CHAPTER-01

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

Nowadays, for the development of any nation, it is essential to construct the

infrastructures regarding various constructions works. To carry out such works engineers and
various technicians play an important role entirely through the governmental or private
sector. Governments having inadequate resources, nowadays, private sectors are immensely
activated towards the construction works on the contract basis.

In this scenario, regarding several projects which were offered to us, we have chosen
the project entitled “Analysis and Design of Office Building of Earthquake Resistance”.
Comparing various models of building structures, we found public building as the most
challenging project. Thus, we have given preference to the construction of the frame
structured municipal building which is a frame structure of three-stories with basement.
There are total 17 frames. These frames are analyzed for various vertical (Live, Dead) and
horizontal (Earthquake, wind) loads. The site is located in Kathmandu valley at Kirtipur.
According to IS 1893-2002 (Criteria for Earthquake Resistant design of structures), Kirtipur
lying on Vth zone, earthquake load was found to be pre-dominant in case of lateral load.

Earthquake is a natural phenomenon as old as the history of the earth itself. It occurs
rarely at any particular location. However the effects of these events are very destructive.
Amongst the other natural disasters, earthquake is the most unpredictable one with
maximum risk. Massive loss of lives and properties occurs. Now a days, designers and
engineers are giving more emphasis towards the earthquake resistance while analyzing and
designing any structure to minimize the seismic impact.

Various types of loads during the design phase are considered. While analyzing the
structure, internal forces in various structural members are discussed. Structural design deals
with the designing various members of the structure to resist these internal forces to which
they might be subjected during the life period of the structure.

1
 While analysis, frames are analyzed for earthquake as lateral or horizontal load. During
the earthquake, structural and non-structural damages occur in which both of them are
hazardous to occupants. When earthquake shaking occurs, a building gets thrown from side
to side or up and down. i.e. ground moves violently side by side and building stay at rest.
Thus the building gets thrown back and forth by the motion of the ground with some part of
building lagging behind and then moving in the opposite direction. The level of damage
depends upon how well the building has been designed and constructed.

In our context, the analysis of earthquake is based on seismic coefficient design

method as described in IS 1893: 2002. The lumped masses are calculated in floor level and
with the help of horizontal base shear, the lateral load (earthquake load) is calculated as well
as distributed.

The project report has been prepared in complete conformity with various provisions in
Indian Standards as Code of practice for plain & reinforced concrete IS 456-2000; Code of
practice for Design loads IS 875 (Part 2)-1987: Design Aids for Reinforcement Concrete (SP
16) IS 456-1978; Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing SP 34 (1987) are
thoroughly referred for proper analysis, design and detailing of structural elements viz.
beam, slab, column, staircase, foundation, basement wall with respect to safety, strength,
stability, ductility & economy in addition to adequate serviceability requirements of cracking
and deflection in concrete structures. All the codes are based on the principles of limit state
of design.

The project report posses modeling output (SAP 2000), analysis results, load
calculations, architectural drawings, structural drawings and sample calculations of various
structural elements and their detailing as well.

1.1 TITLE AND THEME OF PROJECT WORK:

 The title of the project is “ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF RESIDENTIAL

BUILDING FOR EARTHQUQKE RESISTANCE”.
 This project has undertaken the structural analysis and design of ‘Multi-storied
Residential Building’.
 The main aim of the project work under the title is to acquire knowledge and skills
with an emphasis on practical application.

2
  Beside the utilization of analytical methods and design approaches, exposure and
application of various available codes of practices is another aim of the project work.

1.2 OBJECTIVES:

The general objectives of the project work are:

 Integrate the knowledge of structural engineering offered in Bachelor of Civil

Engineering and make familiar to practice of detailed structural design and the total
Cost Estimation of project.
 To be familiar with practical problems arising in the design works.

The Specific objectives of the project work are:

 To perform the functional planning of building, considering the structural

arrangement of the building elements according to given client requirements.
 This project also keeps aims to make us capable to use software for Modeling of the
building for structural analysis.
 Detail structural analysis using structural analysis program (SAP2000 or STAD
PRO).
 Sectional design of structural components.
 Structural detailing of members.

1.4. SCOPE OF PROJECT:

 To prepare the architectural drawing.
 Identification and marking of structural grid line.
 To perform preliminary design.
 Modeling of the building for structural analysis.
 Detail structural analysis using computer software.
 Sectional design of structural system.
 Ductile detailing.

1.5. ASSIGNMENTS:

 Know your project work/assignments.

 Collect seismic design codes required for building, IS codes for RC design and
detailing, Building Norms of municipality.
 Review codes and other literatures required for analysis and design of building.
 Prepare architectural plan of building deciding size and arranging the spaces
required. Decide material and type of cladding, plaster work, flooring and partition if
any. Set up for horizontal and vertical openings of building.
 Decide number of columns and beams and fix their position in building plan.
 Draw preliminary elevation and plan of building.

3
  Assess unit weight of dead load for materials used, intensity of live load for the
particular type of building occupancy and other loads used and load combinations to
be analyzed.
 Find preliminary sizes of beam, column, slab, wall, footing and stair by conventional
methods.
 Assess loads for slab and stair, find typical panels of slab according to their panel and
loads and design typical panels of slab and stair.
 Assess gravity and seismic loads.
 Numerate column, beams and building frames, Idealize structure and loads for all
combinations of loads subjected to the building.
 Analyze the idealized frames by using computer software for all load combinations.
Find maximum of BM, SF, AF of structural members and find storey drift and
stability index of each storey.
 List the typical beams, column according to their span, length, size and responses and
design typical beams, columns, beam-column joint with ductile detailing.
 Assess loads for footing. Find safe bearing capacity of footing. Decide depth, type
and sizes of footing.
 Design typical footing for worst responses of superstructure.
 Prepare structural drawing of slab, beam, column and footing.
 Finalize plan, elevation and sections of building.

