Chapter 21 EQ’s

1. The four forms of government are dictatorship, oligarchy, direct democracy, and
representative democracy.
2. The significance of the conflicts was that all of these wars involved conflicts that expanded
and involved other parts of Europe also. Another significant thing is that these wars were all
expensive to the point that traditional taxes couldn’t pay the debts that resulted from these
wars. Along with the increase of trade, this need for revenue led to the early stages of the
Industrial Revolution and a more critical public.
3. The major powers of Europe were frequently in conflict during the 1700s because of a
struggle for political power in Europe.
4. John Locke better serves as a representative for the ideas of the Enlightenment because he
defied traditional thought about what purpose the government serves and even wrote about
it in his Two Treatises of Government. Benjamin Franklin had greater contributions towards
science. However, John Locke encompasses the more important ideas of basic human
rights.
5. The enlightenment changed the world since it was a bunch of people that applied
techniques used in the Scientific Revolution to the study of human society such as politics
and government. This meant that people could start challenging what they didn’t agree with
in their society.
6. The Seven Years War weakened France since it led to them having a large debt along with
losing a lot of land. It led to the American Revolution since Britain needed revenue for their
debt and turned to the colonies for taxing. The taxing angered the colonists and led to
revolution.
7. The American Revolution was not an unlawful rebellion. According to the British Bill of
Rights, cruel punishments weren’t allowed. However the Intolerable Acts, especially bringing
the Massachusetts government under their own control, was a cruel punishment. The Bill
also states that taxes cannot be passed without full approval of the Parliament. However,
the colonists didn’t have a say in the Parliament, making the matter unfair. The Parliament
stripped the colonists of their basic rights so they should’ve rebelled.
8. The US Constitution could be considered the most significant since it had all the
Enlightenment ideas yet was short and precise. It is still in effect. Also, the constitution
affected the constitutions of other nations also.
9. The Declaration of Independence boosted the revolutionary efforts of America and tried to
protect and establish political rights to the citizens of America. The Declaration of rights of
Man also boosted the French effort in the revolution along with talking about protecting the
basic rights of man.
10. His perspective on the American Revolution would be that it was lawful since the
government didn’t consider the consent of the colonists. He would say that Russia under
Peter the Great is a good role model since Peter ruled on the consent of his people.
11. The Reformation had a greater impact because it challenged the biggest religious power in
Europe. It was successful in challenging the beliefs of the church and inspired other people
to challenge traditional thought also. It also led to the Counter Reformation which formed the
Jesuits who played an important role in spreading Christianity.
12. Robespierre killed his enemies in National Convention and reformed the government. He
placed power in his seat at the head of the Committee. He executed and imprisoned a
bunch of people and changed things such as rules of the clergy and the calendar.
13. Napoleon can be considered a tyrant since he took away many of the individual rights and
was extremely repressive towards free speech and free expression ideas. Louis was a tyrant
because he didn’t cared about his people but cared rather about how he controlled power.
14. The Enlightenment allowed for people to question how the human society worked and to
challenge traditional thought towards society and government. It led to some monarchs to
adopting new ideas to keep their people happy. It also served as a basis of ideas for
revolution.
15. The Haitians rebelled since they didn’t want slavery anymore due to the harsh living
conditions and high mortality rates. They didn’t want to be part of a system that oppressed
them. These reasons were similar to those of the American and French Revolutions in that
they wanted to win their freedom. However, America and the French didn’t live in as nearly
harsh conditions as the Haitians did.
16. The unique thing about it was that it was the only successful slave rebellion. Touissant le
Overture created a military force to fight opposing forces.
17. The Jacobin approach was to take away the right of speech and liberty so that the war could
be won. Their rationale was that if this didn’t happen, then the war would be lost. The
Girondin wanted to preserve those same ideals since they were the ideals of the French
Revolution. The Girondin approach would most likely bring order since it wouldn’t throw the
people back into chaos fighting for the rights that they already thought they had won.
18. The greatest number of people executed were the working class and peasants. This would
make sense since these two classes are the lowest classes so the loss of liberty and
freedom of speech to argue against things would lead to them rebelling against the
government.
19. Napoleon can be considered an effective leader since he was able to quickly seize power
and keep it by organizing a dictatorship. He was able to win supports of the peasants and
middle class and established equality and and protection of property. Washington was an
effective leader because he was able to lead a bunch of volunteer soldiers into combat and
won several decisive battles. He was also unanimously elected as president and set down
rules for later presidents. He refused absolute power and allowed the representatives to
share the power.
20. The purpose of the Congress of Vienna was to reestablish order in Europe.
21. The impact of the Revolutions of 1848 was that men were given voting rights, slavery was
destroyed, the death penalty was ended, and a 10 hour workday was created.
22. Joseph Brant was similar to the Jacobins in that they both
23. Metternich’s perspective on the French and American Revolutions was probably that of
contempt since the revolutions had threatened the stability of the politics in Europe.

Estates General: French national legislature

First Estate: clergy
Second Estate: nobles
Third Estate: commoners
National Assembly: what the Third Estate turned into
Reign of Terror: Robespierre’s reign of repression (lots of imprisonment and executions)
Oath of the Tennis Court: a pledge by Third Estate to write a constitution after being locked out