ASSESMENT OF SMARANDACHE CURVES IN THE NULL

CONE Q2
arXiv:1703.07664v1 [math.GM] 7 Mar 2017

MIHRIBAN KULAHCI AND FATMA ALMAZ

Abstract. In this paper, we give Smarandache curves according to the as-

ymptotic orthonormal frame in null cone Q2 . By using cone frame formulas,
we present some characterizations of Smarandache curves and calculate cone
frenet invariants of these curves. Also, we illustrate these curves with an ex-
ample.

1. Introduction
Human being were bewitched by curves and curved shapes long before they took
into account them as mathematical objects. But the greatest effect in the research
of curves was, of course, the discovery of the calculus. Geometry before calculus
includes only the simplest curves.
In classical curve theory, the geometry of a curve in three-dimensions is actually
characterized by Frenet vectors.
Smarandache geometry is a geometry which has at least one Smarandachely
denied axiom [4]. An axiom is said to be Smarandachely denied, if it behaves in at
least two different ways within the same space. Smarandache curve is defined as a
regular curve whose position vector is composed by Frenet frame vectors of another
regular curve. Smarandache curves in various ambient spaces have been classfied
in [1]-[14], [19], [21]-[32].
In this study, we define special Smarandache curves such as xα, xy, αy and xαy
Smarandache curves according to asymptotic orthonormal frame in the null cone
Q2 and we examine the curvature and the asymptotic orthonormal frame’s vectors
of Smarandache curves. We also give an example related to these curves.

2. Preliminaries
Some basics of the curves in the null cone are provided from, [15]-[18].
Let E13 be the 3−dimensional pseudo-Euclidean space with the

g(X, Y ) = hX, Y i = x1 y1 + x2 y2 − x3 y3
e
for all X = (x1 , x2 , x3 ), Y = (y1 , y2 , y3 ) ∈ E13 . E13 is a flat pseudo-Riemannian
manifold of signature (2, 1).

Date: 2017.
2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 53A40; Secondary 53A35.
Key words and phrases. Smarandache curve, asymptotic orthonormal frame, null cone, cone
frame formulas.
This paper is in final form and no version of it will be submitted for publication elsewhere.
1
2 MIHRIBAN KULAHCI AND FATMA ALMAZ

Let M be a submanifold of E13 . If the pseudo-Riemannian metric ge of E13 induces

a pseudo-Riemannian metric g(respectively, a Riemannian metric, a degenerate qua-
dratic form) on M , then M is called a timelike( respectively, spacelike, degenerate)
submanifold of E13 . Let c be a fixed point in E13 . The pseudo-Riemannian lightlike
cone(quadric cone ) is defined by

Q21 (c) = x ∈ E13 : g(x − c, x − c) = 0 ,
where the point c is called the center of Q21 (c). When c = 0, we simply denote
Q21 (0) by Q2 be and call it the null cone.
Let E13 be 3-dimensional Minkowski space and Q2 the lightlike cone in E13 . A
vector V 6= 0 in E13 is called spacelike, timelike or lightlike, if hV, V i > 0, hV,pV i < 0
or hV, V i = 0, respectively. The norm of a vector x ∈ E13 is given by kxk = hx, xi,
[20].
We assume that curve x : I → Q2 ⊂ E13 is a regular curve in Q2 for t ∈ I. In
the following, we always assume that the curve is regular.
A frame field {x, α, y} on E13 is called an asymptotic orthonormal frame field, if
hx, xi = hy, yi = hx, αi = hy, αi = 0, hx, yi = hα, αi = 1.
Using x′ (s) = α(s) we know that {x(s), α(s), y(s)} from an asymptotic or-
thonormal frame along the curve x(s) and the cone frenet formulas of x(s) are
given by

x′ (s) = α(s)
(2.1) α′ (s) = κ(s)x(s) − y(s)
y ′ (s) = −κ(s)α(s)
where the function κ(s) is called cone curvature function of the curve x(s), [17].
Let x : I → Q2 ⊂ E13 be a spacelike curve in Q2 with an arc length parameter
s. Then x = x(s) = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) can be written as

fs−1 2
(2.2) x(s) = (f − 1, 2f, f 2 + 1)
2
for some non constant function f (s) and fs = f ′ , [18].