1.6 SALIENT FEATURES

Building type : Residential building

Structural system : RCC Frame structure
No. of Storey : 5(excluding staircase covering)
Floor Height : 2.70 m
Length : 27.350m
Breadth : 20.150 m
Plinth area : 440.376 sq. m
Type of staircase : Doglegged staircase
Type of foundation : Isolated footing & combined footing
Type of sub-soil : Medium Sub-soil (Bearing Capacity = 150 KN/m2)

FRAME SYSTEM

Direction Frame Naming

Transverse 1-1, 2-2, 3-3, 4-4, 5-5, 6-6, & 7-7
Longitudinal A-A, B-B, C-C, D-D, E-E, F-F, G-G &H-H

4
 1.7 METHODOLOGY

a) Study of the Architectural Drawing

Initially, the architectural drawing of the building was studied. Rooms within this
office building were allocated to various purposes such as staff room, administration,
seminar hall, storage etc.

b) Preliminary Design

Estimation of various structural elements such as beam and slab were designed and
checks were done with the help of deflection criteria and moment criteria. For the column,
vertical axial capacity was taken for the design and percentage of steel was checked.

c) Load Calculation

After the study architectural drawing and preliminary design, load calculation was
done. In vertical, dead load was obtained by the sized determined in preliminary design
and live load was determined by using code for design loads (IS 875 part 2) for various
types and purposes of rooms. In horizontal load, earthquake load was determined by
calculating lumped mass at floor level and horizontal base shear (IS 1893). It was done by
Seismic Coefficient Method. Wind load (IS 875 Part 3) was obtained by design wind speed
and design wind pressure. Earthquake load being the pre-dominant one between the two
lateral loads, hence its effect was only considered.

d) Modeling & Analysis

For the purpose of Seismic analysis of our building we have used the structural
analysis program SAP 2000. It has a special option for modeling horizontal rigid floor
diaphragm system. A floor diaphragm is modeled as a rigid horizontal plane parallel to
global X-Y plane, so that all points on any floor diaphragm cannot displace relative to each
other in X-Y plane. Initially, the characteristics of the materials used were defined such as
concrete – M20 and reinforcement – Fe415. Then, the load cases as well as their
combinations with load factors were introduced. Next, structures were analyzed for

5
 different load combinations and the final output was determined in the form of SF, BM and
AF etc.

e) Design

Design was done on the basis of limit state of design for collapse and serviceability. The
sample calculations of various structural elements were done with numerous checks and
with the help of MS-excel, the formulation was done for each and every structural member
in the building.

f) Detailing

Detailing was to done by determining number, size, layout and location of reinforcement,
given the element dimensions and areas of steel required. Certain details such as lap and
development lengths, hook requirements, cut-off points etc. were covered by the code.

6
 CHAPTER-02
ANALYSIS OF BUILDING

The analysis of the building was done by the estimation of dimensions of various structural
members such as slab, beam, column, staircase, foundation, and basement wall with the
help of preliminary design. And different types of loads such as vertical load (Dead +
finishes, and Live) and Lateral Load (earthquake and wind load) were calculated.
Earthquake being pre-dominant, only its effect was taken for lateral loads. Also
combinations of such loads were taken into consideration. With the help of SAP 2000,
element stresses in beams and column were calculated in the provision of rigid
diaphragm with.

2.1PRELIMINARY DESIGN

Preliminary design is carried out to estimate approximate size of the structural members.
Grid diagram is taken as basic guideline for analysis. Preliminary design of flexural
members of the structural system i.e. for beam and slab are done as per the limit state of
serviceability. Work out is done from deflection criteria and moment criteria. And for
column, it was done from net vertical axial load capacity assuming suitable percentage
of steel.

2.1.1PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF SLAB:

For the design of slab, the panel with largest span of 4.9mX4.5m was chosen
Hence, from Clause 23.2 Control of deflection criteria of IS 456:2000, we can draw out the
following Methodical steps to get the thickness of slab.

7
 ≤ 32
{From Pillai book (page 432) L/d =32 for Fe415 & continuous slab or IS 456:2000, cl
24.4, Note 2}
Where,
Span (l) = 4.5 =4500mm (i.e. the smallest of the two dimension as the slab is two way slab
with (ly/lx) ≤ 2.)

The effective depth of slab is determined as 140.62mm.

A clear cover of 15mm for main bar diameter 10mm, we get the overall depth (D) of slab as:

Overall Depth of slab (D) = Effective Depth + 0.5*dia. of main bar +clear cover

= 140.62+0.5*10+15
=160.62 mm
Rounding off to nearest multiple of five, we take the preliminary thickness of slab = 175mm

Analysis and Design of Slab:

Materials:
Grade of concrete: M20
Fe415 (TOR Steel)

Design of slab of ground floor

Slab of Panel (4.5m×4.9m)
Clear Span in Shorter Direction (lxc) = 4500 mm
Clear Span in Longer Direction (lyc) =4900 mm
1. Depth of Slab:-
D=175 mm (from Preliminary Design)
2. Effective Depth of Slab:-
dx=175-15-10/2 =155mm
dy=155-10 =145mm (Assuming 10 mm ɸ bar & 15 mm clear cover)

8
3. Effective Span of Slab:-
Lx = lxc+dx= 3750+161 = 4500+155 = 4655mm
Ly= lyc +dy=4700+153 = 4900+145 =5045 mm

