ESD Basics And Protection

Electrostatic
Discharge

ESD
Basics
And Protection

Issue 01 Rev 00 19/07/2017

For Training Purpose Only
 What is ESD ?

 ESD definition

 Common causes of ESD

 Sources of ESD

 Types of ESD damage Photo of ESD arcing from

finger to component

Issue 01 Rev 00 19/07/2017

For Training Purpose Only
 ESD Definition

 ESD – Electrostatic Discharge: The transfer of an

electrostatic charge between bodies at different
electrical potentials. .

 Also referred to as static electricity

 Electrostatic charge is most commonly created by the
contact and separation of two materials which results
in Tribo-charging

Issue 01 Rev 00 19/07/2017

For Training Purpose Only
 Charging by Induction

The charge imbalance on a surface produces

an electric field.
The presence of this very strong force causes
similar charges on the surfaces of nearby
conductors to be repelled.
Issue 01 Rev 00 19/07/2017
For Training Purpose Only
 Charging by Induction

If the conductor is grounded while it is still

influenced by the electric field, these repelled
charges go to earth, thus maintaining a charge
balance in the areas of the conductor that are not
affected by the electric field.
Issue 01 Rev 00 19/07/2017
For Training Purpose Only
Charging by Induction

Issue 01 Rev 00 19/07/2017

For Training Purpose Only
 ESD
ESDisis the
the Hidden Enemy
Hidden Enemy

 Innumerable ESD events occurring all the time that

we cannot see or feel.
People Feel ESD at 2000 Volts !!!! .

People See Spark in Dark room at 4000 Volts !!!!

Need at least 5000 Volts to hear a Crackle !!!!

Component damageExamples
- can occur withGeneration
of Static as little as 15 – 30 Volts !!!!
Typical Voltage Levels
Examples of Static Generation
Typical Voltage Levels
Means of Generation 10-25% RH 65-90% RH
Walking across carpet 35,000V 1,500V
Means of Generation 10-25% RH 65-90% RH
Walking across vinyl tile 12,000V 250V
Walking across carpet 35,000V 1,500V
Worker at bench 6,000V 100V
Walking across vinyl tile 12,000V 250V
Poly bag picked up from bench 20,000V 1,200V
Worker at bench 6,000V 100V
Chair with urethane foam 18,000V 1,500V
Poly bag picked up from bench 20,000V 1,200V
Chair with urethane foam 18,000V 1,500V
Issue 01 Rev 00 19/07/2017
For Training Purpose Only
 Type of Materials that Charge

 Conductors  Insulators
 Materials that easily  Materials that hold an

transfer electric electric charge and can

.

charge not easily transfer the

 Can be used to charge
transfer charge to  Can not be grounded

earths ground to earth by common

 Examples means
 Metals  Examples
 Water  Plastics
 Carbon
 Glass
 People
 Dry Air

Issue 01 Rev 00 19/07/2017

For Training Purpose Only
TRIBO ELECTRIC SERIES

Issue 01 Rev 00 19/07/2017

For Training Purpose Only
 What type of Materials are ESD Sensitive?
 ESDS – Electrostatic Discharge Sensitive
 Integrated Circuits
 Crystals and oscillators
 Printed Circuit Board Assemblies

 When in doubt, treat it as ESDS!

Issue 01 Rev 00 19/07/2017
For Training Purpose Only
 ESD Sensitive Materials

 MIL-STD recognizes two classes of ESD-sensitive items:

 CLASS I – 100 volts to 1000 Volts
 CLASS II – 1001 volts to 4000 Volts

 Most electronic components are Class I:

 Bi-polar Transistors: 380 volts to 7000 volts
 CMOS devices: 250 volts to 3000 volts
 EPROM (used in computer memories): As low as 100 volts

Issue 01 Rev 00 19/07/2017

For Training Purpose Only
 Common Causes of ESD

 Opening a common plastic bag

 Removing adhesive tape from a
roll or container
 Walking across a floor and
grabbing the door knob
 Transporting computer boards
or components around in their
trays on non-ESD carts
 Sliding circuit boards on a work
bench

Issue 01 Rev 00 19/07/2017

For Training Purpose Only
 Types of ESD Damage

 CATASTROPHIC FAILURE
 A device is exposed to ESD and it no longer
works
 The device circuitry is permanently damaged
 Such failures may be caught when tested,
before shipment

 LATENT FAILURE
 A device is exposed to ESD and is partially
damaged, yet it continues to work Image of the ESD damage
 The product may have a failure after the after removal of the
user places it in service capacitor metallization.
Magnification is 10,500 times

Issue 01 Rev 00 19/07/2017

For Training Purpose Only
 Example of ESD Damage

Optical photo of a large IC which has

experienced ESD damage to the pin noted by
the arrow.

