International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)

Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org

Volume 7, Issue 7, July 2018 ISSN 2319 - 4847

Finding the Relationship of Some Factors

That Affect on the Renal Function by Using
Multiple Linear Regression Model
Sabah Hasan Jasim
Mathematic department- College of Basic Education - Misan University- Iraq

ABSTRACT
A Multiple linear regression model is statistical tool that permit to examine how multiple independent variables are correlated
to a dependent variable. The kidney is very important organ in human body it has some function as filtration and secretion of
waste like urea and nitrogen . In this study show the correlation between renal function , creatinin and alkaline phosphate .
The significant value of creatinin was (0,00) and alkaline phosphate (0.23) by using statistical program SPSS version (22)with
scatter plot graph to show the relation of factors.
Key words: Renal failure, Renal Function, Multiple linear regressions, regression.

1. INTRODUCTION
The kidney has some function like filtration, reabsorption and secretion of Soult’s and consist of urine .The
measurement renal function by physiology and biochemical to knew the pathological state(1). The main indicator by
production of N2 wastes like (urea , nitrogen ,uric acid and creatinin in serum [2].The progression damage of renal
cause by two chemical substances in blood creatinin and urea that elevated in serum that help to detected glomerular
filtration the two substances is more toxic (3).Creatinin is produced in muscles and execrated into kidney with other
toxic products .About 2% of body creatin is converted to creatinin everyday(4). Age , sex and , diet that effect on ratio
of creatinin in the body (5). The normal ratio in serum creatinin between (0.5-1.0)mg\dL according to diet and other
factors (6). Urea is a second factors that effect on renal function. It is a chemical organic substances ,a toxic product
from protein and filter in urine (7).Nitrogen product is convert to urea that found in serum by breakdown to protein
that come from food that causes renal failure(8). kidney failure is a system rapid decrease of kinfney function because
of high level of nitrogen wastes and unbalance in fluid and electrolyte ions (9).

2. MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSIONS MODEL

Is a statistical technique also called multivariate technique for found in relationship between response variable and
two or more predictor variable X. Also it is a statistical methods that formed the relationship between a decadent
variables ( ) factors and one or more independent variable. The word predict refer to depended variable and
predictors as an independent variable in regression function that are 2 symbol mean dependent variable and some
other factors as independent variable.(10).The main purpose of this study multiple regression is founding contribute
to variation response variable also help to found the relationship between age ,sex ,weight, tall and salary that effect on
diseases.

2.2. Model of multiple linear regression:

In the regression equation depend on the number of independent or predictor variables and independent (response
variables).
By least squares as given by this:-

(1)

response variable
predicator variable
the population regression Coefficient
= a random error
1,……..,n
Where:-
Funaction of kidney
Creation
Urea Intercopt , = Is a random error team.
Two independent variables X1, X2. (11). T-test statistics is a statistic is a quantity and useful in hypothesis testing.

Volume 7, Issue 7, July 2018 Page 18

International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org
Volume 7, Issue 7, July 2018 ISSN 2319 - 4847