4. Load Calculation (1m×1m)

Live Load =5.0 KN/m2 (For preliminary design we take Maximum load for Safety
design. )
Dead Load =.175×25 =4.375 KN/m2
Marble Finish (15mm)=0.015×26.50KN/m3 =0.398 KN/m2
Screeding (25mm) = 0.025× 21KN/m3=0.525KN/m2
Plaster of ceiling (15mm) = (0.015×20.40KN/m3)=0.306 KN/m2
Total Load =10.6KN/m2
Factored load =1.5* 10.6=15.9KN/m2

5. Bending Moment Calculation

Ly/lx= 5045/4655 =1.09
At support, (from IS456 table 26, for interior panel, the coefficient of moment are as
follows)
αX-= .0284 αy-=.032
Mux-ve = αX wulx2= .0284*15.9*4.662=9.806KN/m
-

Muy-ve= αy-*wulx2 =.032*15.9*4.662 =11.045KN/m

At MidSpan
αX+= 0.0276 αy+=.024
Mux+ve =αX+ wulx2 = .0267*15.9*4.62=9.53KN/m
Muy+ve = αy+*wu*lx2 =.024*15.9*4.662=8.286KN/m
6. Check of Effective Depth:-
d2 = (11.045*106)/ (.138*20*1000) {For Fe 415 Mu lim = 0.138fckbd2}
d =63.27 mm < 175mm OK
Adopt, D=150 mm

2.1.2 PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF BEAM:

Using deflection control criteria, {from Bhavikatti book page103 l/d=12-15)

lef/ d = 15
d = 4900/15 = 326.67
Assuming effective cover of 40mm,
Overall depth of beam (D) = 366.67 mm
Adopt, D = 400mm
Width of beam (b) = D/3 to (¾) D
Adopt b = 300mm
Check:
b≥200
b/D = 3/4> 0.3 OK

Size of beam = 300mm x 400mm

Web depth = 400-150 = 250mm

Analysis and Design of Beam:

1. Materials:
Grade of concrete: M20

9
Fe415 (TOR Steel)
2. Member size
Width of beam=300 mm
Depth of beam, D=400 mm
3. Load Calculation
Area contributing to loads on Beam (4.9*4.5) is 5.9625*2=11.925 m2.

1. Load coming from slab portion

Live Load =5.0 KN/m2 *area of slab* depth of slab/length of beam =5.0KN/m2*11.925
m2*0.15m/4.9m =1.825KN/m
Dead Load =.150×25KN/m3*11.925/4.9 =9.126KN/m
Marble Finish (15mm)=0.015×26.50KN/m3*2.434 =0.968 KN/m
Screeding (25mm) = 0.025× 21KN/m3*2.434=0.968KN/m
Plaster of ceiling (15mm) = 0.015×20.40KN/m3*2.434=1.278KN/m
Total Load 1 =13.944KN/m
Factored load 1=1.5* 13.944=20.916KN/m

2. Load coming from web portion

Dead Load =.25*0.3*25KN/m3 =1.875 KN/m
Wall load = 0.230*2.3*19KN/m3 =10.05
Total Load from web =11.926KN/m
Factored load 2=1.5* 11.926=17.889KN/m
Total Factored load = 17.889+20.916 =38.805KN/m

3. Bending Moment Calculation

Maximum ultimate Bending Moment Calculation (Mu) =Wu* l2/12
=38.805*4.92/12
=77.64 KN-m
Again, For Fe415
4. Resistance Moment (Mr.) = 0.138* fck* Bd2 {For Fe 415 Mu lim = 0.138fckbd2}
Equating Mr. =Mu
77.642*106=0.138*20*300*d2
= 306.22 >366.67mm
Adopt Overall depth 400 mm

2.1.3 PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF COLUMN:

Area contributing to loads on column is (4.5m*3.15m) =14.175m2
1. Load Calculation
Dead loads:
Floor finishes:
Marble Finish (15mm)=0.015×26.50KN/m3 *14.175 =5.635 KN
Screeding (25mm) = 0.025× 21KN/m3*14.175=7.442KN
Plaster of ceiling (30mm) = 0.015×20.40KN/m3*14.175)=4.338 KN/m2
Total floor finish = 17.415 KN
Self-weight of slab = 25*0.15*14.175 = 53.175 KN
Weight of partition wall = 1 KN/m2*14.175=14.175 KN
Live load on other floors = 5 KN/m2*14.175m2=70.875 KN
Self-wt. of main beam = 25*0.4*0.3*4.9 =14.7 KN
Total axial load (P) = 6*167.88=1007.28 KN (for 5storied)
Total axial load including self-wt. of column (Pi) = 1.1*1007.28 KN=1108.008(for 5
storied)

10
Total design load (Pu) =1.5*1108.008=1662.012 KN
For an axially loaded column,
Pu = 0.4*fck*Ac + 0.67*fy*Asc {IS456:2000 CL39.3}
Assuming 2% of compression reinforcement and M25 concrete grade,
1662.012*1000 = 0.4*25*(Ag – p*Ag/100) + 0.67*415*p*Ag/100
Ag = 124021.49mm2
Dimensions for rectangular column:
Using square column,
B=D =124021.49)0.5 = 352.167 mm
Adopt 400mm

2.1.4 PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF STAIRCASE

For residential building

The size of step commonly adopted is 25cm*16cm
In general, the thumb rules are
2R+2T= 600-640mm
And R*T = 40,000-42000mm
Near assume T= 250mm
NOW,
We have,
Floor height = 2.7m
No of raiser = 16nos
Rise(R) = (2.7*1000)/16 =168.75»175mm (adopt)
Now, Check,
2R+T= 600-640
2*175+250= 600 (i.e., ok)
For span (Le) = 4500mm
Let, West slab Thickness (D) = (span)/20 (from Pillai Book page 597)
= (450/2) = 225mm
Load calculation
For inclined portion,
Self-wt. of slab =25*(D*√R2+T2)*T (From Pillai book)
=25*(0.0225*√0.1752 +0.252)*0.25
= 6.86KN/m2
Self-wt. of steps = (1/2)*R*T*(25/T) = (1/2)*0.175*25=2.187KN/m2

