Cost Optimisation of Water Tanks Designed According To The Aci and Euro Codes

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COST OPTIMISATION OF WATER TANKS DESIGNED ACCORDING TO THE ACI AND

EURO CODES
Conference Paper · October 2011

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2102.8329
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COST OPTIMISATION OF WATER TANKS DESIGNED
ACCORDING TO THE ACI AND EURO CODES
Salam J.Hiloa, W.H.Wan Badaruzzamana,
a
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor,
Malaysia
ABSTRACT
Optimisation is a method to find the best possible solution among many potential solutions
satisfying the chosen criteria. With high-speed computers, finite element methods, and
efficient optimisation algorithms, structural optimisation techniques have expanded for the
design of advanced and complex structures. The optimum design of water tank structure
involves designing the minimum amount of concrete and reduced weight of steel section,
steel plates and reinforcement steel bars to yield the optimum and economic members’
dimensions. This study involves a water tank model of 9 m long, 6 m wide and 24 m high
with a capacity of 28530.6 gallon. The model was designed for twelve different cases, all
designed with the aid of Staad Pro.2007 computer program based on the American code
(ACI) and Euro code (EU2 and EU3). The software employs finite elements method for the
analysis. The optimum case for the water tank design was case 7 which are designed using
Euro 2 code, The model in this case was a full concrete structure. Comparison between the
ACI and Euro codes found that the Euro code is more optimum in design than ACI code by
6 %, therefore it is suggested that Euro code is used in the design of concrete water tank
structure.
1. INTRODUCTION
Structural engineers increasingly seek optimal design to satisfy all performance

requirements as well as to minimise the cost of construction. With high-speed computers,
finite element methods, and efficient optimisation algorithms, structural optimisation
techniques have expanded for the design of advanced and complex structures. However,
most of these designs approaches used the local direct search optimisation technique.
In general, it is difficult to obtain a set of optimum values using standard local type
search procedures because of multiple optima and non-smooth objective functions in the
design variable space. This difficulty has led to research efforts geared towards new and
innovative techniques using evolutionary-based approaches. The material of a structure is a
major component of the total cost, the minimisation of the cost should be the final objective
for optimum use of available resource. To the best of the other’s knowledge, no research
work has been reported on the optimisation of the overall cost of a three-dimensional water
tank structure subjected to the constraints of the commonly used design Arora (1989). The
true benefit of optimisation is realised for large structures. However, optimisation of large
structures especially by using the computers software its make the design and analysis for
any structure is easy, so by taking the materials from the software for the large structure
and multiple with the cost, the cost for that large structure can be found. Traditional
optimisation systems have concentrated on numerical aspects of a design process and have
not been successful in integrating the numerical parts with human expertise Wetter and
Polak (2000).
The main purpose of this study is to conduct a comparison of related parameters for
six cases between ACI318 & Euro2 and 3 codes in order to obtain the most economic
structural design using Staad Pro. 2007 software for design and analysis. The outcome will
be used to create the main structural design of the tanks’ slabs, beams and columns. The
methodology of this study will briefly discuss three major steps of the design steps as
shown in Figure 3.1, namely Calculations: which is the basic first step for any design that
includes all the necessary calculation to generate the structural model; Design: which is a
natural outcome that follows the calculations steps - the design detail will include a
detailed design for the water tank material, properties, load (dead, live) and finally; the
Output will be generated by the software simulator Staad Pro. 2007, to be used later to find
the optimal case between twelve cases from financial point of view.
2. Models
The model of this study that will be designed is a water tank with base length of 9 m, width
of 6 m, and a height of 24 m, the tank capacity is 28530.6 gallon with the water tank
volume of 108 m3 and area of 54 m2 . Figures 1 through 4 show the top view, side view,
beams and columns shape, water tank and 3D view with all dimensions). Also table 1
shows the number of cases, the materials adopted, beam and column dimensions type and
slab thickness and the codes used.
Slab
3m
Beam
Columns
3m
3m
3m 3m
Figure 1 The plan of water tank

