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Erich Steiner
University of Exeter
Solutions
Chapter 5. Integration
5.1 Concepts
5.2 The indefinite integral
5.3 The definite integral
5.4 The integral calculus
5.5 Uses of the integral calculus
5.6 Static properties of matter
5.7 Dynamics
5.8 Pressure–volume work
© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 5 2
Section 5.2
Evaluate the indefinite integrals:
By Table 5.11,
1.
∫ 2 dx = 2x + C
∫
1
2. x3 dx = x 4 + C
4
x (2 3) +1
∫
3
3. x 2 3 dx = + C = x5 3 + C
(2 3) + 1 5
x −3+1
∫x ∫
dx 1 1
4. = x −3 dx = + C = − x −2 + C = − 2 + C
3
−3 + 1 2 2x
x − (1 3) +1
∫
3
5. x −1 3 dx = + C = x2 3 + C
−(1 3) + 1 2
∫ sin 4x dx = − 4 cos 4x + C
1
6.
∫e 3x 1
7. dx = e3 x + C
3
∫e −2 x 1
8. dx = − e −2 x + C
2
∫
dx A
10. = − ln (3 − x) + C = ln , from type 5 in Table 5.1 with a = −1, b = 3 .
3− x 3− x
11. y =
∫x 2
dx ; y = 0 when x = 3
We have y=
∫x 2
dx = x3 3 + C
Then y = 0 when x = 3 → 0 = 33 3 + C → C = −9
Therefore y = x3 3 − 9
© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 5 3
12. y =
∫ cos 4x dx ; y = 0 when x = π 4
∫
1
We have y= cos 4 x dx = sin 4 x + C
4
1
y = 0 when x = π 4 → 0 = sin π + C = 0 + C → C = 0
4
1
Therefore y= sin 4 x
4
13. I =
∫ (5x + 2x + 3) dx ; I = 4 when x = 2
4
x5 x2
I=
∫ (5 x 4 + 2 x + 3) dx = 5 ×
5
+ 2 × + 3x + C
2
= x5 + x 2 + 3x + C
I = 4 when x = 2 → 4 = 32 + 4 + 6 + C = 42 + C → C = −38
Therefore I = x5 + x 2 + 3x − 38
3x 2 + 2 x + 1
14. I =
∫ x2
dx ; I = 3 when x = 1
3x 2 + 2 x + 1
∫ ∫ ∫ x dx + ∫ x
1 1
I= 2
dx = 3 dx + 2 2
dx
x
1
= 3 x + 2 ln x − +C
x
I = 3 when x = 1 → 3 = 3 + 0 − 1 + C → C = 1
1
Therefore I = 3x + 2 ln x − +1
x
∫ ⎜⎝ −4 + 4 cos 2x − 2 e
⎛ 1 2x ⎞
15. I = ⎟ dx ; I = 0 when x = 0
⎠
∫ ⎜⎝ −4 + 4 cos 2x − 2 e
⎛ 1 2x ⎞ 1 2x
I= ⎟ dx = −4 x + 2sin 2 x − e + C
⎠ 4
1 1
I = 0 when x = 0 → 0 = 0 + 0 − + C → C =
4 4
1 1
Therefore I = −4 x + 2sin 2 x − e 2 x +
4 4
© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 5 4
Section 5.3.
+1
+1 ⎡ 2 x3 3x 2 ⎤
16.