3. Smarandache Curves in The Null Cone Q2

In this section, we define the Smarandache curves according to the asymptotic
orthonormal frame in Q2 . Also, we obtain the asymptotic orthonormal frame and
cone curvature function of the Smarandache partners lying on Q2 using cone frenet
formulas.
Smarandache curve γ = γ(s∗ (s)) of the curve x is a regular unit speed curve lying
fully on Q2 . Let {x, α, y} and {γ, αγ , yγ } be the moving asymptotic orthonormal
frames of x and γ, respectively.
Definition 1. Let x be unit speed spacelike curve lying on Q2 with the moving as-
ymptotic orthonormal frame {x, α, y} . Then, xα−smarandache curve of x is defined
by
c
(3.1) γxα (s∗ ) = x(s) + α(s),
b
 FIRAT UNIVERSITY 3

where c, b ∈ R+
0.

Theorem 1. Let x be unit speed spacelike curve in Q2 with the moving asymptotic
orthonormal frame {x, α, y} and cone curvature κ(s) and let γxα be xα−smarandache
curve with asymptotic orthonormal frame {γxα , αxα , yxα } . Then the following re-
lations hold:
i) The asymptotic orthonormal frame {γxα , αxα , yxα } of the xα-smarandache
curve γxα is given as
  c  
γxα b 1 0 x
(3.2) αxα  =  ψ b κψ − b ψ  α
c c
yxα ̺1 ̺2 ̺3 y
where
c
(3.3) ψ= √ ,
c2 − 2κb2
b b b2 2
Υ1 = ( κ′ + κ)ψψ ′ + 2 κ (ψ ′ ) ,
c c c
b b
(3.4) Υ2 = ψ(ψ ′ + 2 κψ),
c c
b b
Υ3 = − ψ( ψ ′ + ψ)
c c
and
c
c
̺1 = −(Υ1 + 2Υ1 Υ3 + Υ22 ) = −Υ1 + κγxα (s∗ ),
2b b
1

(3.5) ̺2 = −(Υ2 + 2Υ1 Υ3 + Υ22 ) = −Υ2 + κγxα (s∗ ),
2
̺3 = −Υ3 .
ii) The cone curvature κγxα (s∗ ) of the curve γxα is given by
1

(3.6) κγxα (s∗ ) = − 2Υ1 Υ3 + Υ22 .
2
where Z
1 p 2
s∗ = c − 2b2 κ(s)ds.
b
Proof. i) We assume that the curve x is a unit speed spacelike curve with the
asymptotic orthonormal frame {x, α, y} and cone curvature κ. Differentiating the
equation (3.1) with respect to s and considering (2.1), we have
 
′ b b
(3.7) γxα (s∗ ) = A α(s) + κx(s) − y(s) ,
c c
where
ds∗ 1p 2
(3.8) = c − 2b2 κ(s),
ds b
c
(3.9) ψ=p .
c − 2κ(s)b2
2

′
It can be easily seen that the tangent vector γxα (s∗ ) = αxα (s∗ ) is a unit spacelike
vector.
Differentiating (3.7) , we obtain equation as follows
′′
(3.10) γxα (s∗ ) = Υ1 x(s) + Υ2 α(s) + Υ3 y(s),
4 MIHRIBAN KULAHCI AND FATMA ALMAZ

where
b b b2 2
Υ1 = ( κ′ + κ)ψψ ′ + 2 κ (ψ ′ ) ,
c c c
b b
Υ2 = ψ(ψ ′ + 2 κψ),
c c
b b ′
Υ3 = − ψ( ψ + ψ).
c c

1 ′′
(3.11) yxα (s∗ ) = −γxα
′′
− hγ , γ ′′ i γxα
2 xα xα
By the help of previous equation (3.11), we obtain
(3.12) yxα (s∗ ) = ̺1 x(s) + ̺2 α(s) + ̺3 y(s),



where ̺1 = −(Υ1 + 2bc
2Υ1 Υ3 + Υ22 ), ̺2 = −(Υ2 + 21 2Υ1 Υ3 + Υ22 ), ̺3 = −Υ3 .
ii) The curvature κγxα (s∗ ) of the γxα (s∗ ) is explicity obtained by
1 ′′
κγxα (s∗ ) = − hγxα ′′
, γxα i
2
1

(3.13) = − 2Υ1 Υ3 + Υ22 .
2
Thus, the theorem is proved. 

