
Check compactness : Table B4.1a (16.1-16)
Non slender unstiffened flange element?
b/t = (12.00/2)/ 0.67 = 8.96 <0.56 √E/Fy = 0.56 √29000/50 = 13.49
Non slender stiffened web element?
h/tw = (d-2K)/tw =(12.3-2(1.27))/ 0.43 = 22.7 <1.49 √E/Fy = 1.49 √29e3/50 = 35.3
Finding K & KL/r:

K= 0.80 from Table C-A-7.1,p 16.1-511
r min= ry: (KL/ry)>(KL/rx)
KL (0.8) (12X15)
( ) = = 47.37
r y
3.04 in
• 3 different methods:
• Table 4-22 - page 4-323
(KL/r)= 47→ ΦcFcr = 38.3 ksi
(KL/r)= 48→ ΦcFcr = 38.0 ksi
by straight-line interpolation → ΦcFcr = 38.19 ksi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_interpolation)
ΦcPn = ΦcFcrAg = (38.19)(21.1)=805.8 K

• Table 4-1 - page 4-19
KL= (0.8)(15)=12ft → ΦcPn = 806 k
• Elastic Critical buckling stress (AISC Equation E3-2 page 16.1-33)
π2 E (π 2) (29000)
KL
( ) = 47.37 → Fe = = =127.55 ksi
r y
(KL/r)2 (47.37)2
KL
4.71√ E/Fy = 4.71√ 29000/50 = 113.43 > =47.37
r
Fy/Fe 50/127.55
Fcr= [0.658 ] Fy = Fcr= [0.658 ] 50= 42.43 ksi
ΦcPn = ΦcFcrAg = (0.9)(42.3)(21.1)= 805.8 K

16
• Example 3 :
• An HSS 16x16x1/2 with Fy = 46 ksi is used for an 18-ft-long column with
simple end support. Determine ΦcPn
• HSS 16x16x1/2 ( A= 28.3 in2, twall= 0.465 in, rx = ry= 6.31in)
• Check compactness: Table B4.1a case 6 , (16.1-16)
1) b/t = (tube size-2twall)/tw =(16-2(0.465))/ 0.465 = 32.51 <1.49 √E/Fy = 1.49
√29e3/50 = 35.3 : section has no slender elements
2) b/t = 31.4 from Table 1-12. page 1-92
• Calculate KL/r and ΦcPn
KL KL (1) (12X18)in
K= 1: ( ) = ( ) = = 34.23
r x r y
6.31 in
< 4.71√ E/Fy = 4.71√ 29000/46 = 118.26
π2 E (Π2) (29000)
Fe = = = 244.28 ksi
(KL/r)2 (34.23)2
Fy/Fe 46/244.28
Fcr= [0.658 ] Fy = Fcr= [0.658 ]46= 42.51 ksi
ΦcPn = ΦcFcrAg = (0.9)(42.51)(28.3)= 1082K Table 4-4: ΦcPn = 1080K
• Example 4 :
• Find the LRFD design strength. Fy= 50 ksi
W 14 x 90: Ag =26.5 in2, rx= 6.14in, ry= 3.70in
• Effective lengths
KxLx= (0.8)(32)=25.6 ft
KyLy= (1.0)(10)=10 ft
KyLy=10 ft
KyLy= (0.8)(12)=9.6ft
• Computing slenderness ratios
KL (12) (25.6)
( ) = = 50.03
r x
6.14 in
KL (12) (10)
( ) = = 32.43
r y
3.70 in
• Computing design strength

Table 4-22 - page 4-323 → ΦcFcr = 37.49 ksi
ΦcPn = ΦcFcrAg = (37.49)(26.5)=993 K
Bonus Problem1: Repeat the same thing using Table 4-1
17
Design of Axially Loaded
Compression Members
Trial and error Process
The Design Process