2.3. T-test distribution:

It is statistical hypothesis test in null hypothesis also follow a student’s-t- destination .T- test mainly used as test
statistical if he vale in the test were know . t-test must be under some condition follow t-distribution the benefit of t- test
of using to counting between two sets of data one different significant from each other (12). T-statistical was known in
1909 by William Sealy. Also t-test work was accepted in the Journal Biometrilke and published 1908 (13) . It is used
one sample location test in the mean has a value specific in a null hypothesis and if a two hypothesis populations and
equal it is called a student’s t-test and also has another name was t-test it reflected to unpaired or independent sample’s
tests (14).
t-test has different value between two responses on the same statistical and mean value equal zero this revered to
pointed or repeated measure t-test(15).
In assumption mast t-test statistical has
(2)
Where:
Z= sensitive to the alternative hypothesis .
S= is scaling parameters also Z and S are independent .(16)
2.4. F-test distribution:
F-test is a statistical tool called also F- distribution .In null hypothesis t- test is useful when comparing between
statistical variable as a data set and used a least squares . Fisher was developed this statistical in 1920(17).
Some procedures in statistical like Scheffe, S method in linear models used f- distribution tests .The advantage of the a
nova f-test not have to pre-specify in compared in treatment. It don’t make multiple comparison. Disadvantage of a
nova f-test if reflect the null hypothesis .The forma for one –way a nova f-test like.
(18-19) . (3)
3. NULL HYPOTHESIS:
It is refer to a mainly statement or default position that no related between two measured phenomena in value or
variables (20). Accepted or refused the null hypothesis according the relationship between two phenomena , it is
read . The null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis are groups of conjectures used in satirical tests which
are formal methods of reaching conclusions or making decisions on data. Alternative hypothesis has a symbols include
and it is against null hypothesis (21).
If a sample data are consistent with the null hypothesis then don’t reject the null hypothesis or if the sample data one
in consistent with null hypothesis then reject a null hypothesis and conclude the alternative hypothesis is correct (22).
3.1.Testing of parameter’s significance:
In multiple linear regression, F-statistic is the test for relation in ANOVA approach in table (3).F-test is used in
regression is significant or not if regression is not significance then Y,(renal function) isn’t dependent to
X1,X2as(creatinin and urea ).
Consider the hypothesis like:
= = =0
So: (4)
at least one of the
Model : . (5)
“ Test statistic .” (6)
if then is reacted and we conduced then (urea) according to (Alkp and creatinin) or is
rejected or accepted it means the urea does not depend on the (23) .
In table (3) F- test was (31.362) and 2(df) therefore it power significant indicating that are jointly significant
.Second if there is a linear relation between X1,X2 and y for example if increase by one unites with other all variable
X1 and X2 Alkaline phosphate (Alkp) and creatinin remain constant (24).
Increased by we check this hypothesis about Bi:
There is no linear relationship between alkaline phosphate and urea and given a creatinin in the other mean
and given the rest of variables so,
“Test statistic ” (7)
We reject 0, ”
So we accept the null hypothesis:
Linear relation between creatinin and urea (renal failure) and given alkaline phosphate.
to there is a linear relationship in table (4) T=5.255 with p-value 0,00 then null hypothesis is rejected
and we have linear between creatinin and urea or renal function given the rest and also when we repeat the hypothesis
for given the rest we here creatinin T- test = 7.580 in significant 0,00 and urea and alkaline phosphate for T-test 2.355,
p-value =0.23. Finally both creatinin and alkaline phosphate has linear relationship with renal function (urea).

Volume 7, Issue 7, July 2018 Page 19

International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org
Volume 7, Issue 7, July 2018 ISSN 2319 - 4847

3.2. Scatter plot and correlation:

Also found another term as a scatter graph. Scatter chart and scatter diagram (25). It is a type of mathematical chart
using chart using cartesian to notice to notice a relationship between two variables for a some of data. The value of one
value variable documented the position on the horizontal axis and the value of the other variable lies on the position on
the vertical axis (26).
Scatter plot recorded or determined the power of degree of correlation between 2 variables or may be founded a
differenced types of correlation between variable as urea , creatinin , urea could be on y axis and creatinin on the x axis
.A useful of scatter plot it is used for founding incomparable data sets agree to show linear relation between
variables(27).
4. INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS:
The relation of the data used in research is discussed probability was employed for the estimation of parameter and
other calculation by using SPSS version (22). The results in this study was founded obtained is found in table (1),
(2),(3) and (4) and figure(1) it appear there is any relation between variables X1,X2 and Y by using model of
regression of level significant was multiple linear regression.
. (8)
The regression for the estimation of renal function (urea)

In table (2) Coefficient of determination R2(5.48) explained the value of dependent variable (4) renal failure (urea). In
figure(1) and (2) appear a correlation between urea , creatinin and alkaline phosphate by scatter plot on Y axis and X
axis also in table (5) a correlation ratio urea with urea (1) and creatinin (0.719) in significant (0.00), and table (6) a
correlation ratio between urea was(1) and alkaline phosphate (0.218) in significant ratio (0,124).
Table(1): Variables entered for( 51) sample urea (renal failure) patients.

