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In any body of fluid, hydrostatic pressure results from the weight of the fluid column
above the point at which that pressure is measured. At a free water surface, the
pressure will normally be zero relative to the atmospheric pressure (which is nearly
always neglected in offshore hydromechanics). In equation form:
p gh
In which g = acceleration of gravity; h = distance below the fluid surface; p =
pressure (= force/area); ρ = mass density of the fluid.
Archimedes - who lived from 285 until 212 BC - is reported to have run naked
through the streets after making his discovery that a body submerged in a fluid
experiences an upward buoyant force, ; equal to:
F g
in which (nabla) = volume of the submerged part of the object
This approach views buoyancy as a distributed mass force, completely analogous to
the gravity force on (or weight of) the mass of an object.
One can look at buoyancy in another way, however. Since the hydrostatic pressure at
any chosen point on the underside of a submerged body will be higher than the
pressure on the upper surface directly above that point, one can expect there to be a
net upward force on that body.
T s gAL z
in which: L = Length of the pipe hanging in the well (m); g = Acceleration of gravity
(m/s2 ); A = Cross section area of steel in the pipe (m2 ); z = Coordinate measured
downward from the top in this special case! (m); ρs = Mass density of steel (kg/m3).
This tension is shown graphically as line AB in the figure and should be quite
straightfor- ward; confusion can result after the well is filled with a liquid such as drilling
mud.
If the buoyant force caused by the mud is treated as a distributed force just as did
Archimedes, then one could conclude that there is a distributed buoyant force acting
on the entire body equal to the weight of drilling mud displaced by the drill string.
Starting at the bottom (considering only a thin (horizontal) slice of the string first), the
buoyant force on this slice will be (nearly) zero simply because its volume is so small.
As one considers an ever-increasing string slice length, this buoyant force will increase
to at the top of the string. Since this buoyant force acts in a direction opposite to the
gravity force, one finds:
Te s m gAL z
Le m L
s