1. Determine the factored loads (Pu)
2. Assume design stress.
1. Assume KL/r how?:
a. The KL/r for the average column of 10- to 15-ft length is between 40-60.
b. Certain W-shapes have been sized to be efficient in column application:
a. W10, W12, W14 why?
2. From Table 4-22 find ΦcFcr
3. Estimate required column area
Pu
Aestmated =
ΦcFcr
4. Trial section selected
5. Actual slenderness ratio and design strength are
determined.
6. Design strength is compared with Pu, it must be equal or
greater. CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures
18
Effective Column VS. Effective Beam Shape
y
Beam y Column
d>>bf d=~bf X X
X X
rx>>ry rx/ry =~ 1.6 to 3
y
y
W21x68 (A=20”) W 10x68 (19.9”)
d=21 1/8 ” d=10 3/8”

bf= 8 ¼ “ bf= 10 1/8“
Ix/Iy =23 Ix/Iy =3
rx/ry =4.8 rx/ry =1.71
ry =1.80” ry = 2.59”
KLx,y =12’ KLx,y =12’
Fy= 50 ksi Fy= 50 ksi
ΦcPn = 532 k ΦcPn = 678 k
For column, using W10x68 is more efficient
• Example 5 :
• Using Fy= 50 ksi, select the W14 shape for the service column loads PD= 130 K
and PL = 210 K. The column length is 12.5-ft, one end fix one end pinned.
Determine the factored loads (Pu):
Pu =(1.2)(130k) + (1.6)(210k) = 492 K
Assume design stress:
Table C-A-7.1,p 16.1-511: K=0.8→ KL= (0.8)(12.5ft)= 10-ft
Assume kL/r =50
From Table 4-22 : ΦcFcr=37.5 ksi
Estimate A: Pu 492 k
A =
estmated = = 13.12 in2
ΦcFcr 37.5 ksi
Trial section selected: Try W14 x48 ( A= 14.1 in2 , rx= 5.85in, ry= 1.91in)
Actual slenderness ratio and design strength are determined:
(kL/r)y= (12)(10)/(1.91) =62.83 → From Table 4-22 → ΦcFcr=33.75 ksi
→ΦcPn=(33.75 ksi)(14.1 in2)= 476 k< 492 N.G
Try next larger section W14x53 ( A= 15.6 in2 , ry= 1.92in)
check
(kL/r)y= (12)(10)/(1.92) =62.5 → From Table 4-22 → ΦcFcr=33.85 ksi Width-
→ΦcPn=(33.85 ksi)(15.6 in2)= 528 k> 492 ok Use: W 14x53 thickness
ratio)
19
• Example 6 :
• For Example 5 using Tabel 4: Select the lightest W (Fy= 50 ksi), satisfactory
rectangular or square HSS (Fy= 46 ksi), ), satisfactory round HSS (Fy= 42
ksi), ), satisfactory pipe (Fy= 35 ksi).
• KyLy= 10 ft, Pu = 492 K
• W 8x48 → ΦcPn=497 k > 492K from Table 4-1
• Rectan HSS 12 x 8 x 3/8@47.9 lb/ft → ΦcPn=499 k > 492K from Table 4-3
• Squar HSS 10 x 10 x 3/8@47.9 lb/ft → ΦcPn=513 k > 492K from Table 4-4
• Round HSS 16 x 0.312@52.3 lb/ft → ΦcPn=529k > 492K from Table 4-5
• XS Pipe 12@65.5 lb/ft → ΦcPn=530 k > 492K from Table 4-6
when (KL/r)x > (KL/r)y ?

• For Most Column (KL/r)y is larger one , therefore, the controlling ,
or smaller, design stress is for the y axis, because of this , the AISC
tables provide design strength of columns with respect to their y
axes.
• Some times it is not obvious if weak
axis or strong axes is buckling controls:
• How can we handle the situation

