Contents

Authors i
Preface iii
Message iv
Foreword v
A Note to the Learner vi

SECTION I
The Sound System of English
Lesson 1 The Sounds of English 3
i. What is a Vowel Sound? 3
ii. What is a Consonant Sound? 4
iii. The Organs of Speech 8
iv. Voiced and Voiceless Sounds 10

Lesson 2 Vowel Sounds 11

i. Types of Vowel Sounds 11
ii. Production of Vowel Sounds 11
iii. Pure Vowel Sounds 13
/i:/ Sheep /i/ Zip /e/ Ten /æ/ Cat
/ʌ/ Sun /a:/ Car /ɔ/ Cot /ɔ:/ Ball
/u/ Book /u:/ Moon /ə:/ Bird /ə/ Around

iv. Double Vowel Sounds (Diphthongs) 32

/ei/ Eight /ai/ Kite /ɔi/ Toy /au/ Cow
/əu/Four /iə/ Ear /eə/ Chair /uə/ Tourist

Answers to lessons 1&2 42

Lesson 3 Consonant Sounds: Classification 46

(i) Plosives 46
/p/ Pen /b/ Ball /t/ Table /d/ Deer /k/ Kite
/g/ Girl

(ii) Affricates 54
/tʃ / Chair /dʒ/ Jug

© 2013, Dayalbagh Educational Institute Spoken English vii

 (iii) Fricatives 57
/f/ Fan /v/ Van /f/ & /v/ Sounds /θ/ Teeth
/ð/ This /s/ Sofa /z/ Zip /ʃ/ Ship
/ʒ/ Treasure /h/ Hat

(iv) Lateral 69
/l/ Lamp

(v) Frictionless Continuant 70

/r/ Rose

(vi) Nasals 71
/m/ Man /n/ Nine /ŋ/ Ring

(vii) Semi-Vowels 75
/w/ Wall Consonant Sounds /w/ & /v/ /j/ Yellow

Answers to lesson 3 80

Lesson 4 Features of English Speech 86

(i) What is Stress? 86
(ii) Words: Phonemes and Syllables 86
(iii) Word Stress 87
∎ Patterns of Stress in Words 87
∎ Stress Shift 89
∎ Primary & Secondary Stress 89
∎ Stress Change According to Function 90
∎ Stress in Compound Words 91

(iv) Stress in Phrases 91

(v) Stress in Sentences 91
(vi) Rhythm 92
(vii) Intonation Patterns 93
∎ Falling Intonation Pattern 93
∎ Rising Intonation Pattern 95

(viii) Contracted Forms 97

∎ Contracted Forms of Negatives 99

(ix) Consonant Clusters 100

(x) Silent Letters 102

viii Spoken English © 2013, Dayalbagh Educational Institute

 (xi) Weak Forms 103
(xii) A Few Tips to Pronunciation 106

Answers to lesson 4 108

Sound Games 113

Answers to Sound Games 123

SECTION II
Basic Language Structures
Lesson 5 Personal Pronouns and Auxiliary verbs 134
(i) Short forms or contracted forms of auxiliary verbs 134
(is, am, are, was, were, have, has, had, do, does, did, will, shall, must,
can, dare, need)
(ii) Short forms of auxiliaries in combination with personal pronouns and
demonstratives 135
(this, that, these, those)
(iii) Short forms of negatives in combination with auxiliaries 136

Possessive Pronouns
(i) Introducing yourself and others using short forms 137
(ii) Possessive Pronouns 139
(my/mine, your/ yours, his/his, her/ hers, their/theirs, our/ours)

Lesson 6 Some Helping Verbs 141

The uses of - do, does, don’t, doesn’t
Modals, Tag Questions and Short Answers 146

Lesson 7 Tenses 156

(i) The Present Tense 156
Present simple and the present continuous tense
(ii) The Past Tense 165
Past simple and the past continuous tense
(iii) The Future Tense 175
Simple future and the future continuous tense
(iv) The Perfect Tense 182
Present perfect tense, past perfect tense, and the perfect continuous tense

© 2013, Dayalbagh Educational Institute Spoken English ix

 Lesson 8 Asking Questions 195
(i) The three types of questions 195
(ii) Use of phrases beginning with ‘how’, ‘who’ and ‘what’ 201

Lesson 9 Adjectives- words that describe Nouns 205

(i) Types of adjectives 206
(ii) Ways to form adjectives 208
(iii) Ways to use adjectives 216

Lesson 10 Numbers -- when and where to use 221

Cardinals (one, two, three) and Ordinals (first, second, third)

Lesson 11 Adverbs -- Words that tell more about Verbs 232

(i) Functions of adverbs 232
(ii) How to form adverbs 233
(iii) Position of adverbs in a sentence 233

Lesson 12 Articles 239

The uses of ‘a/an’ and ‘the’

Lesson 13 Prepositions -- I 245

in, on, at, into, along, before, within, without, from, across, behind, by
Prepositions --II 254
with, off, of, to, about, under, over, through, up, down.
Prepositions -- III 259
phrasal uses of prepositions in combination with verbs

Lesson 14 Types of Sentences 264

(i) Structures in imperative sentences 264
(ii) Exclamatory sentences 266

Lesson 15 Conditionals 270

(i) If + simple present + will 270
(ii) If + simple past + I’d 270
(iii) If + I were + I would 270
(iv) If + past perfect + would have + past participle 271

x Spoken English © 2013, Dayalbagh Educational Institute

 Lesson 16 I wish + Simple Past 277
(i) I wish + Simple past 277
(ii) I wish.......would or could 278
(iii) I wish + had + past participle 278