2m
3m
3m
3m
3m
3m
3m
3m
3m
3m 3m 3m 3m 3m
a) Front elevation b) Side elevation

Figure 2 Elevation of water tank
0.5 m 0.5 m
0.3 m 0.5 m
a) Beam section b) Column section

Figure 3 Beam and column sections
Side walls
Bottom plate Beams
a) Water tank model
Top cover
Structural
frame
b) Water tank with the structural frame

Figure 4 3D View for the structure model
Table 1 The Models of Optimisation of Water Tank
Water tank
Codes
Structural Elements Base plate Side wall Top cover
Cases of
(Beam and Column) thickness thickness thickness
design
(mm) (mm) (mm)
Beam 0.5m × 0.3m RC
1 200 RC 200 RC 200 RC ACI
Column 0.5m × 0.5m RC
2 200 RC 20 steel 20 steel ACI
Beam W 6×20 steel
3 20 steel 20 steel 20 steel ACI
Column W 14×53 steel
Beam W 6×20 steel
4 200 RC 20 steel 20 steel ACI
5 20 steel 20 steel 20 steel ACI
Beam W 6×20 steel
6 200 RC 200 RC 200 RC ACI
7 200 RC 200 RC 200 RC Euro
8 200 RC 20 steel 20 steel Euro
Beam W 6×20 steel
9 20 steel 20 steel 20 steel Euro
Beam W 6×20 steel
10 200 RC 20 steel 20 steel Euro
11 20 steel 20 steel 20 steel Euro
Beam W 6×20 steel
12 200 RC 200 RC 200 RC Euro
3. DESIGNS MODELS OF WATER TANK STRUCTURES
Table 1 gives the details of the 12 models chosen by the author to calculate the optimisation
process. Figures 4 illustrate a typical water tank model. These choices have been related
throw trial runs until optimised relate were obtained for each case. However, the trial runs
are not reported in this thesis.
3.1 CASE 1
Case 1 involved a water tank structure using RC beams (0.5 m×0.3 m) and RC column (0.5
m×0.5 m), the base of the tank is 200 mm thickness RC slab, also the side walls are made
of 200 mm RC slab, while the top cover is with 200 mm RC slab too, and this case was
designed according to ACI code. From the above it can be understood this model is
designed as full RC structure. Figure 5 show the model of case 1.
Top cover is 200 mm RC slab
Side wall is 200 mm RC slab
Bottom slab is 200 mm RC
RC beams (0.5m×0.3m)
RC column (0.5m×0.5m)
Figure 5 Model of Case 1

3.2 CASE 2
Case 2 involved a water tank structure using RC beams (0.5 m×0.3 m) and RC column (0.5
m×0.5 m), the base of the tank is 200 mm thickness RC Slab, also the side walls are made
of 20 mm steel plate, while the top cover is with 20 mm steel plate too, and this case was
designed according to ACI code. From the above it can be understood this model is
designed as s composite structure. Figure 6 shows the model of Case 2.
Bottom slab is 20 mm steel plate

3.3 CASE 3
Case 3 involved a water tank structure using beam (W 6×20) steel shape and steel shape of
column (W 14×53), the base of the tank is 20 mm thickness steel plate, also the side walls
are made of 20 mm steel plate, while the top cover is with 20 mm steel plate too, and this
case was designed according to ACI code. From the above it can be understood this model
is designed as a full steel structure. Figure 7 shows the model of Case 3.
Top cover is 20 mm steel plate
Side wall is 20 mm steel plate
Steel shape beams (W 6×20)
Steel shape column (W 14×53)

3.4 CASE 4
column (W 14×53), the base of the tank is 200 mm thickness RC slab, also the side walls
is designed as a composite structure. Figure 8 shows the model of Case 4.
Bottom slab is 200 mm RC slab

3.5 CASE 5
Case 5 involved a water tank structure using RC beams (0.5m×0.3m) and RC column
(0.5m×0.5m), the base of the tank is 20 mm thickness steel plate, also the side walls are
made of 20 mm steel plate, while the top cover is with 20 mm steel plate too, and this case
was designed according to ACI code. From the above it can be understood this model is
designed as a composite structure. Figure 9 shows the model of Case 5.