∫−1
2
(2 x + 3 x + 4) dx = ⎢
⎢⎣ 3
+
2
+ 4x⎥
⎥⎦ −1
⎛2 3 ⎞ ⎛ 2 3 ⎞ 28
= ⎜ + + 4⎟ − ⎜ − + − 4⎟ =
⎝3 2 ⎠ ⎝ 3 2 ⎠ 3
∫
5
17. dx = ⎡⎣ x ⎤⎦ = 5 − 3 = 2
3
3
2 2
∫
du ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ 1 1 3
18. 3
= ⎢− 2 ⎥ = ⎜ − ⎟ − ⎜ − ⎟ = − + =
1 u ⎣ 2u ⎦ 1 ⎝ 8 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 8 2 8
∫ v + 2 = ⎡⎣ln (v + 2)⎤⎦
dv 3
19. = ln 5 − ln 4 = ln 5 4
2
2
5 5
∫
⎡ 1 ⎤ 1 1 1
20. e−3t dt = ⎢ − e−3t ⎥ = − e−15 + e−3 = ⎡e −3 − e−15 ⎤
1 ⎣ 3 ⎦1 3 3 3⎣ ⎦
π 2
∫
π2 π
21. cosθ dθ = ⎡⎣sin θ ⎤⎦ = sin − sin 0 = 1 − 0 = 1
0 2
0
π π
∫
⎡1 ⎤
22. cos 3θ dθ = ⎢ sin 3θ ⎥ = 0 − 0 = 0
0 ⎣ 3 ⎦0
0 0
∫
⎡ 1 ⎤
23. sin 2 x dx = ⎢ − cos 2 x ⎥
−π 4 ⎣ 2 ⎦ −π 4
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 1
= ⎜ − cos 0 ⎟ − ⎜ − cos(− π 2 ⎟ = − + 0 = −
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 2
© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 5 5
dx
24. (i) Show that the rate equation of a first-order decomposition reaction = − kx
dt
d ln x
can be written in the logarithmic form = −k .
dt
(ii) Integrate this equation with respect to t over the range 0 to t, and show that
⎡ x( t ) ⎤ − kt
ln ⎢ ⎥ = −kt and x(t ) = x(0)e
⎣ x (0) ⎦
d ln x 1 dx
(i) By the chain rule, = .
dt x dt
dx 1 dx
Therefore = − kx → = −k
dt x dt
d ln x
→ = −k
dt
∫ ∫ dt →
t t
d ln x t t
(ii) We have dt = −k ⎡⎣ ln x ⎤⎦ = −k ⎡⎣t ⎤⎦
dt 0 0
0 0
⎡ x( t ) ⎤
Therefore ln ⎢ ⎥ = −kt
⎣ x(0) ⎦
x( t )
= e − kt → x(t ) = x(0)e − kt
x(0)
ΔH vap ΔH vap ⎡ 1 ⎤ T2
∫ ∫
T2 T2
d ln p 1 T2
We have dT = dT → ⎡⎣ln p ⎤⎦ = −
T1 dT R T1 T2 T1 R ⎢⎣ T ⎥⎦ T
1
ΔH vap ⎡ 1 1 ⎤ p2 ΔH vap ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
Therefore ln p2 − ln p1 = ⎢ − + ⎥ → ln = ⎢ − ⎥
R ⎣⎢ T2 T1 ⎦⎥ p1 R ⎢⎣ T1 T2 ⎦⎥
© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 5 6
26. 2 x 2 + 3 x + 4; − 1 ≤ x ≤ +1
+1 +1
⎡ 2 x3 3 x 2 ⎤
∫ 2 28
We have (2 x + 3x + 4) dx = ⎢ + + 4x⎥ = (Exercise 16)
−1 ⎢⎣ 3 2 ⎥⎦ −1 3
+1
and
∫ −1
dx = 2
Therefore 2 x 2 + 3 x + 4 = (28 3) 2 = 14 3
27. cos 3θ ; 0 ≤ θ ≤ π 2
π2 π 2 π 2
∫ ∫
⎡1 ⎤ 1 π
We have cos 3θ dθ = ⎢ sin3θ ⎥ =− , dθ =
0 ⎣3 ⎦0 3 0 2
28. 1; 3 ≤ x ≤ 5
⎡ ⎤
∫ ∫
b b
We have 1= ⎢ dx dx ⎥ = 1 for all intervals
⎢⎣ a a ⎥⎦
3 1 2 3
29.
∫ 0
e− x dx =
∫ 0
e− x dx +
∫
1
e− x dx +
∫e 2
−x
dx
= A + B + C in Figure 1 Figure 1
∫
b b
We have e− x dx = ⎡ −e− x ⎤ = e− a − e−b
a
⎣ ⎦a
Therefore
1 2 3
∫ 0
e− x dx +
∫ 1
e− x dx +
∫e 2
−x
dx = (e0 − e−1 ) + ( e−1 − e−2 ) + ( e −2 − e−3 )
3
= 1 − e−3 =
∫e
0
−x
dx
© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 5 7
3 6 6
30.