Finishes =1KN/m2 (assume)

Live load =5KN/m2 (assume)
Total loads =15.047KN/m2
Taking 1m width of flight
W=1*15.047*=5.047KN/m (per width)
Wa=1.5*15.047=23.64KN/m (per width)
For Landing Zone
i) Self wt.=r*D*1=0.225*25*1=5.625KN/m2
ii) Finishes=1.0KN/m2
iii) Live load=5.0KN/m2
Total loads (WL) =11.625KN/m2
(WUL)=1.5*11.625=17.43KN/m2
=17.43KN/m (per m width)

11
We, know
No of Riser-No of tread=1
There for no of tread =No of riser-1
=R-1
=8-1=7 (no each flight)

RA+RB= (17.43*1.375)*2+26.69*1.750
= 89.30KN
RA=RB = (89.30/2)=44.65KN
For the point of maximum moment*distance from A
RA-17.43*(1.375)*23.64*(x-1.375) =0
44.65-23.39+32.50-23.64x=0
X= (53.465/23.64) = 2.25m (at mid span)
There for moment at(x=2.25m)
Mx=44.65*2.25-17.43*1.375*[(1.375/2) + (2.25-1.375)]-
17.43*(1.75/2)*(1.75/2)*2
=62.26KM-m
There for MUR=0.138fck*bd2
»62.26*106=0.138*20*1000*d2
d=150.19mm
We know, D=150.19+20+ (12/2) =176.19mm<225mm (i.e. ok)
[Assume 20mm cover and 12mm Ø bars]
Hence adopt depth of waist slab is 180mm.

Ly
2.2 VERTICAL LOADS
DEAD LOAD
Lx
Dead load from slab is trapezoidal acts on beams
Dead load from walls are UDL also acts on beams
Self-wt. of beam is UDL and acts on the same beam
Self-wt. of columns are considered point loads action on joints
Dead load intensity of floor slab

12
= Unit wt. of concrete*thickness [RCC + floor finishes (Marble +screed)]
= (25*0.125) + (27*0.015) + (21*0.025)
= (3.125+0.405+0.525) KN/m2
For toilet, bathroom, passage, kitchen
Dead load intensity of slab=4.055KN/m2
For living room &meeting room=3.65KN/m2 (marble is not used)
Dead load of roof slab:-
=25*0.125+ (25mm plaster)*unit wt.
=25*0.125+0.025*22
=3.675KN/m2
Unit wt. of different materials () (Approximate value from IS 875: PART 1)
Reinforced Concrete = 25 KN/m3
Marble = 27 KN/m3
Screed = 21 KN/m3
Plaster = 22 KN/m3
Brick = 19 KN/m3 (Approximate for common bricks)
Cement Concrete = 24 KN/m3

LIVE LOAD

Live load is acted directly on slab

In structural modeling it is considered trapezoidal loads in beams supporting the slab
Intensity of Live load in slab differ with type of room CL.3.1, (IS 875 part2-1987 for
Residential building)

Toilet & bathroom =2.0KN/m2

Storage room = 2.0 KN/m2
Staircase = 4.0 KN/m2
Kitchen and all room = 2.0 KN/m2
Balconies =3.0 KN/m2

2.3 HORIZONTAL LOADS

While analyzing, we are concerned with various types of vertical and horizontal/lateral
loads. Earthquake load as a lateral load should be considered during design in order to
meet the acceptable level of responses. The main objective of design is to emphasize the
probable deformation or response to their considerable limit within their lifetime. The
structural elements should sustain entire possible loads within the suitable degree of
safety, upgrade the durability of structure, and be resistive towards misuse and fire.

(A) EARTHQUAKE LOAD

For the lateral load calculation, the lumped weight of each floor is determined. Due to the
moderate building (<40 m), Seismic Coefficient method is followed for an ease
(Referring IS: 1893 – 1975)

13
Grid No. Length (m) Grid No. Length (m)
A-A 24.90 1-1 17.4
B-B 24.90 2-2 17.4
C-C 11.40 3-3 11.6
D-D 5.80 4-4 11.6
E-E 5.80 5-5 11.6
F-F 11.60 6-6 17.7
G-G 24.90 7-7 17.7
H-H 24.90
Total 134.40 105.60

Total length of beam: 134.40 + 105.60 = 240=Dead Load of Beam: 25*0.23*0.45*240 =

261KN
(Unit wt. of concrete = 25 KN/m3)
A) GROUND FLOOR:
I) COLUMN:
Dead Load of Column: 25*0.42*40*(2.7/2) = 216 KN

II) WALL:
I) Wall= (30*4.1+16*4.5+2.3*2) *19*0.23*2.7/2 (230mm wall)
=199.60*19*0.23*1.35 *0.7
=1177.54KN*0.7=824.278
Wall= (110.88*0.7*19*0.11*1.35) (110mm wall)
=218.99KN
Total wall load=1043.268