3.6 CASE 6
are made of 200 mm RC slab, while the top cover is with 200 mm RC slab too, and this
is designed as a composite structure. Figure 10 shows the model of Case 6.

3.7 CASE 7
(0.5m×0.5m), the base of the tank is 200 mm thickness RC slab, also the side walls are
made of 200 mm RC slab, while the top cover is with 200 mm RC slab too, and this case
was designed according to Euro 2 code. From the above it can be understood this model is
designed as full reinforced concrete structure. Figure 11 shows the model of Case 7.
Bottom slab is 200 mm RC

3.8 CASE 8
(0.5m×0.5m), the base of the tank is 200 mm thickness RC Slab, also the side walls are
was designed according to Euro 2, 3 codes. From the above it can be understood this model
is designed as s composite structure. Figure 12 shows the model of Case 8.
RC beams (0.5 m×0.3 m)
RC column (0.5 m×0.5 m)

3.9 CASE 9
column (W 14×53), the base of the tank is 20 mm thickness steel plate, also the side walls
case was designed according to Euro 3 code. From the above it can be understood this
model is designed as a full steel structure. Figure 13 shows the model of Case 9.

3.3.10 CASE 10
case was designed according to Euro 2, 3 codes. From the above it can be understood this
model is designed as a composite structure. Figure 14 shows the model of Case 10.

3.3.11 CASE 11
(0.5m×0.5m), the base of the tank is 20 mm thickness steel plate, also the side walls are
was designed according to Euro 2, 3 codes. From the above it can be understood this model
is designed as a composite structure. Figure 15 show the model of Case 11.

3.12 CASE 12
are made of 200 mm RC slab, while the top cover is with 200 mm RC slab too, and this
case was designed according to Euro 2, 3 code. From the above it can be understood this
model is designed as a composite structure. Figure 3.16 shows the model of Case 12.
Figure 3.16 Model of Case 12

4. MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Every material has different properties that are simply of their own. Similarly, the material
used in the design of the structures in this research also has different properties and
strength. Table 2 lists the material properties applied in the preliminary analysis of the
design of the structural members (beams, columns and slabs). The values of compressive
strength of concrete, yield stress of steel, concrete density and modulus of elasticity
conforms to ACI and Euro codes.
Table 2 Material Properties conform to ACI and Euro codes
Structure Elements Parameters

Compressive strength fcu Beams, Slabs, Columns 28 N/mm2
Density of concrete 24 kN/m3
Modulus of elasticity; E 21.718 kN/mm2
Yield stress fy 460 N/mm2
5. DISCUSSION THE RESULTS FOR THE CASES
The results show that the optimum design of water tank construction is case 7.
The cost of concrete and steel is calculated based on the cost of RM 360 per 1 m 3 of
concrete, RM 10 per 1 kg of steel reinforcement bars, RM 2.8 per 1 kg of steel section and
RM 3.5 per 1 kg of steel plate. By these values, the total costs of materials are calculated
for the twelve cases and choosing the optimum case will be easy. These costs of concrete,
steel bars, steel shape and steel plates are according to the Malaysian costs of materials and
for other countries, the total costs may differ.
ACI Code
350000
303367
300000 282231
250000 237285
200000 190971
169645
150000 124890
Cost (RM)
100000
50000
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Cases
Figure 4.1 First 6 Cases with Cost According to ACI Code
Euro Code
300000
258847
251121
250000
204952
200000 179723
158396
150000
Cost (RM)
113061
100000
50000
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Cases
Figure 4.2 second 6 Cases with Cost According to Euro Code