Higher magnification photo of pin noted by the

arrow in the prior slide

400 times magnification on a 4" X 5" photo.

 The damage is noted as the "fuzz" at the
end of the arrow.

Overlying glassivation has been removed and

the surface decorated to show the ESD damage

5,000 times magnification in this scanning

electron micrograph.

Issue 01 Rev 00 19/07/2017

For Training Purpose Only
 Why is ESD Important ?

 Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) can damage sensitive

electronic devices, resulting in:
 Higher manufacturing costs
 Rework
 Repair
 Scrap
 Lower production yields
 Unhappy customers
 Shorter product life
 Reduce product reliability

Estimates of actual cost of ESD damage

to the electronics industry
= $$$ Billions annually

Issue 01 Rev 00 19/07/2017

For Training Purpose Only
 How to Control ESD?

 ESD Control Program

 ESD Training

 ESD Control Areas

 Ground Conductors

 Ionization

 ESDS Component Handling and Storage

Issue 01 Rev 00 19/07/2017

For Training Purpose Only
 ESD Control Programme

 First step in ESD control is to train all personnel who

may come in contact with static sensitive materials

 Proper use of personal grounding equipment such

as heel grounders or wrist straps

 Personnel should understand ESD

equipment test methods and documentation

 Understanding of other ESD control methods such

as ionization

Issue 01 Rev 00 19/07/2017

For Training Purpose Only
 ESD Control Programme

 Any area where unprotected ESD sensitive parts

and assemblies may be handled shall be designated
an ESD Control Area, and must meet the following
requirements;
 The area is free from non-essential static generators, and
the risk from process-essential static generators is minimized

 All personnel must be grounded and grounding equipment

must be tested daily

 All movable carts, racks, etc. are grounded

 The area is labeled as an ESD control area,

and the boundaries are clearly marked

Issue 01 Rev 00 19/07/2017

For Training Purpose Only
 Create An ESD Control Area

 Any area where unprotected ESDS parts and assemblies may

be handled
 ESD areas must be labeled with posted signs and their
boundaries marked

Issue 01 Rev 00 19/07/2017

For Training Purpose Only
ESD Control Program

 All Conductors within the EPA must

be grounded
 Personal Grounding: All personnel,
including visitors

 Work surfaces and flooring

 All equipment in EPA

Issue 01 Rev 00 19/07/2017

For Training Purpose Only
 Personal Grounding

 Wrist Straps and Coil Cords

 Wrist Straps ground personnel at
workstations

 Heel Grounders
 Ground mobile personnel in areas
where there are ESD floors

 Smocks
 Smock sleeves should be in
contact with the skin, clothing
underneath should not show

Issue 01 Rev 00 19/07/2017

For Training Purpose Only
 Personal Grounding

 All Personal Grounding Equipment

Should be Tested or Monitored Daily
 Wrist Strap and Footwear Testing Stations
 ESD ground monitoring
 Constant Impedance

OHM Metrics and

Monroe Electronics CM Series
Test and Measurement Products ESD Workstation Monitors

Issue 01 Rev 00 19/07/2017

For Training Purpose Only
 Equipment Grounding

 Work Stations and Tables

• Must have static dissipative surfaces connected to the
building ground source.
• Must have wrist strap ground connections (2 recommended),
preferably banana jack receptacles, connected in parallel to
the building ground source
• Should be cleaned daily with an antistatic cleaner

Issue 01 Rev 00 19/07/2017

For Training Purpose Only
 Equipment Grounding

 Shelving and Cabinets

• Must provide a grounded surface unless
the parts remain fully enclosed within
shielding-type packaging
 Storage Bins
• All parts bins and containers must
be static dissipative or antistatic
• Whenever practical, sensitive parts
should remain in the original
container until assembled

Issue 01 Rev 00 19/07/2017

For Training Purpose Only
 ESD SAFE Containers

 The wide range of static safe containers include:

 Static safe bags
• Dark metalized Transport bags for PC Cards
• Provide all round protection & items inside are visible without opening the bag.
 Conductive tote boxes
• Used to transport the material and can be used for storage at work station.
 Conductive foam
• Short term storage of ESD sensitive devices
 Metal foil
• Used where no special containers are available
 Device storage tubes
• Widely used to protect against ESD and physical damage.

Issue 01 Rev 00 19/07/2017

For Training Purpose Only
 Ionization

 Many times, equipment or objects(insulators) are unable to be

grounded in which case air ionizers should be used.

 What is Ionization?

 Air Ionizers use a process called "neutralization" to remove

static charge from insulators that cannot be grounded.