Definition 2. Let x be unit speed spacelike curve lying on Q2 with the moving as-
ymptotic orthonormal frame {x, α, y} . Then, xy−smarandache curve of x is defined
by
1
(3.14) γxy (s∗ ) = √ (cx(s) + by(s)) ,
2cb
where c, b ∈ R+
0.

Theorem 2. Let x be unit speed spacelike curve in Q2 with the moving asymptotic
orthonormal frame {x, α, y} and cone curvature κ and let γxy be xy−smarandache
curve with asymptotic orthonormal frame {γxy , αxy , yxy } . Then the following re-
lations hold:
i) The asymptotic orthonormal frame {γxy , αxy , yxy } of the xy−smarandache
curve γxy is given as
 p q 
  c b  
γxy  2b 0 2c  x
(3.15) αxy  =  0 0   
 2√ 1 √  α .
yxy bκ 2bc c 2bc
0 (c−bκ)2 y
(c−bκ)2

ii) The cone curvature κγxy (s∗ ) of the curve γxy is given by
2bcκ(s)
(3.16) κγxy (s∗ ) = 2,
(c − bκ(s))
where
Z
∗ 1
(3.17) s =√ (c − bκ(s)) ds.
2cb
 FIRAT UNIVERSITY 5

Proof. i) We assume that the curve x is a unit speed spacelike curve with the
asymptotic orthonormal frame {x, α, y} and cone curvature κ. Differentiating the
equation (3.14) with respect to s and considering (2.1), we have
ds∗ 1
(3.18) ′
γxy (s∗ ) =√ (c − bκ(s)) −
→
α (s).
ds 2cb
By considering (3.17), we get
′
(3.19) γxy (s∗ ) = α(s) = αxy .

Here, it can be easily seen that the tangent vector −

→
α xy is a unit spacelike vector.

′′ ds∗
(3.20) γxy (s∗ ) = κx(s) − y(s).
ds
By substituting (3.17) into (3.20) and making necessary calculations, we obtain
√ √
′′ ∗ κ 2bc − → 2bc − →
(3.21) γxy (s ) = x − 2 y .
(c − bκ) (c − bκ)

′′ ′′ 
By the help of equation yxy (s∗ ) = −γxy′′
− 21 γxy , γxy γxy , we write
√ √
b 2bc.κ2 c 2bc
(3.22) yxy (s∗ ) = x(s) + y(s).
(c − bκ)2 (c − bκ)2
ii) The curvature κγxy (s∗ ) of the γxy (s∗ ) is explicity obtained by

1
′′ ′′  2bcκ(s)
κγxy (s∗ ) = − γ ,γ = .
2 xy xy (c − bκ(s))2


Definition 3. Let x be unit speed spacelike curve lying on Q2 with the moving as-
ymptotic orthonormal frame {x, α, y} . Then, αy−smarandache curve of x is defined
by
b
(3.23) γαy (s∗ ) = α(s) + y(s),
c
where c, b ∈ R+
0.

Theorem 3. Let x be unit speed spacelike curve in Q2 with the moving asymptotic
orthonormal frame {x, α, y} and cone curvature κ and let γαy be αy−smarandache
curve with asymptotic orthonormal frame {γαy , ααy , yαy } . Then the following re-
lations hold:
i) The asymptotic orthonormal frame {γαy , ααy , yαy } of the αy−smarandache
curve γαy is given as
   b
 
γαy 0
√
1
√ c
√ x
(3.24) ααy  =  c κ
 b2 −2c2
√ √ b κ √c κ  
 α ,
b2 −2c2 κ b2 −2c2
yαy ω1 ω2 ω3 y
6 MIHRIBAN KULAHCI AND FATMA ALMAZ

where
 
cκ′ c − 2κb
ζ1 = 2 ,
b − 2c2 2κ
 
cκ′ c−b−1
(3.25) ζ2 = 2 2
,
b − 2c 2κ
 
cκ′ bκ − c
ζ3 = 2 2
b − 2c 2κ2
and
ω1 = −ζ1 ,
1

(3.26) ω2 = −(ζ2 + 2ζ1 ζ3 + ζ22 ),
2
b

ω3 = −(ζ3 + 2ζ1 ζ3 + ζ22 ).
2c
ii) The cone curvature κγαy (s∗ ) of the curve γαy is given by
 