when (KL/r)x > (KL/r)y ??????????
– Trial- and error method
– Use of LRFD Tables
An axially loaded
column is laterally
restrained in its
weak direction
20
USE AISC Table when (KL/r)x > (KL/r)y
• Assume K is the same Lx Ly
• Assume Equal strength about the x and y axes
rx = ry
rx
• For Ly to be equivalent to Lx we would have Lx =Ly
ry
• IF Ly (rx/ry) < Lx Lx Controls
• IF Ly (rx/ry) > Lx Ly Controls
Step by step using Table 4-1 (when the unbraced length are different)
Enter the appropriate Table with KyLy and select a shape (assume weak axis controls)
Take the rx/ry value given in a Table for that shape and multiple by KyLy
If (KyLy)(rx/ry) > KxLx ,then KyLy controls an the shape initially selected is correct.
If (KyLy)(rx/ry) < KxLx , then KxLx , controls and you will reenter the tables with a
larger KyLy = KxLx /(rx/ry) and select the final section.
• Example 7 :
• Select the lightest available W12 section, Fy= 50 ksi, PD= 250 K and PL =
400 K, KxLx =26 ft and KyLy =13 ft
Pu =(1.2)(250k) + (1.6)(400k) = 940 K
• a) by trial and error
Assume KL/r = 50 , Fy= 50 ksi → From Table 4-22 : ΦcFcr=37.5 ksi
Pu 940 k
AReqd = = = 25.07 in2
ΦcFcr 37.5 ksi
Try W12X87 ( A= 25.6 in2 , rx= 5.38in, ry= 3.07in)
(kL/r)x= (12in/ft)(26 ft)/(5.38) =57.99 → From Table 4-22 → ΦcFcr=35.2 ksi
(kL/r)y= (12in/ft)(13 ft)/(3.07) =50.81
ΦcPn=(35.2 ksi)(25.6 in2)= 901 k< 940 N.G → USE W 12x96
21
• b) Using AISC Table, assuming KyLy controls:
Enter Table 4-1 with KyLy =13 ft, Fy= 50 ksi, Pu =940 K ⇒
Try W 12 x 87 (rx/ry= 1.75); ΦcPn= 954
KyLy(rx/ry) = (13)(1.75)= 22.75 < KxLx =26 → KxLx Controls

Equivalent KyLy = KxLx /(rx/ry) =26 /1.75 = 14.86 > KyLy =13 ft
Reenter KyLy = KxLx / (rx/ry) = 14.86 ft and Table 4-1 :
Use W 12 X 96 → ΦcPn= 990 k > 940 k OK
Built-Up Columns
• Two- angle section are the most common type (member of trusses)
• They need to be fastened together so they will act as unit
• The built-up section can connected together (sufficiently) and not
connected together (each of them act as a separate column)
Deform more
22
• Example 8 :
• Select a pair of 12-in standard channels for the column shown in Figure,
using Fy= 50 ksi. For connection purposes, the back-to-back distance of the
channels is to be 12 in. PD= 100 K and PL = 300 K.
Pu =(1.2)(100k) + (1.6)(300k) = 600 K
Assume design stress and A:
Assume kL/r =50
From Table 4-22 : ΦcFcr=37.5 ksi
Pu 600 k
AReqd = = = 16.00 in2
ΦcFcr 37.5 ksi
Try 2C12x30 ( for each Ag =8.81 in2,

Ix= 162 in4, Iy = 5.12 in4, x-bar 0.674 in
Ix= (2)(162 in4 ) = 324 in4
Iy= (2)(5.12 in4 ) + (2)(8.81in2 )(5.326in) 2 = 510in4
rx= √(324 in4 / 17.62 in2)= 4.29 in controls
KL = (1)(20ft)= 20ft
KL (12 in/ft) (20 ft)
r = 4.29 in = 55.49
From Table 4-22 → ΦcFcr=35.82 ksi

→ΦcPn=(35.82 ksi)(2x8.81in2)= 631 k> 600 OK
Checking width-thickness ratios of channels