14
III) Tie Beam:
=236.70*0.30*0.3*25
=521KN
IV) STAIR CASE:
=70.20KN
V) FLOOR FINISH:
25mm screed=440.36*21*0.025=231.18KN
12mm plastering inside & outside of wall=297.22/2=139.61KN
Total load on Ground floor=2051.06KN
B) FIRST FLOOR
I) BEAM:
DL = 236.70*0.30*0.4*25 = 710.10 KN
II) WALL:
230mm wall = 0.7*199.60*0.23*(2.7-0.4)*19 = 5416.68 KN
110mm wall= 0.7*110.88*0.11*(2.7-0.15)*19=413.65
= 5830.33 KN
III) COLUM:
DL=40*0.42*25*2.7/2=432KN
IV) SLAB:
DL=25*484.62*0.15=1817.32KN 2KN/m2
LL=Area of slab having 2KN/m2 (All room)+Area of slab having 3KN/m2 (staircase)
=2KN/m2*(14*14.5)25%+(4KN/m2)*(11.07*2)*50%+[3.55*0.89*14)]3*25%
=266.02KN/m2
v) SRAIR CASE:
DL= (UDL of inclined converted to*width)*2+ (UDL of loading *width*2)*no of flight
= [(23.64*1.1*2) + (17.43*1.175*2)]*2
= (2*92.968)
= 115.937KN/m2
VI) FLOOR FINISH:
a) marble=Total area*thickness

15
 = [Area of ocorridors + stair case + kitchen +w/c]
= 188.75*0.015*27
= 76.435KN
b) Screed = Total area * thickness *rscreed
= 484.62*0.025*21
= 254.42KN
c) 12mm plaster in celling =321.02*0.012.22
= 84.70KN
d) 12mm plaster in out of & inner side = (1057.62/2) *0.012*22)
= 139.61
Total Dead load of floor finish =555.16KN
Total DL of first floor is=555.16KN
Total LL of first floor is=266.02KN
(The total DL & LL of First floor, Second floor, Third floor, Fourth floor are same)
4) FIFTH FLOOR
I) BEAM:-
DL= 710.10KN
II) COLUMN:-
DL= (32*0.402*2.7/2*+8*0.42*2.7)*25=259.25KN
III) WALL:-
DL= [(432/2+21* (2.7/2-0.40)+94.70*0.11*0.80]*19
= 394.28KN
IV) STAIR CASE:-
DL=115.37/2
V) SLAB:-
DL= 462.26*25*0.125=1444.56KN
LL= 413.88*1.5*50%=155.20KN
VI) FLOOR FINISHING:-
Terrace screed = (Area of slab-Area of stair)*21*0.025
= (484.62-9.43*2)*21*0.025
= 244.52KN
10mm punning = 468.11*22*0.01=167.04KN
12 mm Plastering in ceiling = 84.70KN
12mm plastering inside & outside = (297.22/2) KN
Total DL of floor finish= 635.87KN
From lumped mass calculation, following result should obtain.

16
 Slab (KN) Floor
Beam
Column Wall fini Total
( Staircase
Floor (K (K sh (K
K (KN)
N) N) (K N)
N)
DL LL N)
Ground
flo 521 216 1043.27 0 0 57.9685 139.61 1977.85
or
First
flo 710.1 432 5830.33 18170.33 266.02 115.937 555.16 26079.9
or
Second
flo 710.1 432 5830.33 18170.33 266.02 115.937 555.16 26079.9
or
Third
flo 710.1 432 5830.33 18170.33 266.02 115.937 555.16 26079.9
or
Fourth
flo 710.1 432 5830.33 18170.33 266.02 115.937 555.16 26079.9
or
Fifth
flo 710.1 259.2 394.28 1444. 56 155.2 57.9685 635.87 2212.62
or
Sixth
flo 63.9 43.2 88.43 75.94 7.312 24.52 303.302
or
Total 4135.4 2246.4 24847.3 72757.24 1226.592 579.685 3020.64 108813

17
 2.5 HORIZONTAL BASE SHEAR CALCULATION
Then, the horizontal base shear is determined,
It is given by
Vb = Ah*W (from IS1893 PART 1, cl 7.5.3)
Where, Vb = Horizontal Base Shear
Ah = Design horizontal seismic Coefficient
W = Total lumped weight of building
ZI S a
Again, Ah = * (from IS 1893 PART 1, cl 6.4.2)
2R g

Where, Z = Zone factor (Table 2) = Zone 5 = 0.36 (= very severe)

I = Importance factor (Table 5) = 1.0 (=all other building)
R = Response Reduction factor (Table 7)
= 5.0 (= special RC moment resisting frame)
Sa/g = Average Response Acceleration Coefficient
= Depends upon Time period (T)
= T = Fundamental natural period
Also we have, T = 0.75h0.75 where, h = ht. of building
After determining the Horizontal base shear, the distribution of lateral (earthquake) load
on different floor is determined as follows:
2
Wi hi
Qi = 2
*Vb (from IS 1893 PART 1, cl 7.7.1)
 Wi hi

Where, Qi = Horizontal/Lateral force acting at any ith floor

Wi = Lumped weight of ithfloor
hi = Ht. of each floor above base
Vb = Horizontal base shear
DETERMINING OF SEISMIC LOAD BASED ON IS 1893 PART 1
Horizontal Base shear
calculation
Seismic Zone factor Z 0.36 Cl 6.4.2, Table 2 Zone v
Important factor I 1.0 Cl 6.4.2, Table 6, all other building
Cl 6.4.2, Table 7 RC moment
5
Response reduction factor R resisting frame
Height of building h (m) 16.2 From drawing
Fundamental natural time T=0.075*h0.75 0.605 Cl 7.6.2 (for rcc frame bldg.)
Average response coefficient sa\g 2.5 Cl 6.4.5
Design Horizontal Seismic Ah = (Z*I)/
0.135
coefficient (2R)*sa/g Cl 6.4.2
Total lumped mass W=∑wi (KN) 108813.26 From calculation
Vb=Ah*W
14689.790
Horizontal Base shear (KN) From calculation