∗ c2 κ′ 2 1 2
(3.27) κγαy (s ) = − ( ) (c − 2κb) (bκ − c) + (c − b − 1) ,
8 (b2 − 2c2 )2 κ κ
where
√ Z p
∗ b2 − 2c2
(3.28) s = κ(s)ds.
c
Proof. i) Let the curve x be a unit speed spacelike curve with the asymptotic
orthonormal frame {x, α, y} and cone curvature κ. Differentiating the equation
(3.23) with respect to s and considering (2.1), we find
′ ds∗ −−→ b −−→ −−→
γαy (s∗ ) = κx(s) − κα(s) − y(s).
ds c
This can be written as following
ds∗ −−→ b −−→ −−→
(3.29) ααy (s∗ ) = κx(s) − κα(s) − y(s),
ds c
where
√
ds∗ b2 − 2c2 p
(3.30) = κ(s).
ds c
By substituting (3.30) into (3.29), we find
√ √ √
∗ c κ − → b κ − → c κ →
−
(3.31) ααy (s ) = √ x −√ α − √ y.
b2 − 2c2 b2 − 2c2 κ b2 − 2c2
Differentiating (3.31) and using (3.30), we get
′′
γαy (s∗ ) = ζ1 x(s) + ζ2 α(s) + ζ3 y(s),
′
′
′

where ζ1 = b2cκ
−2c2
c−2κb
2κ , ζ2 = b2cκ
−2c2
c−b−1
2κ , ζ3 = b2cκ
−2c2
bκ−c
2κ2 .
1
′′ 
(3.32) yαy (s∗ ) = −γαy ′′
− γ , γ ′′ γαy .
2 αy αy
By the help of equation (3.32), we obtain
(3.33) yαy (s∗ ) = ω1 x(s) + ω2 α(s) + ω3 y(s),



where ω1 = −ζ1 , ω2 = −(ζ2 + 12 2ζ1 ζ3 + ζ22 ), ω3 = −(ζ3 + 2c b
2ζ1 ζ3 + ζ22 ).
 FIRAT UNIVERSITY 7

ii) The curvature κγαy (s∗ ) of the γαy (s∗ ) is explicity obtained by
 ′ 2  
∗ c2 κ (c − 2κb) (bκ − c) 2
κγαy (s ) = − 2 + (c − b − 1) .
8 (b2 − 2c2 ) κ κ


Definition 4. Let x be unit speed spacelike curve lying on Q2 with the moving
asymptotic orthonormal frame {x, α, y} . Then, xαy−smarandache curve of x is
defined by
1
(3.34) γxαy (s∗ ) = √ (cx(s) + bα(s) + c∗ y(s)) ,
2cc∗ + b2
where c, c∗ , b ∈ R+
0.

Theorem 4. Let x be unit speed spacelike curve in Q2 with the moving asymptotic
orthonormal frame {x, α, y} and cone curvature κ and let γxαy be xαy−smarandache
curve with asymptotic orthonormal frame {γxαy , αxαy , yxαy } . Then the following
relations hold:
i) The asymptotic orthonormal frame {γxαy , αxαy , yxαy } of the xαy−smarandache
curve γxαy is given as
   ∗  
γxαy √ c √ b √ c x
2cc∗ +b2 2cc∗ +b2 2cc∗ +b2
(3.35) αxαy  =  ρ1 ρ2 ρ3  α 
yxαy σ1 σ2 σ3 y
where
q
η= (c − c∗ κ(s))2 − 2b2 κ(s)
bκ(s) c − c∗ κ(s) b
(3.36) ρ1 = , ρ2 = , ρ3 = −
η η η
ξ1 = (ρ′1 + ρ2 κ) , ξ2 = ρ′2 + ρ1 + ρ3 κ, ξ3 = −ρ′3 − ρ2
and
c

σ1 = −ξ1 − √ 2ξ1 ξ3 + ξ22 ,
2 2cc + b
∗ 2

b

(3.37) σ2 = −ξ2 − √ 2ξ1 ξ3 + ξ22 ,
2 2cc + b
∗ 2

c∗

σ3 = −ξ3 − √ 2ξ1 ξ3 + ξ22 .
2 2cc + b
∗ 2

ii) The cone curvature κγxαy (s∗ ) of the curve γxαy is given by
 ′ !   !
∗ ′ ∗
κ c − c κ b c − c κ
κγyxα (s∗ ) = b + κ +
η η η η
  ′
1 c − c∗ κ
(3.38) − .
2 η
where
Z q
1 2
(3.39) ∗
s = √ (c − c∗ κ(s)) − 2b2 κ(s)ds, b, c, c∗ ∈ R+
0.
2cc∗ + b2
8 MIHRIBAN KULAHCI AND FATMA ALMAZ