“Variables Entered/Removed a”
Variables Entered
Mod “Variables
“Method”
el Removed”

Alkaline phosphate
Creatinin
1 Enter

“a. Dependent Variable: Urea”

“b. All requested variables entered”.
“ Table (2): Model summary”

“Model Summary”
R Adjusted
Model R Std. Error
Square R Square
1 .753a .566 .548 39.911
a. Predictors: (Constant), Alkp, Creatinin
Table (3); A nova (b) value

ANOVAa
“
“Sum of “Mean
“Model” df F Sig.
Squares” Square”
”
31.36 .0
1 regression 99913.550 2 49956.775
2 00b

Volume 7, Issue 7, July 2018 Page 20

International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org
Volume 7, Issue 7, July 2018 ISSN 2319 - 4847

Residual 76459.038 48 1592.897

176372.58
Total 50
8
“a. Dependent Variable: Urea”
“b. Predictors: (Constant), Alkp, Creatinin”

Table (4);Coefficient (a) value

Coefficientsa
Standardi
Unstandardized
zed
Coefficients Si
Model Coefficients t
g.
Std.
B Beta
Error
.0
(Constant) 63.736 12.129 5.255
00
.0
1 Creatinin 11.951 1.577 .720 7.580
00
.0
Alkp .208 .088 .224 2.355
23
“a. Dependent Variable: Urea”

Figure (1): A correlation between urea and creatinin

Volume 7, Issue 7, July 2018 Page 21
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org
Volume 7, Issue 7, July 2018 ISSN 2319 - 4847

“Table (5): A correlation between urea variable and creatinin variable.”

Correlations
Urea Creatinin
Pearson Correlation 1 .719**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
Urea
N 51 51
.719*
“ Pearson Correlation” *
1
Creatinin
“Sig. (2-tailed)” .000
N 51 51
“**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).”

Figure (2): A correlation between urea and alkaline phosphate.

Table (6): A correlation between urea variable and Alkaline phosphate variable

Correlations
Urea Alkp
Pearson
1 .218
Correlation
Urea
“Sig. (2-tailed)” .124

N 51 51
“Pearson
.218 1
Correlation”
Alkp
“Sig. (2-tailed)” .124
N 51 51
Index (1):The value of renal failure (urea) ,Creatinin and Alkaline phosphate

Volume 7, Issue 7, July 2018 Page 22

International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org
Volume 7, Issue 7, July 2018 ISSN 2319 - 4847

No. Urea Creatinin Alkp

1. 95 2.59 147
2. 300 13.11 223
3. 300 15.76 90
4. 125 5.13 62
5. 126 1.66 38
6. 91 1.52 401
7. 221 9.29 161
8. 44 .84 74
9. 149 3.52 100
10. 75 1.10 73
11. 62 2.10 78
12. 70 1.47 94
13. 75 1.10 73
14. 156 1.06 65
15. 62 2.10 78
16. 158 1.08 85
17. 75 1.10 73
18. 203 1.43 263
19. 120 1.15 90
20. 33 .40 143
21. 18 .68 87
22. 268 4.37 239
23. 131 4.46 85
24. 47 .84 131
25. 131 2.62 132
26. 134 9.63 78
27. 141 4.54 59
28. 162 9.07 92
29. 200 8.72 100
30. 129 5.08 74
31. 124 1.03 55
32. 108 1.60 54
33. 132 2.69 50
34. 73 2.04 63
35. 139 10.80 66
36. 163 5.60 90
37. 211 8.74 63
38. 129 3.20 55
39. 153 3.33 60
40. 135 6.40 51
41. 130 7.12 35
42. 175 7.25 73
43. 145 6.22 72
44. 124 3.53 60
45. 150 1.65 78
46. 123 2.25 76
47. 139 2.12 66
48. 163 8.12 67
49. 137 7.22 59
50. 122 1.27 70
51. 173 7.31 81

Volume 7, Issue 7, July 2018 Page 23

International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org
Volume 7, Issue 7, July 2018 ISSN 2319 - 4847