18
 Storey Storey
le force Storey
Mass of
ve Qi=( she
each Lateral Horizontal
l Wih2 ar
Floor floor Wihi2 (KNm) Load In each
hi /∑Wi vi
(wi) column (KN)
( hi2)* (K
(KN)
m Vb N)
) (KN)
Ground
14689.79
floo 0.000
0
0.000
r 1977.8485 0 0.000
First
14689.79
floo 457.327
0
11.433
r 26079.872 2.7 190122.267
Second
14232.46
floo 1829.307
3
45.733
r 26079.872 5.4 760489.068
Third
12403.15
floo 4115.940
7
102.898
r 26079.872 8.1 1711100.402
Fourth
floo 7317.226 8287.217 182.931
r 26079.872 10.8 3041956.270
Fifth
floo 969.991 969.991 24.250
r 2212.6185 13.5 403249.722
Sixth
floo 191.469 0.000
r 303.302 16.2 79598.577 23.934

Total 108813.257 6106917.728 14689.790

19
2.6 SEISMIC LOAD DISTRIBUTION

The lateral seismic load obtained from the calculation of lumped mass at floor level and
horizontal base shear is then distributed within the building in both X and Y direction.
While distributing in each grid, the lateral load in each column is obtained by dividing
total lateral load in a floor to the no. of column in that floor. Then, at the time of
distribution grid wise, no. of column is counted in each grid and it is multiplied by
lateral load in each column. The magnitude of seismic lateral load is same in both
positive and negative direction.
Lateral Load on each column = (Qi/No. of column)
Ground floor = 457.32/40=11.443 KN
First Floor = 1829.32/40=45.733KN
Second Floor = 4115.6/40 = 102.89 KN
Third Floor = 7317.24/40 = 182.931 KN
Fourth Floor =970/40 =24.25KN
Fifth Floor =957.36/40 =23.931

TABLE-3 SEISMIC LOAD DISTRIBUTION ON GROUND FLOOR

X-Direction Y-Direction
Load on Load on
each eac
Lateral Grid Lateral
No. of Colu No. of h
Grid No. Lo N Loa
Column mn Column Col
ad o. d
um
n
A-A 7 11.433 80.031 1-1 7 11.433 80.031
B-B 7 11.433 80.031 2-2 7 11.433 80.031
C-C 4 11.433 45.732 3-3 4 11.433 45.732
D-D 2 11.433 22.866 4-4 4 11.433 45.732
E-E 2 11.433 22.866 5-5 4 11.433 45.732
X-Direction Y-Direction
Load on Load on
each eac
Lateral Grid Lateral
No. of Colu No. of h
Grid No. Lo N Loa
Column mn Column Col
ad o. d
um
n
F-F 4 11.433 45.732 6-6 7 11.433 80.031
G-G 7 11.433 80.031 7-7 7 11.433 80.031
H-H 7 11.433 80.031
Total 40 457.32 40 457.32

20
(For both EQL-Positive and EQL-Negative)
TABLE-4 SEISMIC LOAD DISTRIBUTION ON FIRST FLOOR

X-Direction Y-Direction
Load on Load on
each No. of eac
Lateral Grid Lateral
No. of Colu Colu h
Grid No. Loa N Loa
Column mn m Col
d o. d
n um
n
A-A 7 45.733 320.341 1-1 7 45.733 320.341
B-B 7 45.733 320.341 2-2 7 45.733 320.341
C-C 4 45.733 183.052 3-3 4 45.733 183.052
D-D 2 45.733 91.526 4-4 4 45.733 183.052
E-E 2 45.733 91.526 5-5 4 45.733 183.052
F-F 4 45.733 183.052 6-6 7 45.733 320.341
G-G 7 45.733 320.341 7-7 7 45.733 320.341
H-H 7 45.733 320.341
Total 40 1829.32 40 1829.32

(For both EQL-Positive and EQL-Negative)

TABLE-5 SEISMIC LOAD DISTRIBUTION ON SECOND FLOOR

X-Direction Y-Direction
Load on Load on
each No. of eac
Lateral Grid Lateral
No. of Colu Colu h
Grid No. Loa N Loa
Column mn m Col
d o. d
n um
n
A-A 7 102.89 720.23 1-1 7 102.89 720.23
B-B 7 102.89 720.23 2-2 7 102.89 720.23
C-C 4 102.89 411.56 3-3 4 102.89 411.56
D-D 2 102.89 205.78 4-4 4 102.89 411.56
E-E 2 102.89 205.78 5-5 4 102.89 411.56
F-F 4 102.89 411.56 6-6 7 102.89 720.23
G-G 7 102.89 720.23 7-7 7 102.89 720.23
H-H 7 102.89 720.23
Total 40 4115.6 40 4115.6

(For both EQL-Positive and EQL-Negative)

21
TABLE-6 SEISMIC LOAD DISTRIBUTION ON THIRD FLOOR
X-Direction Y-Direction
Load on Load on
each No. of eac
Lateral Grid Lateral
No. of Colu Colu h
Grid No. Loa N Loa
Column mn m Col
d o. d
n um
n
A-A 7 182.931 1280.517 1-1 7 182.931 1280.51
B-B 7 182.931 1280.517 2-2 7 182.931 1280.51
C-C 4 182.931 731.724 3-3 4 182.931 731.724
D-D 2 182.931 365.862 4-4 4 182.931 731.724
E-E 2 182.931 365.862 5-5 4 182.931 731.724
F-F 4 182.931 731.724 6-6 7 182.931 1280.51
G-G 7 182.931 1280.517 7-7 7 182.931 1280.51
H-H 7 182.931 1280.517
Total 40 7317.24 40 7317.24

(For both EQL-Positive and EQL-Negative)