(d= 12.00, bf=3.17 in, tf= 0.501 in, tw=0.510 in, k= 1 1/8 )
Flanges
b/t = 3.17/0.501 = 6.33 < 0.56√(29000/50) = 13.49 OK (case1,Table B4-1a)
Webs
h/tw=(12.00– (2)(1.125))/0.510 =19.12 < 1.49 √(29000/50) = 35.88 OK (case1,Table B4-1a)
Non-slender member
Use 2C12X30
23
• Example 9 :
Section Containing Slender Elements (HSS)
• Determine the axial compressive design strength ΦcPn of a 24-ft HSS
14x10x1/4 column section. Fixed-pinned, , Fy= 46 ksi
HSS 14x10x1/4 ( A= 10.8 in2, twall= 0.233 in, rx = 5.35in, ry= 4.14in, b/t=39.9,
h/t=57.1) All values from Table 1-11
• Check compactness: Table B4.1a case 6 ,(16.1-16)
b/t & h/t < λr = 1.49 √E/Fy = 1.49 √29e3/46 = 35.15
both the 10-in walls and the 14-in wall are slender elements
• Computing b and h
• AISC recommends in absence of the exact fillet dimensions, the widths and depths
between the web toes of the fillets equal the outside dimensions -3tw.
b=10.00 –(3)(0.233)= 9.30 in
h=14.00 –(3)(0.233)= 13.30 in
• Computing the effective widths and heights of the walls be ( AISC E7-18)
be=1.92 t √E/f [ 1- ((0.38/(b/t)) √E/f ] < b
10” wall: = 1.92(0.233) √29e3/46 [ 1- ((0.38/(39.9)) √29e3/46 ] =8.55 in < 9.30 in
14” wall: = 1.92(0.233) √29e3/46 [ 1- ((0.38/(57.1)) √29e3/46 ] =9.36 in <13.30 in
Length that can not be used:

10” wall: b – be= 9.30 – 8.55 = 0.75 in
14” wall: h – he= 13.30 – 9.36 = 3.94 in
• Computing Ae
Ae= 10.8 -2(0.233)(0.75)-(2)(0.233)(3.94) = 8.61 in2
• Computing Slender Stiffened Elements Qa (Equation E7-16 , page 16.1-43)
Qa= Ae / Ag = 8.61 / 10.68 = 0.7972 (Ae is based on reduced effective width be)
• Calculate KL/r and ΦcPn
KL (0.8) (12X24)in
( ) = = 55.65
r y 4.14 in
< 4.71√ E/QFy = 4.71√ 29000/(0.7972)(46) = 132.45 (Equation E7-16)
π2 E (Π2) (29000)
Fe = = = 92.42 ksi (Equation E3-4)
(KL/r)2 (55.65)2
QFy/Fe 0.79272x46/92.42
Fcr= Q [0.658 ] Fy =0.7972 [0.658 ]46= 31.06 ksi
ΦcPn = ΦcFcrAg = (0.9)(10.8)(31.06)= 301.9K
Bonus Problem2: Repeat the same thing using Table 4-3, why they are larger
24
Review
Mode of Failures for Column Braced and Unraced structural Frame
• Flexural Buckling (Euler Buckling)

• Local Buckling
• Flexural Torsion Buckling
K<1 K>1
Braced Frame Unbraced frame
Critical (Euler) Buckling Stress
Test Result Curve

Local Buckling
– Unstiffened Elements:
Short column Intermediate column • one free edge parallel to the direction of the
Long slender column
(the yield stress) Residual stresses End conditions compression force.
– Stiffened Elements:
• Is supported along two edges in that direction
π2 E π2 E
Fe = Fe =
(L/r)2 (KL/r)2
Compression Sections
Isolated Columns
Compact section
Slender element
Noncompact section
b/t <λ
λr
NonSlender element Table B4.1a (16.1-16)
b/t >λ
λr
Review
Fcr flexural buckling stress
Column Formulas
KL Fy/Fe Pn= Fcr Ag Inelastic buckling

≤ 4.71√ E/Fy Fcr= [0.658 ] Fy
r Fy/Fe
Elastic buckling
Φcpn = ΦcFcrAg Fcr= [0.658 ] Fy Fcr= 0.877Fe
KL 4.71√ E/F Fcr= 0.877Fe
≥ y Φc= 0.9
r
Transition KL/r between equations
Fy=36 ksi ⇒ KL/r = 134
Fy=50 ksi⇒
⇒ KL/r = 113
AISC manual provides computed value of Φ cFcr or Φ cPn:

Table 4-22 - page 4-322 ⇒ Φ cFcr
0 < KL/r < 200 & Fy = 35,36,42,46,and 50 Ksi.
Table 4-1 to 4-11 (use KL) ⇒ Φ cPn

The strengths were determined with respect to least r of the section.
Tension Formulas
• Limit states:
– Yield of Cross section: Φ Pn = Φ Fy Ag Φ = 0.9
– Fracture of net section: Φ Pn = Φ Fu Ae Φ = 0.75
25
Review (Design)
1. Determine Pu
2. Assume design stress.