Proof. i) Differentiating the equation (3.34) with respect to s and considering (2.1),
we find
ds∗ 1  −−→ −−→ −−−→
′
(3.40) γxαy (s∗ ) =√ bκx(s) + (c − c∗ κ) α(s) − by(s) .
ds 2cc∗ + b2
This can be written as follows
bκ −−→ c − c∗ κ −−→ b −−→
(3.41) αxαy (s∗ ) = x(s) + α(s) − y(s),
η η η
or
−−→ −−→ −−→
(3.42) αxαy (s∗ ) = ρ1 x(s) + ρ2 α(s) − ρ3 y(s).
where
q
ds∗ 1 2
(3.43) = √ (c − c∗ κ) − 2b2 κ
ds 2cc∗ + b2
Differentiating (3.42) and using (3.43), we get
′′
γxyα (s∗ ) = ξ1 x(s) + ξ2 α(s) + ξ3 y(s),
where ξ1 = (ρ′1 + ρ2 κ) , ξ2 = ρ′2 + ρ1 + ρ3 κ, ξ3 = −ρ′3 − ρ2 .
1
′′ 
(3.44) yxαy (s∗ ) = −γxαy
′′
− γ , γ ′′ γxαy .
2 xαy xαy
By the help of equation (3.44), we obtain
(3.45) yxay (s∗ ) = σ1 x(s) + σ2 α(s) + σ3 y(s),



where σ1 = −ξ1 − 2√2ccc∗ +b2 2ξ1 ξ3 + ξ22 , σ2 = −ξ2 − 2√2ccb∗ +b2 2ξ1 ξ3 + ξ22 , σ3 =
c∗


−ξ3 − 2√2cc ∗ +b2
2ξ1 ξ3 + ξ22 .

′′ 
ii) From κγxαy (s∗ ) = − 12 γxαy ′′
, γxαy , we have
 ′ !   !  ′
′
∗ κ c − c∗ κ b c − c∗ κ 1 c − c∗ κ
κγyxα (s ) = b + κ + − .
η η η η 2 η

Theorem 5. Let x : I → Q2 ⊂ E13 be a spacelike curve in Q2 as follows

fs−1 2
(3.46) x(s) = (f − 1, 2f, f 2 + 1),
2
for some non constant function f (s). Then we can write the following statements:
• If x is a xα− smarandache curve, then the xα− smarandache curve γxα
can be written as
c
(3.47) γxα (s∗ ) = ( − fs−1 fss )x(s) + (f, 1, f ) .
b
• If x is a xy− smarandache curve, then the xy− smarandache curve γxy can
be written as
 
∗ 1 1 −2 2 −1
(3.48) γxy (s ) = √ (c − fs fss )x(s) + fs fss (f, 1, f ) − fs (1.0, 1) .
2bc 2
 FIRAT UNIVERSITY 9

• If x is a αy− smarandache curve, then the αy− smarandache curve γαy

can be written as
   
∗ −1 b −2 2 b −1
(3.49) γαy (s ) = −fs fss − fs fss x(s) + 1 + fs fss (f, 1, f )
2c c
b
− fs (1.0, 1) .
c
• If x is a xαy− smarandache curve, then the xαy− smarandache curve γxαy
can be written as
 ∗
 !
2
∗ 1 c − bfs−1 fss − c2 fs−2 fss x(s)
γxαy (s ) = √
,
2cc∗ + b2 + b + c∗ fs−1 fss (f, 1, f ) − fs (1.0, 1)
where c, b, c∗ ∈ R+
0.
Proof. It is obvious from (3.1), (3.14), (3.23), (3.34) and (3.46). 
We can give the following example to hold special Smarandache curves in the
null cone Q2 . xα, xy, αy, and xαy special smarandache curves of x curves are given
in Figure 1 A, C, E, G, I, respectively. These figures rotated in three dimensions
are also given in Figure 1 B, D, F, H, J, respectively.
Example 1. The curve
 