• Ionizers produce positively and negatively charged ions and

floods ESD area with Ions.
• Ions are charged particles that are present in the air, and as
opposites attract, charges will be neutralized over time.

Issue 01 Rev 00 19/07/2017

For Training Purpose Only
Types of Air Ionizers

 Bench Top

 Ionizing Nozzles

 Air Guns

 Overhead Ionizers

Issue 01 Rev 00 19/07/2017

For Training Purpose Only
 TEN Points to Remember

 For elimination of ESD damage to PC hardware, REMEMBER:

1. Make sure you have a reliable ground point available near the work site
2. Connect your body to the ground point with a wrist strap.
3. Ground all equipment you are working on with ground straps
4. Handle PC components only on a grounded anti-static work surface.
5. Do not wear clothing which generates static electric charges every time
you move.
6. Do not handle static generating objects while working on PC hardware.
7. Store all chips and other components in appropriate anti-static containers.
8. Keep all PC cards in anti-static envelopes until required.
9. Be sure to turn off the power and remove the power plug from all
equipment before working on it.
10. Do not plug in or remove devices such as printers and modems while the
power is on.

Issue 01 Rev 00 19/07/2017

For Training Purpose Only
 ESD Basics Review

 Things to remember about an ESD

protection plan.
 Only allow trained or escorted people in EPA
 Ground all conductors including people at ESD workstation
 Test wrist straps at least daily, or use continuous monitors
 Test ESD footwear at least daily, if used
 Visually check all grounding cords
 Keep wristband snug, foot grounder grounding tab in shoe, and
ESD smocks buttoned
 Ionizers are maintained and air flow directed at ESDS items
 Use shielded packaging for shipping or storing ESD sensitive
items outside the ESD Protected Area
 Handle unpacked ESDS items only when grounded
 A 10 Meg ohm resistor is included in the ground wire from the
wrist strap to reduce the possibility of a fatal shock occurring if
accidental contact with mains voltage, or other high voltage
source, should occur. Issue 01 Rev 00 19/07/2017
For Training Purpose Only
 ESDS Summary

 Virtually all materials, even conductors, can be tribo-electrically charged.

 The level of charge is affected by material type, speed of contact and
separation, humidity, and several other factors.

 Electrostatic fields are associated with charged objects.

 Electrostatic discharge can damage devices so they fail immediately, or
ESD may result in latent damage that may escape immediate attention,
but cause the device to fail prematurely once in service.

 Electrostatic discharge can occur throughout the manufacturing, test,

shipping, handling, or operational processes.
 Component damage can occur as the result of a discharge to the
device, from the device, or from charge transfers resulting from
electrostatic fields. Devices vary in their sensitivity to ESD.

Issue 01 Rev 00 19/07/2017

For Training Purpose Only
 Let us Answer the Questions

Q. Static Electricity is caused by:

a. Friction
b. Presence of current carrying conductors
c. Cloudy weather
d. High Wind flow

@@@

Issue 01 Rev 00 19/07/2017

For Training Purpose Only
 Let us Answer the Questions

Q. What is Electro-Static Discharge?

a. Redistribution of electrostatic charges on the
surface of a conductor.
b. Transfer of Electrostatic charges between
bodies at different potentials.
c. Conductor or Insulator loosing electrostatic
charge to the atmosphere

@@@

Issue 01 Rev 00 19/07/2017

For Training Purpose Only
 Let us Answer the Questions

Q. How the Electronic Component is

damaged when the charged
component is suddenly grounded:
a. Flow of electrons between closely located pins
b. Resulting short circuit on the pins of the
Component
c. Excessive heat

@@@

Issue 01 Rev 00 19/07/2017

For Training Purpose Only
 Let us Answer the Questions

Q. EPROMs are susceptible to ESD:

a. As low as 100 volts
b. Between 380 to 7000 Volts
c. Between 250 to 3000 Volts
d. Above 2000 Volts

@@@

Issue 01 Rev 00 19/07/2017

For Training Purpose Only
 Let us Answer the Questions

Q. Why Ionizers are used in Electrostatic

controlled environment:
a. To prevent generation of Static-electricity
b. To neutralize any charged insulator
c. To induce dissipation of Static-electricity

@@@

Issue 01 Rev 00 19/07/2017

For Training Purpose Only
 Let us Answer the Questions

Q. What precautions must be taken while

working in an ESD controlled
environment:
a. Use insulating material such as nylon, mylar
etc.
b. Technician must use insulating footwear
c. Technician must use conducting footwear

@@@

Issue 01 Rev 00 19/07/2017

For Training Purpose Only
Issue 01 Rev 00 19/07/2017
For Training Purpose Only