1. Assume KL/r (column of 10- to 15-ft length is between 40-60)
2. From Table 4-22 find ΦcFcr
Pu
3. Estimate required column area A estimated =
4. Trial section selected ΦcFcr
5. Actual slenderness ratio and design strength are determined.
1. Table 4-1; KL→ ΦcPn
2. Table 4-22 ; (KL/r) max → ΦcFcr → ΦcPn = ΦcFcrAg
3. Equations: Check compactness : previous slide
6. ΦcPn >Pu
Column in Frames
Effective Length Method

(Appendix 7)
26
Column in Steel Frames
– Consider a member that is part of frame or truss that is subject only to axial
compression (no bending): Compression member CHAPTER E
– OR as the columns end may move laterally the columns must be able to resist
both axial loads and bending moments: Beam- Columns (LATER) CHAPTER H
The KEY question for these members is:

what is effective length (KL)?
• What is the use of K in table C-A-7.1 p.16.1-511 (Appendix 7)?

• Good enough for preliminary design
• Sideways is prevented by bracing
– Sideways :
» Occurs where the frames deflect laterally due to the presence of lateral load or
unsymmetrical vertical loads
» Sideways uninhibited = Moment frame
• Interpolating between the idealized values as the designer feels is appropriate.
P only
P only
Braced Frame
P only
Unraced Frame
P&M
P&M
Braced Frame
P&M
Unraced Frame CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures
27
• Sideways uninhibited :
• Moment Frame
• Sideways inhibited :
• Diagonal bracing
• Shear wall
• AISC: K=1
• CONSERVATIVE
Appendix7(7.2.3(a)
Page 16.1-234
• The true effective length of

a column is a property of
the whole structure, of
which the column is a part.
Using Alignment Charts

• Developed by O.G. Julian and L.S. Lawrence (Jackson and Moreland
charts)
• For using the chart there is a need for having preliminary design.
• G factor (AISC Equation (C-A-7-2)):
ECIC Gtop
∑
LC Sum of column stiffness at that joint
Gtop/bot = =
EgIg Sum of girder stiffness at that joint
∑ Gbot
Lg
• Pinned connection at column base:
– For column ends supported by, but not rigidly connected to, a footing
or foundation, G is theoretically infinity but unless designed as a true
friction-free pin, may be taken as 10 for practical designs.
• Rigid connection (Fixed) at column base:
– If the column is rigidly attached to a properly designed footing, G may
be taken as 1. (theoretically 0)
• Only include members that frame rigidly into the joint:
28
Determining of K Factor by Charts in 3 steps
1. Select the appropriate chart (sideway inhibited or sideway uninhibited)
2. Compute G at each end of the column and label the values GA and GB.
3. Draw a straight line on the chart between the GA and GB values, and read K where the line
hits the center K scale.
Assumptions in developing the chart:
The members are elastic, have a constant cross section and are
connected with rigid joints.
All column buckle simultaneously.
For braced frame, the rotations at opposite ends of each beam are equal in
magnitude, and each beam bends in single curvature.
For unbraced frame, the rotations at opposite ends of each beam are equal
in magnitude, but each beam bends in double curvature.
Axial compression forces in the girders are negligible.
29
How the Alignment chart was created
• The column is modeled with rotational spring at each end
– The stiffness of each spring is a function of the rotational stiffness of the
girders rigidly framing into the column end
– No translation restraint is assumed to exist at the column end
• An elastic buckling analysis is conducted on column, and the elastic

buckling loads PE , is computed.
– Using Governing Equation
– Using Equilibrium and Geometry (Deform and undeformed shape)
– Virtual work
• The length of an equivalent pin ended column with the elastic

buckling load is then derived→ Solve for K.
π2 EI
PE =
KL2
• Example 10 :
• Determine the effective length factor for each of the columns of the frame.
Member Shape I L I/L

• K for column AB: AB(column) W8x24 82.7 144 0.574
BC(Column) W8x24 82.7 120 0.689
BE(Beam) W18X50 800 240 3.333
30
10
Member Shape I L I/L