350000
300000
250000
Cost (RM)
200000
150000 ACI Code

Euro Code
100000
50000
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Cases
Figure 4.3 Comparisons Between the Cases Due to ACI and Euro Codes
350000
300000
250000
Cost (RM)
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Cases
Figure 4.4 Total Cost for all Cases According to ACI and Euro Codes
6. CONCLUSION
In water tank design, it is necessary to choose the correct materials that are required to
design on. Economical design cannot be done by using just the reinforced concrete. This is
because the reinforced concrete structure consists of different materials such as the concrete
and steel bars etc, with different behaviours and price. This study found the cost of steel
section and reinforced steel bars is more expensive than the cost of concrete. However, the
results show that the optimum case was for the full reinforced concrete water tank and the
highest price was in the full steel shape water tank structure.
Cost in any design plays a prominent role in the efficiency of any design process,
and it is certainly and necessary criterion to judge the weaknesses and strengths in the
comparison and evaluation of the optimum of design cost between various codes. The main
factor that affects in the cost of design in both codes is the type of materials in the
structures, (which was previously shown). Steel bars and steel section quantity showed
more effect on the total cost over the concrete and steel plate amount in both of ACI and
Euro codes code.
The construction design and analysis process are usually categorised according to
the material costs. The results showed that Euro code is more economical than ACI code by
6% of the total cost, after conducting a full analysis based on the finite-elements method on
both codes.
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COST OPTIMISATION OF WATER TANKS DESIGNED ACCORDING TO THE ACI AND

Conference Paper · October 2011

Salam J. Hilo Wan Hamidon Wan Badaruzzaman

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Two-way PSSDB ﬂoor system View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded ﬁle.

Salam J.Hiloa, W.H.Wan Badaruzzamana,

Structural engineers increasingly seek optimal design to satisfy all performance

Figure 1 The plan of water tank

a) Front elevation b) Side elevation

a) Beam section b) Column section

Bottom plate Beams

a) Water tank model

b) Water tank with the structural frame

Top cover is 200 mm RC slab

Side wall is 200 mm RC slab

Bottom slab is 200 mm RC

Figure 5 Model of Case 1

Top cover is 200 mm RC slab

Side wall is 200 mm RC slab

Bottom slab is 20 mm steel plate

Figure 6 Model of Case 2

Top cover is 20 mm steel plate

Side wall is 20 mm steel plate

Bottom slab is 20 mm steel plate

Steel shape beams (W 6×20)

Steel shape column (W 14×53)

Figure 7 Model of Case 3

Top cover is 20 mm steel plate

Side wall is 20 mm steel plate

Bottom slab is 200 mm RC slab

Steel shape beams (W 6×20)

Steel shape column (W 14×53)

Figure 8 Model of Case 4

Top cover is 20 mm steel plate

Side wall is 20 mm steel plate

Bottom slab is 20 mm steel plate

Figure 9 Model of Case 5

Top cover is 200 mm RC slab

Side wall is 200 mm RC slab

Bottom slab is 200 mm RC slab

Steel shape beams (W 6×20)

Steel shape column (W 14×53)

Figure 10 Model of Case 6

Top cover is 200 mm RC slab

Side wall is 200 mm RC slab

Bottom slab is 200 mm RC

Figure 11 Model of Case 7

Top cover is 200 mm RC slab

Side wall is 200 mm RC slab

Bottom slab is 20 mm steel plate

RC beams (0.5 m×0.3 m)

RC column (0.5 m×0.5 m)

Figure 12 Model of Case 8

Top cover is 20 mm steel plate

Side wall is 20 mm steel plate

Bottom slab is 20 mm steel plate

Steel shape beams (W 6×20)

Steel shape column (W 14×53)

Figure 13 Model of Case 9

Top cover is 20 mm steel plate