∫ 2
e x dx =
∫ 2
e x dx −
∫e
3
x
dx
∫
b b
We have e x dx = ⎡ e x ⎤ = eb − ea
a
⎣ ⎦a
6 6
Therefore
∫ 2
e x dx −
∫e 3
x
dx = ⎡ e6 − e2 ⎤ − ⎡ e6 − e3 ⎤ = e3 − e 2
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
Figure 2
π 2 π
31. (i) Show that
∫
0
cos x dx = −
∫π 2
cos x dx .
0 π 2 π
(ii) Calculate
∫
−π
cos x dx ,
∫−π
cos x dx ,
∫ −π
cos x dx .
π 2
(i)
∫ 0
cos x dx = sin π 2 − sin 0 = 1 − 0 = 1 A 3 in Figure 3
∫ π 2
cos x dx = sin π − sin π 2 = 0 − 1 = −1 A4
π 2
=−
∫ 0
cos x dx
0
(ii)
∫ −π
cos x dx = sin 0 − sin(− π) = 0 − 0 = 0 A1+ A2 in Figure3
π 2
∫ −π
cos x dx = sin π 2 − sin(− π) = 1 − 0 = 1 A1 + A2 + A3
∫ −π
cos x dx = sin π − sin(− π) = 0 − 0 = 0 A 1+ A 2 + A 3 + A 4
© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 5 8
(iii) Figure 3
⎪⎧ x + 2
+3 2
if x < 1
32.
∫−1
f ( x) dx where f ( x) = ⎨
⎪⎩ x
2
if x ≥ 1
We have
+3 +1 3
∫−1
f ( x) dx =
∫
−1
( x 2 + 2) dx +
∫ x dx
1
2
+1 3
⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1 ⎤ 14 26 40
= ⎢ x3 + 2 x ⎥ + ⎢ x3 ⎥ = + =
⎣3 ⎦ −1 ⎣ 3 ⎦ 1 3 3 3
Figure 4
+1
if x > 0
∫
⎧ x
33. f ( x) dx where f ( x) = ⎨
−1 ⎩− x if x ≤ 0
+1 0 +1
∫−1
f ( x) dx =
∫
−1
(− x) dx +
∫ 0
x dx
0 1
= ⎡ − x 2 2⎤ + ⎡+ x 2 2⎤ = 1 2 + 1 2 = 1
⎣ ⎦ −1 ⎣ ⎦0
Figure 5
+a ⎧⎪ e − x if x > 0
34.
∫−a
f ( x) dx where f ( x) = ⎨
⎪⎩ −e
+x
if x ≤ 0
+a 0
∫ ∫ ∫e
a
−x
f ( x) dx = (−e x ) dx + dx
−a −a 0
0 a
= ⎡ − e x ⎤ + ⎡ −e − x ⎤
⎣ ⎦ −a ⎣ ⎦0
= ( −1 + e − a ) + ( −e − a + 1 )
=0 Figure 6
© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 5 9
∫ ln x dx .
d
35. (i) Show that ( x ln x − x) = ln x , (ii) evaluate
dx 0
d 1
(i) x ln x = x × + 1× ln x = 1 + ln x (product rule)
dx x
d
Therefore ( x ln x − x) = (1 + ln x) − 1 = ln x
dx
1 1
(ii)
∫0
ln x dx = lim
ε →0 ε ∫ ln x dx
1
∫
d
= lim ( x ln x − x) dx (by (i))
ε →0 ε dx
1
= lim ⎡⎣ x ln x − x ⎤⎦ = ⎡⎣ −1⎤⎦ − lim ⎡⎣ε ln ε − ε ⎤⎦
ε →0 ε ε →0
= −1
Evaluate:
∞ b
∫ ∫
⎡ 1 ⎤
b
36. e−3t dt = lim e−3t dt = lim ⎢ − e −3t ⎥
0 b →∞ 0 b →∞ ⎣ 3 ⎦0
⎡ 1 ⎤ 1 1
= lim ⎢ − e −3b ⎥ + =
b →∞ ⎣ 3 ⎦ 3 3
∫ ∫
b b
37. e − x 2 dx = lim e− x 2 dx = lim ⎡ −2e− x 2 ⎤ = 2
0 b →∞ 0 b →∞ ⎣ ⎦0
1 1 1
38. By partial fractions = − .
x( x − 1) x − 1 x
∞ ∞
∫ ∫
dx ⎛ 1 1⎞
Therefore = ⎜ − ⎟ dx
2 x( x − 1) 2 ⎝ x −1 x ⎠
b
⎡ x − 1⎤ ⎡ b − 1⎤ 1
= lim ⎢ ln = lim ln − ln
b →∞ ⎣ x ⎥⎦ 2 b →∞ ⎢⎣ b ⎥⎦ 2
1
= ln1 − ln = ln 2
2
© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 5 10
1 1 1 1
39. By partial fractions = − + .
x( x − 1) 2
x x − 1 ( x − 1) 2
∞ ∞ ∞
∫ ∫ ∫
dx ⎡1 1 ⎤ dx
Therefore 2
= ⎢ x − x − 1 ⎥ dx +
2 x( x − 1) 2 ⎣ ⎦ 2 ( x − 1) 2
= − ln 2 (by Exercise 38)
∞
⎡ 1 ⎤
+ ⎢− ⎥
⎣ x − 1⎦ 2
= − ln 2 + 1
For each function, state if it is an even function of x, an odd function, or neither. If neither, give the
even and odd components.
44. x 4 = + (− x) 4 ; even
1 ⎡ −x
The function has even component e + ex ⎤
2⎣ ⎦
1 ⎡ −x
odd component e − ex ⎤
2⎣ ⎦
© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 5 11
Section 5.4
x2 y2
+ =1
a2 b2
where, if a > b , a is the major axis and b the minor axis (if a = b , we have a circle). Use Method 1
in Example 5.11 to find the area of the ellipse.
x2 y2 b 2
2
+ 2
=1 → y = a − x2
a b a
b 2
Δ A ≈ yΔ x = a − x2 Δ x
a
Figure 7
and the total area in the first quadrant is
b π a 2 π ab
∫ ∫
a a
b
A= y dx = a 2 − x 2 dx = × =
0 a 0 a 4 4
12
1 ⎡ ⎛ dy ⎞ 2 ⎤ 1 12
∫ ∫
⎡ 9 ⎤
s= ⎢1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ dx = ⎢1 + 16 x ⎥ dx
0 ⎢⎣ ⎝ dx ⎠ ⎥⎦ 0 ⎣ ⎦
2
∫ (1 + ax)
12
Now dx = (1 + ax)3 2 .
3a
1
⎡ 2 16 ⎛ 16 ⎞3 2 ⎤ 32 ⎡125 ⎤ 61
Therefore s = ⎢ × × ⎜1 + x ⎟ ⎥ = − 1⎥ =
⎢⎣ 3 9 ⎝ 9 ⎠ ⎥ 27 ⎢⎣ 64 ⎦ 54
⎦0
© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 5 12
Section 5.6
and m3 at x3 = +4 with respect to a point O on the line. Calculate (i) the position of the centre of
mass, (ii) the moment of inertia with respect to O, and (iii) the moment of inertia with respect to
the centre of mass.
Figure 8
1 1
X =
M
∑ mi xi = 6 [1× (−4) + 2 × (−1) + 3 × 4] = 1
i
51. The distribution of mass in a straight rod of length l is given by the density function
ρ ( x ) = x 2 ; 0 ≤ x ≤ l . Find (i) the total mass, (ii) the mean density, (iii) the centre of mass, (iv) the
moment of inertia with respect to an arbitrary point x0 on the line, (v) the moment of inertia with
respect to the centre of mass. (vi) Show that the moment of inertia has its smallest value when
computed with respect to the centre of mass.