TABLE-7 SEISMIC LOAD DISTRIBUTION ON FOURTH FLOOR
X-Direction Y-Direction
Load on Load on
each No. of eac
Lateral Grid Lateral
No. of Colu Colu h
Grid No. Loa N Loa
Column mn m Col
d o. d
n um
n
A-A 7 24.250 169.75 1-1 7 24.250 169.75
B-B 7 24.250 169.75 2-2 7 24.250 169.75
C-C 4 24.250 97 3-3 4 24.250 97
D-D 2 24.250 48.5 4-4 4 24.250 97
E-E 2 24.250 48.5 5-5 4 24.250 97
F-F 4 24.250 97 6-6 7 24.250 169.75
G-G 7 24.250 169.75 7-7 7 24.250 169.75
H-H 7 24.250 169.75
Total 40 970 40 970

22
(For both EQL-Positive and EQL-Negative)
TABLE-7 SEISMIC LOAD DISTRIBUTION ON FIFTH FLOOR
X-Direction Y-Direction
Load on Load on
each Grid eac
Lateral No. of Lateral
No. of Colu N h
Grid No. Loa Colum Lo
Column mn o Col
d n ad
. um
n
A-A 0 0 0 1-1 2 23.934 47.868
B-B 0 0 0 2-2 2 23.934 47.868
C-C 2 23.934 47.868 3-3 0 0 0
D-D 2 23.934 47.868 4-4 0 0 0
E-E 2 23.934 47.868 5-5 0 0 0
F-F 2 23.934 47.868 6-6 2 23.934 47.868
G-G 0 0 0 7-7 2 23.934 47.868
H-H 0 0 0
Total 8 191.47 8 191.47

23
 (For both EQL-Positive and EQL-Negative)

2.7 LOAD CASES AND LOAD COMBINATIONS

LOAD CASES:
Dead Load
Live Load
Earthquake Load
LOAD COMBINATIONS (from IS 1893:2002 cl 6.3.2.1)
1.5(DL + LL)
0.9 DL ± 1.5 EQ (both +ve and –ve)
1.2 (DL + LL) ± 1.2 EQ (both +ve and –ve)
1.5(DL±EQ) (both +ve and –ve)
(Total no. of combinations = 13)

2.8 STOREY DRIFT

The maximum displacement value is within the limit as per IS code 1893 (part 1): 2002
cl.7.11.1 i.e. should not exceed 0.004 times the storey height. Hence, the building is
within the storey drift limitation.

TABLE-8 STOREY DRIFT

Storey
Storey Height Drift Ratio (mm)
Lev Total displacement Storey Drift
(mm) (5)
el In mm (mm)

5 20.36 2.58 2700 0.00095

4 17.78 4.11 2700 0.0015
3 13.67 5.11 2700 0.0018
2 8.56 5.27 2700 0.0019
1 3.23 3.29 2700 0.0012

The above values obtained from modeling analysis are less than the permissible limits.
Hence it is further procedure for the designing of the building structural elements.

2.9 TIME PERIOD

The time period we used for the base shear calculation is 0.605 sec calculated as per IS Code
1893 (part 1): 2002.

24
 CHAPTER-3
MODELLING
3.1 INTRODUCTION

For the purpose of Seismic analysis of our building we have used the Structural
Analysis Program (SAP 2000). It has a special option for modeling horizontal rigid
floor diaphragm system. A floor diaphragm is modeled as a rigid horizontal plane
parallel to global X-Y plane, so that all points on any floor diaphragm cannot displace
relative to each other in X-Y plane. Initially, the characteristics of the materials used
were defined such as concrete – M20 and reinforcement – Fe415. Then, the load cases
as well as their combinations with load factors were introduced. Next, structures were
analyzed for different load combinations and the final output was determined in the
form of SF, BM and AF etc.

The concept of Finite Element Method is also used thoroughly. This method deals
with the elementary analysis of any structure. While analyzing the building, it was
divided into no. of structural elements. For example, during calculation of lumped
mass, the whole building mass was calculated as the summation of masses at floor
level. Similarly, various structural elements such as beam, slab, column, and
foundation were analyzed in the elementary basis.

The building was restrained at the basement. During seismic analysis, while
calculating base shear, the time period was dependent upon the height of the building.
In our context, the height of basement storey was included due to presence of
ventilation in the basement wall. If the whole basement storey was of RCC wall
without ventilation, then it was possible to restrain at the ground level.

25
There are following step to be used in modeling process in (SAP2000, 14) programme.

STEP 1: BEGIN A NEW MODEL

i) Click the file menu >New model command or New model button.
ii) The model form allows for quick generation of numerous model type using
parameter generation techniques.
iii) Click on grid only and also set unit in KN-m or KN-mm.
iv) Click the ok button to accept the change.
v) Right click in the left active windows and click Edit Grid Data. Or double click on any
grid of model.
A) Modify X grid spacing as:

X-Grid
Grid no Cum length (mm)
1' -890
1 0
1'' 3550
2 4500
2' 6325
2'' 8050
3 9000
3'' 12550
4 13500
4'' 17125
5 18000
5'' 18950
5' 20675
6 22500
6'' 23450
7 27000
7' 27890
B) Modify Y grid spacing as:

Y-Grid
Grid no Cum length (mm)
a -890
A 0
B 4900
C 6300
c'' 7250
Y-Grid

21
 Grid no Cum length (mm)
D 9000
E 10800
d'' 12550
F 13500
G 14900
H 19800
h 20690

c) Modify Z- grid spacing as:

Z-Grid
Grid no Cum length (mm)
Z1 0
Z2 2700
Z3 5400
Z4 8100
Z5 10800
Z6 13500
Z7 16200
v) Click on ok button.

STEP 2: DEFINE MATERIAL

For specify the material properties,

i)Click the Define menu >Materials command to display the Define materials form.
ii) Select 4000psi and click on Add new materials.
iii)Rename material’s name as M20 for (fck=20N/mm2).& material type: concrete
iv)Weight per volume:25KN/m2 or 2.500E-0.5 if units are in N,mm,c.
v)Specified concrete compressive strength, fc:20,E=5000*SQRT(fck) in N/mm2
vi) Click ok.