cosh s 1 cosh s
x(s) = − , tanh s,
2 cosh s 2
is spacelike in Q2 with arc length parameter s. Also, the shape of the x curve is
given as follows
Then we can write the smarandache curves of the x-curve as follows:
i) xα− smarandache curve γxα is given by

sinh s tanh s 
d cosh
2
s 1
− cosh s + 2 − cosh s ,
γxα (s) =  d tanh s + cosh1
2 s,

cosh s sinh s
d 2 + 2
ii) xy− smarandache curve γxy is given by
  2
 
m cosh s − n tanh s sinh s − d 1c+tanh s
,
   cosh s 
 tanh2 s 
γxy (s) =  c tanh s e − 2 , 
  2
  
d c − tanh 2
s cosh s
2 − 1
cosh s

iii) αy− smarandache curve γαy is given by

 cosh s 1


2 − cosh s (1 − e tanh s) tanh s + sinh s (1 + d tanh s)
 −d cosh s, 
γαy (s) =  
 − tanh2 s (1 + d tanh s) + d tanh s, 
sinh s
2 − d cosh s − e sinh s tanh s
iv) xαy− smarandache curve γxαy is given by
 c b sinh s−c∗ tanh2 s

m sinh s − n cosh s + d sinh s tanh s − cosh s − cosh2 s
,
γxαy (s) =  m + n tanh s + k tanh2 s + l tanh3 s, 
m cosh s + d sinh s + c tanh s sinh s,
where m, n, d, c, k, l, e ∈ R+
0.
10 MIHRIBAN KULAHCI AND FATMA ALMAZ

(a) The curve x (b) The rotated surface of curve x

(c) xα−smarandache curve (d) xα- smarandache surface.

(e) xy−smarandache curve (f) xy−smarandache surface.

(g) αy−smarandache curve. (h) αy−smarandache surface.

(i) xαy−smarandache curve. (j) xαy−smarandache surface.