∫ ∫ x dx = l
l l
2 3
(i) M = ρ ( x) dx = 3
0 0
(ii) ρ = M l = l2 3
l4 l3
∫ ∫
l l
1 1
(iii) X = x ρ ( x) dx = x3 dx = = 3l 4
M 0 M 0 4 3
∫ ∫ (x − 2x x + x
l l
(iv) I ( x0 ) = ( x − x0 ) 2 ρ ( x) dx = 2
0 0
2
) x 2 dx
0 0
5 4 2 3
= l 5 − x0 l 2 + x0 l 3
(v) I ( X ) = l 5 5 − X l 4 2 + X 2l 3 3
= l 5 5 − 3 l 5 8 + 16 = l 5 80
© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 5 13
d d ⎡5
(vi) I ( x0 ) = l 5 − x0 l 4 2 + x0 2l 3 3⎤ = − l 4 2 + 2 x0l 3 3
dx0 dx0 ⎣ ⎦
= 0 when l 2 = 2 x0 3, x0 = 3l 4
The moment of inertia has minimum value when x0 = 3l 4 ; that is, when computed with
Section 5.7
52. A body moves in a straight line with velocity v = 3t 2 at time t. Calculate the distance travelled in
time interval (i) t = 0 → 1 , (ii) t = 1 → 2 , (iii) t = 3 → 4 .
∫
t2
dx
We have v= = 3t 2 → x = v dt = ⎡t23 − t13 ⎤
dt t1
⎣ ⎦
Therefore
(i) t1 = 0, t2 = 1 → x = 1− 0 = 1
(ii) t1 = 1, t2 = 2 → x = 8 −1 = 7
(iii) t1 = 3, t2 = 4 → x = 64 − 27 = 37
53. A body of mass m moves in a straight line (the x-direction) under the influence of a force F = kx.
What is the work done on the body between x = xA and x = xB ?
B xB
∫ ∫
k
WAB = F dx = k x dx = ( xB 2 − xA 2 )
A xA 2
© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 5 14
54. A body of mass m moves in a straight line (the x-direction) under the influence of a force F = kx ,
where k is positive (see Exercise 53). (i) Find the potential energy V ( x) (choose V (0) = 0 ). The
body is released from rest at x = 1 . (ii) Find (a) the total energy E and (b) the kinetic energy T ( x)
(i) By Exercise 53 and Equation (5.56), the work done by the force is
k
WAB = ( xB 2 − xA 2 ) = V ( xA ) − V ( xB )
2
1
Therefore V ( x) = − kx 2
2
(ii) The constant total energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energies, E = T ( x) + V ( x) . The
1 1
(a) E = V (1) = − k , (b) T ( x) = E − V ( x) = k ( x 2 − 1)
2 2
(iii)
Figure 9
Figure 10b
Figure 10c
© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 5 15
k
(i) WAB = − ( xB 2 − xA 2 ) = V ( xA ) − V ( xB )
2
1 2
Therefore V ( x) = kx
2
1 1
(ii) (a) E = V (1) = k (b) T ( x) = E − V ( x) = k (1 − x 2 )
2 2
(iii) Figure 11
Figure 12a
Figure 12b
(b) The body would remain at rest at the bottom of the potential surface:
Figure 12c
© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 5 16
Section 5.8
56. A slightly imperfect gas obeys the van der Waals equation of state
⎛ n2 a ⎞
⎜⎜ p + 2 ⎟⎟ (V − nb) = nRT
⎝ V ⎠
Find expressions for the work done by the gas in expanding reversibly from volume V1 to volume
V2 at (i) constant pressure, and (ii) constant temperature (assume a and b are constant).
(i) At constant p ,
V2
W=p
∫V1
dV = p(V2 − V1 )
(ii) At constant T,
nRT n2 a
p= − 2
V − nb V
V2 V2 V
∫ ∫ ∫
2
dV dV
W= p dV = nRT − n2 a
V1 V − nb
2
V1 V1 V
⎡ V − nb ⎤ 2 ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
= nRT ln ⎢ 2 ⎥+n a⎢ − ⎥
⎢⎣ V1 − nb ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣V2 V1 ⎥⎦
© E Steiner 2008