STEP 3: DEFINE SECTIONAL PROPERTIES

A) Define frame section for Beam 300x400;

i)Go to Define>>Section properties>>frame sections select on Add new properties,

Select concrete from second drop down select rectangular.
Section name: B (for Beam)
Dimension
Depth: 400
Width: 300
ii) Click on concrete reinforcement
Design type: Beam

22
 Concrete cover: 40mm (effective)
iii) Click ok.

B) Define frame section for Column 400x400;

i)Go to Define>>Section properties>>frame sections select on Add new properties,

Select concrete from second drop down select rectangular.
Section name: C (for column)
Dimension
Depth: 400
Width: 400
ii) Click on concrete reinforcement
Design type: column
Concrete cover :( effective)
iii) Click ok.

STEP 4: ADD FRAME OBJECTS

i) Draw the beam as required grid(XY) on first floor and click on replicate
command(ctrl+R)
Dz: 2700
Number: 4
Ok.
ii) Draw the column as required grid (XZ&XY) on all face.

STEP 5: ADD ARAEA OBJECT FOR SLAB

i) Draw area section with none section properties because all partition walls and waist
slab are assigned in the terms of DL of slab, DL of stair etc.

STEP 6: ASSIGNING BOUNDARY CONDITION

i)Go to XY plane(Z=0)
ii) Select all nodes.
iii) Go to assign –joints-Restraints.
iv) Select fixed boundary condition.

STEP 7: DEFINE LOAD PATTERN (DEAD, LIVE, EARTHQUAKE)

The dead & live load are static load patterns acting in gravity Direction.
i)Click the Define menu >load pattern.
ii) Write load pattern name, select type of load pattern& multiplier.
AS per requirements of this building; there are following load patterns required
Load patterns Type of load Multiplier
Dead Dead 1 (for self-wt. of beam ,slab ,&column)
Wall Dead 0
Load patterns Type of load Multiplier
EQX+ Quake 0

23
EQX- Quake 0
EQY+ Quake 0
EQY- Quake 0
iii) Click on ok button.

STEP 8: ASSIGN LOAD PATTERN (DEAD &LIVE)

i) Apply dead& live load to the beams as calculated in model.
ii) Select beam, Go to Assign>>Frame load>distributed>>wall load (as per
specified)>>ok.
iii) Select slab on room, Go to Assign>>Area load>Area uniform to frame>>Dl of slab
for room (specified magnitude)>>ok.
iv) Select slab on staircase, Go to Assign>>Area load>Area uniform to frame>>Dl of
slab of staircase (specified magnitude)>>ok.Similiarly other load of slab is also assigned.
AS per requirements of this building; there are following load patterns required.

Load patterns Type of load Load

Dead Dead Not necessary to given.
Dead load of slab (With including Dead
partition wall, floor finish, Plaster in
ceiling etc.)
Dead load of stair (with including floor Dead
finish, Plaster in ceiling etc.)
Dead load of w/c, balconies passage Dead
(With including marble finishing, plaster
in ceiling, etc.)
Dead load of Roof slab (with including Dead
punning, ceiling plaster, screed etc.)
Wall(230 mm wall load) Wall 10.051kN/m
Parapet wall load(110 mm wall ,800mm Wall 3.496 KN/m
height)
LL for room slab Live 2.0 KN/m2
LL for stair case Live 4.0 KN/m2
LL for Balconies Live 3.0 KN/m2
LL of roof Live 1.5 KN/m2
Note: If wall having opening like as door &windows, reduce 30% load.

STEP 8: ASSIGN LOAD PATTERN FOR SEISMIC

From lumped mass calculation, following result should obtained.

LATERAL LOAD IN EACH COLUMN FOR EARHQUAKE

24
Storey Load on each X-Grid in ( +x-x & -x-x) Y-Grid in (+ y-y & - y-y)
grid No of column Total load No of column Total load
(KN)
1 11.433 7 80.032 7 80.032
2 45.733 7 320.129 7 320.129
3 102.898 7 720.289 7 720.289
4 182.931 7 1280.515 7 1280.515
5 24.250 7 169.748 7 169.748
6 23.934 2 47.867 2 47.867
Select outer face column in x-y plan in grid wise and assign EQX load .similarly EQX-, EQY&
EQY-.

STEP 9: LOAD COMBINATIONS

According to IS1893:1993, in limit state design and prestressed concrete structure, the following
load combination shall be accounted for:
1. 1.5(DL+LL)
2. 1.2(DL+LL±EL)
3. 1.5(DL±EL)
4. 0.9DL±1.5EL
Define of load combinations as:
i) Go to Design -concrete frame Design –View/Revise Preferences.
ii) Select Design code as a IS 456:2000.
iii) This step will add the design combination defined by IS 456:2000 Automatically.
iv) Go to Define Load combination-Add Default Design Combs – Concrete frame design.
v) Click Set load combination Data and Ok.
vi) After that rename load combination.

STEP 10: ANALYZE STRUCTURE

i) Click RUN and check for any warning and Errors.
ii) Check again for mode shape, base shear & time period.

SETP 11: DESIGN CHECKING

i) Go to Design Menu – Concrete frame design – Start/Check of structure.
ii) After that the model shows area of steel in frame .if it shows red color it needs to
upgrade section. Red color indicating overstressing of beam or column.
iii) After Revision
Size of beam: 300mmx400mm
Size of column: 450mmx450mm
From sap analysis & design we find out longitudinal reinforcement, shear reinforcement, and
rebar percentage and at last based on this design And Analysis, we find number & dia of rebar
for Beam & Column and finally drawing the Detailing of Beam, slab, Column by using
AutoCAD.

25
26
27
 Introduction