References:
1. B .Brenner., and F .Rector‫ز‬The Kidney, 2nd ed. WB Saunders and Co., Philadelphia,1982.(Book ).
2. R .Thadhani, M .Pascual, J.Bonventre “ Acute renal failure”. New England Journal of Medicine, 334pp, 1448–
1460,1996.
3. D.T.S .Renuga, S. Gunasekaran, Wesley HJ, et al.2009: Analysis on renal failure patient’s blood samples:
Characterization and efficacy study. Indian J Sci Technol. ;2:46-50.,2009.
4I. Kunitoshi , I.Yoshiharu , F.Koshiro .: Risk factors of end stage renal disease and serum creatinin in a community
based mass screening. Kidney Int.;51:850-854., 1997.
5. Z.A.Saba , A.M. Layla ,S.K, Dhafer :Study of some biochemical Changes in serum of patients with chronic renal
failure. Iraq Nat J Chem.;4:270-280. ,2012.
6. R.WHamilton , L.B Gardner , A.S Penn and M Goldberg .: Acute tubular necrosis caused by exercise-induced
myoglobinuria. Annals of. Internal Medicine; 77(1): 77–82 .,1972.
7-. DAkbar , M Mohammad ,T. Shadi T, et al., : Anemia and thrombocytopenia in acute and chronic renal failure. Int J
HematolOncol Stem Cell Res.;7:34-39.,2013.
8. A.A. RusulArif , S.A .Haider : Study of some biochemical changes in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing
hemodialysis. Int J Curr.Microbiol. App. Sci.;3: 581-586.,2014.
9.E.M Levy ., C.M Viscose , R .L Horwitz . The effect of acute renal failure on mortality: A cohort analysis. Journal of
the American Medical Association 275, 1489–1494.,1996.
10- H. Dennis . and C .Duncan Cramer :An introduction to multiple regression performing a multiple regression on
spss.4 the edition chapter 8 . ,2008.
11- S. alsaedi and M. forgani : Gas Consumption regression model for the relationship with population and
temperature in misan region (Almara).Scientific journal Herald of the ural state university of railway transport
No,2(26).,2015.
12- Mankiewicz, Richard., 2004. The Story of Mathematics (Paperback ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
p. 158. ISBN 9780691120461.
13- The Probable Error of a Mean" (PDF). Biometrika. 6 (1): 1–25. 1908. doi:10.1093/biomet/6.1.1. Retrieved 24 July
2016.
14- Fadem, Barbara., : High-Yield Behavioral Science. High-Yield Series. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins. ,2008 .ISBN 0-7817-8258-9.
15- D .W Zimmerman : "A Note on Interpretation of the Paired-Samples t Test". Journal of Educational and
Behavioral Statistics. 22 (3): 349–360,1997. doi:10.3102/10769986022003349. JSTOR 1165289.
16 C.A. -Markowski, and E.P. Markowski, "Conditions for the Effectiveness of a Preliminary Test of Variance". The
American Statistician. 44 (4): 322–326.,1990. doi:10.2307/2684360. JSTOR 2684360.
17- R.G Lomax : Statistical Concepts: A Second Course. p. 10. ,2007 .ISBN 0-8058-5850-4.
18- Box, G. E. P.: "Non-Normality and Tests on Variances". Biometrika. 40 (3/4): 318–335.,1953.
doi:10.1093/biomet/40.3-4.318. JSTOR 2333350.
19- C.A.Markowski, ; E. P. Markowski, "Conditions for the Effectiveness of a Preliminary Test of Variance". The
American Statistician. 44 (4): 322–326.,1990. doi:10.2307/2684360. JSTOR 2684360.
20- Everitt, Brian : The Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics. Cambridge, UK New York: Cambridge University
Press.,1998. ISBN 0521593468.
21-Moore, David and McCabe, George: Introduction to the Practice of Statistics (4 ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman and
Co. p. 438.,2003 . ISBN 9780716796572.
22- Weiss, Neil A.,1999: Introductory Statistics (5th ed.). p. 494. ISBN 9780201598773.N.
23- R.B. Ogunsakin.R.B.Ogunride, O.Omotoso, O.B.Adewale :On Regression Analysis of the relation between age and
blood on pressure .International journal of scientific and technology research volum.1 Issue 9, October:issan2277-
86116.,2012.
24- B.Jurate and B.Tomas : The Regression model for adults participation in non –formal education : public vs .
private sectors. Innovative info technology for science, Business and education .Issn 2029-1035-1.,2013.
25- S.B .Jarrell, Basic Statistics (Special pre-publication ed.). Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Pub.,1994, p. 492.
26- M. Utts, Jessica,:Seeing Through Statistics 3rd Edition, Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2005, pp 166-167.
27- R. Nancy. Tague: "Seven Basic Quality Tools". The Quality Toolbox. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: American Society for
Quality. p. 15. Retrieved 2010-02-05.

AUTHOR:
-Sabah hasan received the B.S and M.S. degrees in Mathematics from Ural Federal University-Russia in 2004 and 2015
respectively .During 2009 – 2015 he stay in Misan university in Iraq as a teacher in a collage of basics education -
mathematics department .

Volume 7, Issue 7, July 2018 Page 24