Figure 1
 FIRAT UNIVERSITY 11

References
[1] Abdel-Aziz, H.S., Saad, M.K., Smarandache Curves of Some Special Curves in the Galilean
3−Space, Honan Mathematical J., 37(2), 253-264, 2015.
[2] Ali, A.T., ” Special Smarandache Curves in the Euclidean Space”, International Journal of
Mathematical Combinatorics, vol.2, 30-36, 2010.
[3] Ali, A.T., Time-like Smarandache Curves Derived from a Space-like Helix, Journal of Dy-
namical Systems and Geometric Theories, 8(1), 93-100, 2010.
[4] Ashbacher, C., Smarandache Geometries, Smarandache Notions Journal, 8(1-3), 212-215,
1997.
[5] Bayrak, N., Bektas, O. and Yuce, S., Special Smarandache Curves in R31 , Commun. Fac. Sci.
Univ. Ank. Ser. A1 Math. Stat., 65(2), 143-160, 2016.
[6] Bektas, O. and Yuce, S., ”Special Smarandache Curves According to Darboux Frame in E 3 ”,
Romanian Journal of Mathematics and Computer Science, 3(1),48-59, 2013.
[7] Cetin, M., Kocayiğit, H., On the Quaternionic Smarandache Curves in Euclidean 3−Space,
8(3),139-150, 2013.
[8] Cetin, M., Tuncer, Y., Karacan, M.K., Smarandache Curves According to Bishop Frame in
Euclidean 3−Space, Gen. Math. Notes, 20(2), 50-66, 2014.
[9] Elzawy, M., Mosa, S., Smarandache Curves in the Galilean 4−Space G4 , Journal of the
Egyptian Math. Soc., 25, 53–56, 2017.
[10] Kahraman, T., Ugurlu, H.H., Dual Smarandashe Curves and Smarandache Ruled Surfaces,
Mathematical Sciences and Applications E-Notes, 2(1), 83-98,2014.
[11] Kahraman, T., Ugurlu, H.H., Smarandache Curves of a Spacelike Curve Lying on Unit Dual
Lorentzian Sphere Se12 , CBU J. of Sci., 11(2), 93-105, 2015.
[12] Korpinar, T., Turhan, E., Smarandache π1 π2 Curves of Biharmonic New Type Constant
π2 −Slope Curves According to type−2 Bishop Frame in the Sol Space GDL3 , Acta Univer-
sitatis Apulensis, No.35, 245-249, 2013.
[13] Korpinar, T., New type Surfaces in terms of B−Smarandache Curves in Sol3 , Acta Scien-
tiarum Technology, 37(3), 389-393, 2015.
[14] Korpinar, T., Turhan, E., A New Characterization of Smarandache tsα Curves According
to Sabban Frame in Heisenberg Group Heis3 , Int. J. Open Problems Compt. Math., 5(4),
147-155, 2012.
[15] Kulahci, M., Bektas, M., Ergüt, M., Curves of AW(k)-Type in 3-Dimensional Null Cone,
Physics Letters A 371, 275-277, 2007.
[16] Kulahci, M., Almaz, F., Some Characterizations of Osculating in the Lightlike Cone, Bol.
Soc. Paran. Math., 35(2), 39-48, 2017.
[17] Liu, H., Curves in the Lightlike Cone, Contribbutions to Algebra and Geometry, 45 (1),
291-303, 2004.
[18] Liu, H., Meng, Q., Representation Formulas of Curves in a Two- and Three-Dimensional
Lightlike Cone, Results Math. 59, 437-451, 2011.
[19] Mak, M., Altinbas, H., Spacelike Smarandache Curves of a Timelike Curves in Anti de Sitter
3-Space, International J. Math. Combin., Vol.3, 1-16,2016.
[20] O’Neill, B., ”Semi-Riemannian Geometry with Applications to Relativity”, Academic Press,
London, 1983.
[21] Ozturk, U. and Ozturk, E.B.K., ” Smarandache Curves According to Curves on Spacelike Sur-
face in Minkowski 3−Space R31 ”, Journal of Discrete Mathematics, vol. 2014, article ID829581,
10 pages, 2014.
[22] Ozturk, U. and Ozturk, E.B.K., Ilarslan, K., Nesovic, E., On Smarandache Curves Lying in
Lightcone in Minkowski 3−Space, Journal of Dynamical Systems and Geometric Theories,
12(1), 81-91, 2014.
[23] Savas, M., Yakut, A.T., Tamirci, T., The Smarandache Curves on H02 , Gazi University
Journal of Science, 29(1), 69-77, 2016.
[24] Senyurt, S., Calıskan, A., Celik, U., N ∗ C ∗ -Smarandache Curves of Bertrand Curves Pair
According to Frenet Frame, International J. Math. Combin., 1, 1-7,2016.
[25] Senyurt, S., Cevahir, C., Altun, Y., On Spatial Quaternionic Involute Curve a New View,
Advances in Applied Clifford Algebras, DOI: 10.1007/s00006-016-0669-7, 2016.
[26] Senyurt, S., Calıskan, A., Smarandache Curves in Terms of Sabban Frame of Fixed Pole
Curve, Bol. Soc. Paran. Math., 34(2), 53-62, 2016.
12 MIHRIBAN KULAHCI AND FATMA ALMAZ

[27] Senyurt, S., Calıskan, A., Smarandache Curves in Terms of Sabban Frame of Spherical Indi-
catrix Curves, Gen. Math. Notes, 31(2), 1-15, 2015.
[28] Taskopru, K. and Tosun, M., ”Smarandache Curves on S 2 ”, Boletim da Sociedade Paranaense
de Matematica, 32(1), 51-59, 2014.
[29] Turgut, M. and Yilmaz, S., Smarandache Curves in Minkowski Spacetime, International
Journal of Mathematical Combinatorics, vol.3, 51-55, 2008.
[30] Turhan, E., Korpinar, T., On Smarandache ts Curves of Biharmonic s-Curves According
to Sabban Frame in Heisenberg group Heis3 , Advances Modeling and Optimization, 14(2),
343-349, 2012.
[31] Yilmaz, S., Unluturk, Y., A Note on Spacelike Curves According to Type−2 Bishop Frame
in Minkowski 3−Space E13 , International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 103(2),
321-332, 2015.
[32] Yilmaz, S., Savcı, U.Z., Smarandache Curves and Applications According to Type−2 Bishop
Frame in Euclidean 3−Space, Int. J. Math. Combin. Vol.2, 1-15, 2016.

Department of Mathematics, Firat University, 23119 ELAZIĞ/TÜRKİYE

E-mail address: mihribankulahci@gmail.com

E-mail address: fb fat almaz@hotmail.com