AB(column) W8x24 82.7 144 0.574
BC(Column) W8x24 82.7 120 0.689
BE(Beam) W18X50 800 240 3.333
ECIC
∑
Joint
LC Column K factors from chart
EgIg
∑ L
G
g Column GA GB K
Pinned AB 10.0 0.379 1.76
A column 10
K for column DE?:
0.574+0.689
B 0.379
3.333 CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures
Comment:
• The alignment charts is based on a number of idealized assumption. Most real
frames do not satisfy all of these assumptions
• When any assumption of the alignment chart is violated, the K value will be in error.
• So if the alignment chart gives the wrong K value for most

real frames, why we use them?
– In many case, the error in the alignment charts is on the conservative side.
– For typical columns in buildings (low slenderness), column strength is not very
sensitive to K.
– No other simple tools exist
– When error in the alignment chart are either unconservative, or too conservative, an
improve K value can be determined by simple modification. For Example:
31
Comment:
Sideways Prevented, Sideways Uninhibited,
Condition at Far End of Girder Multiply by: Multiply by:
Pinned 1.5 0.5

Fixed against rotation 2 0.67
No rotation
Sideways Prevented
CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures Sideways Uninhibited
Beam Stiffness Modification

• The driving alignment chart, it was assumed the girders bend in reverse
curvature with equal end rotations: beam bending stiffness: 6EI/L
If the deformed shape of the girder does not

confirm the above assumption, the restraining
stiffness of the girder must be modified when
computing G. This will be accomplished by a ECIC
∑
stiffness modification factor m, as follow:
LC
G=
mEgIg
∑
Lg
For computing GA:
For computing GA:
The far end of the beam is pinned:
The far end of the beam is Fixed no rotation
stiffness = 3EI/L
stiffness = 4EI/L
m= (3EI/L)/(6EI/L) =0.5
m=( 4EI/L)/(6EI/L )=0.67
A A
No rotation
32
• Example 11 :
• Determine K factors for column A.
Columns: W 12x58, L= 14’

Beams : W 16x36, L= 20’ A
• Column: Ix= 475 in4

• Beam : Ix= 448 in4
•
ECIC 475
∑
LC 14
G= = GTop = = 1.01
EgIg 448 448
∑ + (0.5)
Lg 20 20
GBot = 1.0 ( for fixed column)
From chart= Kx = 1.32
Leaner Column
• Column that provide no resistance to sideway buckling (pinned –pinned column in an
unbraced frame)
• Column A offers no resistance to sideways buckling
B A
• Based on alignment chart Gtop= and Gbot=
8
So K = , →ΦcPn = 0
8
• In reality column A may be capable of resisting some

axial load. Column B non-leaner column help to brace column A sideway instability
• Column A in effect, obtains resistance to sideways buckling by leaning on column B.

• Column B in the frame must be capable of supporting its own load and must also help
brace column A
∑ P Concept for
8
K= Bracing effect elastic frame

stability analysis:
from column B ∑P=∑PE
33
• Column B: • Example 12 :
PB PA
GBot = 1
500
12 Kx= 1.65
12 in
GTop = =4 Ix=500 in4 Ix=150 in4
500
1/2
24 B A
π2 EI π2 (29000)(500) 24 in
PE = = = 2535 K
KL2 (1.65x12x12)2
2535 k 0 0k 2535k
• Column A:
→ K= → PE= 0
8
8
GBot = GTop =
B A B A
1000 k 1535 2000 k535k

∑ PE= 2530k + 0 k =2535 k
∑ P= PA+PB
B A B A
For this frame, elastic sideway instability will not occur until the total load PA+PB=2535 K. But the
CEE 451column
distribution of this load between Design of MetalisStructures
A &B irrelevant for sideways instability.
Leaner Column
• Any distribution of the 2535 k between the columns of the frame is acceptable with
respect to elastic sideway instability. However, the load on any individual column
can not exceed the buckling load for that column in a non-sway mode (i.e. as a
column in a braced frame).
• For elastic buckling, the ∑ P concept can be summarized as follows:

– To prevent sway buckling of the entire frame:
∑ P < ∑ PE
– To prevent non-sway buckling of any individual column:

Pi < PEi
Only for elastic buckling but most real columns buckle inelastically, this method can not
used directly.
For practical design purposes the ∑ P concept can be implemented by modifying the K
factors or the load for non-leaner column in the frame to account for the presence of the
leaners.
34
• Example 13 :
• Beams are rigidly connected to the exterior columns, while all other connections are simple.
The columns are braced top and bottom against sideway out of the plane of the frame, so that
Ky = 1.0 in that direction. Sideways is possible in the plane of the frame. Fy= 50 ksi
In plane:
• Design for interior columns:
Assume Kx = Ky = 1.0, KL= (1.0) (15) = 15ft, pu = 660 k.
Use W14x 74; ΦcPn =667 k > Pu = 660 k ( Table 4-1)
• Design for exterior columns:
In plane Pu = 440 + 660= 1100 k, Kx to be determined from alignment chart.
estimating a columns size a little larger than would be required for Pu = 1100 k
Try W 14 x 120: Ag =35.3 in2, Ix = 1380 in4, rx = 6.24 in, ry=3.74in)
1380
15
GTop = = 2.63 , GBot = 10 : Kx= 2.22
2100
1/2
30
KL (2.22) (12X15)
( ) = = 64.04
r x 6.24in
ΦcFcr=33.38ksi →ΦcPn=(33.38 ksi)(35.31in2)= 1178 k > 1100 OK
Out of plane: Ky=1.0, Pu=440 k
KL (1) (12X15)in
( ) = = 48.13
r y 3.74 in
• ΦcFcr=37.96ksi →ΦcPn=(37.96 ksi)(35.31in2)= 1340 k > 440 OK

• USE W 14 x 120 CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures
35
Stiffness Reduction Factors
• The alignment charts were developed according to column behavior
is purely elastic.
• A large percentage of columns will appear in the inelastic range
– The K values are too conservative.
ECIC
∑
Elatic Column:G = =
∑
Lg
ETIC
∑
Inelastic column:G = =
∑
Lg
ET= Reduced or tangent modulus
• So we have smaller G,
result smaller K factor
• For inelastic column the

G value is multiplied by a
correction factor, τb
• Section C2-3 Using table

4-21, page 4-321
• G(inelastic)= τb
G(elastic)
36
Extra HW Assignment
• All of you are going and watch:
Weakened HW
37

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Axially Loaded Compression

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

Columns in Steel Frame Buildings

Parts of some members:

•The compression flange

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

– Nature of buckling is not always rely on the stress or deformation failure

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

• Flexural Torsion Buckling

Longer column (same cross section) Buckling smaller load

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

– The tendency to buckle also affected by:

• Type of end connection

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

Various Factor that effects the strength of Column

Yield Strength and Length of Column

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

– Uneven cooling of shapes after hot rolling

– Cambering which performed by cold bending during fabrication

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

More Rapid cooling:

Section Used for Columns

• Tube (weld connection) amazing:

• W shape the most common

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

The EULER Formula

•Exactly centering the loads

Short column Intermediate column Long slender column

1)No lateral load F

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

P< Pcr P< Pcr P< Pcr

P=Pcr P= Pcr P= Pcr

P>Pcr P> Pcr P> Pcr

• Critical (Euler) Buckling Stress

L = (12 in/ft) (15ft)

Elastic or buckling load = (15.63 ksi) (6.49 in2) = 101.4 k

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

For continuous frames, alignment

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

• Local buckling in compression of thin flanges or webs about their weak

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

– A nonslender element is one where the width-to-thickness of its

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

– One equation (Euler) for long columns with elastic

– Empirical parabolic equation for short and

– After Fcr is determined, it is multiplied by the cross

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

Fcr flexural buckling stress

– Table 4-1 to 4-11 (use KL) ⇒ ΦcPn

Max Slenderness ratios

– It used to be 200 but not anymore.

CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures

Finding K & KL/r:

r min= ry: (KL/ry)>(KL/rx)

ΦcPn = ΦcFcrAg = (38.19)(21.1)=805.8 K

ΦcPn = ΦcFcrAg = (0.9)(42.3)(21.1)= 805.8 K

• Computing design strength

Trial and error Process