Lesson 17 Had better 280

Lesson 18 Further / Farther 282

Lesson 19 Voices - Active and Passive 284

SECTION III
Conversations for all occasions

Lesson 20 Meeting and Greeting 292

(i) Short Conversations 292
(ii) Meeting for the first time 293
(iii) Meeting after a long time 294
(iv) Meeting a new student in school 294
(v) Meeting in the market 295
(vi) Meeting at a party 295
(vii) Meeting in the park 295
(viii) Meeting at an office 296
(ix) Meeting on a train 296

Lesson 21 Introductions 298

(i) Introducing oneself 298
(ii) Two persons introducing themselves 298
(iii) Introducing a friend 299

Lesson 22 Family Conversations 300

(i) A family get together 300
(ii) Cleaning the house 302
(iii) Tending to the garden 303

© 2013, Dayalbagh Educational Institute Spoken English xi

 (iv) Helping in the kitchen 303
(v) Sharing the day’s experiences 304
(vi) At the dining table 305
(vii) Preparations for Diwali 305
(viii) Coming back after games 306

Lesson 23 School related Conversations 307

(i) Between students 307
(ii) Parent - Teacher 307
(iii) Advice from a teacher 308
(iv) Getting ready for a school trek 309
(v) Practice session for the Annual Function 309
(vi) Admission to a college 310
(vii) Consoling a friend 311

Lesson 24 Health related Conversations 312

(i) Taking an appointment with a doctor 312
(ii) A friend’s advice 312
(iii) An accident 313
(iv) A fracture 314
(v) An ear-ache 314
(vi) A stomach-ache 315
(vii) A back-ache 315

Lesson 25 Going Shopping 317

(i) Shopping for stationery 317
(ii) Shopping for clothes 317
(iii) Weekend shopping 318
(iv) Shopping for sandals 319
(v) Shopping for a toaster 319
(vi) Shopping for a washing machine 320
(vii) Shopping for fruit 320
(viii) Shopping for vegetables 321
(ix) At the chemist 322

Lesson 26 Job related Enquiries 323

(i) Job seekers’ course 323
(ii) Job seekers - A discussion 323

xii Spoken English © 2013, Dayalbagh Educational Institute

 (iii) Job opportunities 324
(iv) Short courses during a vacation 325
(v) Applying for a computer course 325
(vi) Career counselling 326
(vii) An interview 327

Lesson 27 Road Rules 328

(i) Check on speed 328
(ii) Advice on traffic rules 328
(iii) Road etiquette 329

Lesson 28 Congratulating 330

(i) For an examination result 330
(ii) For a promotion 330
(iii) For getting admission 330
(iv) For a new car 331
(v) For a new house 331
(vi) For getting an award 331

Lesson 29 Condolences 333

(i) Passing away of a grandparent 333
(ii) Passing away of a spouse 333
(iii) Losing a member of the staff 334

Lesson 30 Complaints 335

(i) Making a complaint - telephone 335
(ii) Making a complaint - electricity 335
(iii) Making a complaint - water 336

Lesson 31 Requests 337

(i) Help from a neighbour 337
(ii) Taking advice on cooking 337
(iii) Help from a teacher 338
(iv) Permission for an outing 338
(v) Request for leave from office 338
(vi) Request for leave from school 339
(vii) Taking leave from a get together 339

© 2013, Dayalbagh Educational Institute Spoken English xiii

 (viii) Invitation for a farewell party 340
(ix) Invitation for a get together 340
(x) Request to go for a concert 341
(xi) Seeking information about travel 341
(xii) Request for directions 342
(a) A chemist
(b) A bus stop
(c) The Church, A Supermarket

Lesson 32 Talking about the Weather 334

(i) Winter 334
(ii) Summer 334
(iii) Monsoon 335

Lesson 33 Reporting 346

(i) A burglary 346
(ii) A break in 346
(iii) A fire 348

Lesson 34 Travel related Conversations 349

(i) Making plans for the weekend 349
(ii) Planning a visit to Corbett National Park 349
(iii) A business trip 350
(iv) Passengers at a railway station 350
(v) Wishing goodbye 351
(vi) Airport – check in counter 351
(vii) Airport - At the boarding area 352

Lesson 35 Conversation on the telephone 353

(i) With the operator 353
(ii) Introductions on the telephone 353
(iii) Taking a message 353
(iv) Ending a conversation 353
(v) Making special requests 354

Lesson 36 Expressing Emotions 355

(i) Happiness 355
(ii) Surprise 355

xiv Spoken English © 2013, Dayalbagh Educational Institute

 (iii) Sadness 355
(iv) Displeasure 356

Lesson 37 Expressing Agreement 357

(i) Between friends 357
(ii) With parents 358

Lesson 38 Miscellaneous 359

(i) Likes and dislikes 359
(ii) Water – The Elixir of Life 359
(iii) Plastics – A bane 360
(iv) A visit to a library 360
(v) A visit to a barber 361
(vi) Traffic chaos 362
(vii) A businessman’s busy schedule 362
(viii) Two friends talking about a film 363
(ix) Opening a bank account 363
(x) Global Warming 364
(xi) Interviews 366

Appendices
Appendix 1 - Describing People 369

Appendix 2 - People and their professions 372

Appendix 3 - Names of fruits 379

Appendix 4 - Names of flowers 381

Appendix 5 - Names of spices 382

Appendix 6 - Names of vegetables 384

Appendix 7 - Garden tools 387

Appendix 8 - Stationery Items 388

© 2013, Dayalbagh Educational Institute Spoken English xv