Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Channel Models
Milan Narandžić, Christian Schneider, Reiner Thomä Tommi Jämsä, Pekka Kyösti, Xiongwen Zhao
Technische Universität Ilmenau, Elektrobit,
PSF 100 565, D-98694 Ilmenau, Germany Tutkijantie 7, FIN-90570 Oulu, Finland
milan.narandzic@tu-ilmenau.de tommi.jamsa@elektrobit.com
Abstract—This paper is summarizing and comparing models are implemented in MATLAB/C and made available
properties of channel models used for Beyond-3G (B3G) MIMO through the official web site [1].
simulations: 3GPP Spatial Channel Model (SCM), its extension The paper is organized as follows: In Section II the
(SCME), and models developed by WINNER. Compared models
are offering complete channel model description in a sense of
modeling methodology applied in SCM/SCME/WIM is
large-scale as well as small-scale effects in MIMO radio-channel. briefly summarized. In Section III different features of the
WINNER targeted model was supposed to provide reliable tool compared models are analyzed. In Section IV the performance
for estimation of system performance, covering frequencies up to figures are given, and finally Section V concludes the paper.
5 GHz and bandwidths of 100 MHz in different types of
environment. Since SCM was originally proposed for 2 GHz II. MODELING METHODOLOGY
range and 5 MHz bandwidth, certain extensions (SCME) were
necessary. However, SCME performance was restricted since it The basic modelling philosophy behind all
has been design as backward compatible with SCM. That was the SCM/SCME/WIM is the same: the sum of specular
motivation to start using the new WINNER generic channel components is used to describe the changes in the channel
model, where model parameters are extracted from channel- impulse response (CIR) between each transmitting and
sounding measurements covering targeted frequency range and
receiving antenna element (so called sum-of-sinusoids (SOS)
bandwidth. This paper describes all important differences and
compares features and performances of the models. method). Due to the different spatial position of elements
inside Tx/Rx antenna array, different channel characteristics
Index Terms—Generic multipath MIMO channel, spatial- are obtained and MIMO concept is supported.
channel-modelling, measurement-based parameterization, All compared models can be classified as stochastically
system-level correlation. controlled spatial channel models what means that parameters
of each specular component (sinusoid) are related to a spatial
propagation of the single multipath-component (MPC). To
I. INTRODUCTION (SHORT HISTORIC OVERVIEW) fully describe a MPC following (low-level) parameters are
0.5
is the narrowband channel matrix and (.)H denotes the
Hermitian transpose operation.
Simulated capacity curves for all (three) scenarios supported
0 by SCM/SCME and for signal to noise power ratio of 14 dB
are shown in Figures 4 to 6. The complementary cumulative
distribution function of capacity is plotted for a several
-0.5
independent channel snapshots and compared to Gaussian
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 i.i.d. channel matrix. The reference antenna configuration is
Distance/Wavelength, d/λ
4x4 MIMO with two sub-groups of ±45° slanted single
Figure 1. Temporal auto-correlation functions of the
polarized elements whose spacing is 4 wavelength on BS and
equivalent narrowband channels.
½ wavelength on MS, see Figure 3.
B. Frequency Correlation
Under the wide sense stationary uncorrelated scattering
(WSSUS) assumption frequency correlation function (FCF) is
related to the average power delay profile (PDP) through a Figure 3. MIMO antenna configuration for capacity
Fourier transform. Since the compared models are using only calculation.
specular components, FCF is estimated by the sum equation:
R (Δf ) = ∑ Pi exp(− j 2πτ i Δf ) ∑P , i (2) For the all three scenarios we can observe, that the median
i i outage capacity is about 7 bits/s/Hz lower than Gaussian i.i.d.
where Δf is the frequency difference, τi is the delay and Pi is reference curve. As expected, SCME gives equal outage
the power of the ith path. capacities to SCM because its spatial and polarization
characteristics are not changed in the respect to the basic
1
SCM SCM. The outage capacity of the WINNER model (WIM1)
0.9 SCME
WIM1
deviates slightly from SCM/SCME in Urban Micro scenario,
0.8
while in Urban Macro scenario WINNER model shows higher
0.7 capacity than SCM/SCME.
0.6
FCF(Δf)
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Frequency difference, Δf [MHz]
REFERENCES
[1] https://www.ist-winner.org
[2] 3rd Generation Partnership Project; technical specification group radio
access network; spatial channel model for MIMO simulations, 3GPP TR
25.996 V6.1.0, 2003. Available: http://www.3gpp.org
[3] D. S. Baum, J. Salo, G. Del Galdo, M. Milojevic, P. Kyösti, and J.
Hansen, An Interim Channel Model for Beyond-3G Systems, in Proc.
IEEE VTC 2005 Spring, Stockholm, May 2005.
[4] Elektrobit, Nokia, Siemens, Philips, Alcatel, Telefonica, Lucent,
Ericsson, Spatial Radio Channel Models for Systems Beyond 3G,
contribution to 3GPP RAN4, R4-050854, London, September 2005.
Figure 6. Outage capacity of SCM, SCME, and WINNER [5] 3GPP, E-UTRA MIMO channel model – text proposal, R1-061002
(agreed)
Urban Micro scenario. [6] 3GPP, System level channel models for E-UTRA evaluations, R1-061594
(agreed)
V. CONCLUSION [7] 3GPP, Update of polarization description in link level channel model,
R1-061371 (noted)
At the beginning of the WINNER project, before having a [8] IST-2003-507581 WINNER D5.4 Final report on Link Level and System
full insight into the complete measurement analysis results, the Level Channel Models v1.4, https://www.ist-winner.org.
mainly theoretical extension of SCM (SCME) is supported. In [9] H. El-Sallabi, D. S. Baum, P. Zetterberg, P. Kyösti, T. Rautiainen, and C.
Schneider, Wideband Spatial Channel Model for MIMO Systems at 5
SCME possibility of using intra-cluster delay spread to model GHz in Indoor and Outdoor Environments, in Proc. IEEE Veh. Technol.
extended bandwidths is investigated. It was found that the Conf. VTC’06 Spring, Melbourne, Australia, May 7-10, 2006.
main limitations of the proposed approach come from the [10] Elektrobit, Telefonica, Siemens, Comparison of SCM, SCME, and
WINNER models, contribution to 3GPP RAN4, R4-060521, Shanghai,
decision to attain backward compatibility with SCM. Also the China, May 2006.
complexity increase, as a consequence quasi-deterministic [11] IST-4-027756 WINNER II D1.1.1 WINNER II interim channel models,
drifting of small-scale parameters inside drop, was evaluated. v1.0, December 2006.
As could be seen from previous sections, modelling [12] A. Saleh, and R. A. Valenzuela, A statistical model for indoor multipath
propagation, IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. SAC-5, no. 2, Feb.
methodology and certain SCM concepts are still part of WIM. 1987, pp. 128–137.
The similarity is observed in the narrowband capacity [13] M. Narandžić, M. Käske, C. Schneider, M. Milojević, M. Landmann, G.
measures that reflect the spatial and polarization properties of Sommerkorn, R. S. Thoma, 3D-Antenna Array Model for IST-WINNER
Channel Simulations, IEEE VTC2007-Spring, April 23 - 25, Dublin, IR,
the models. However, without extensions provided in April 2007.
WINNER it would not be possible to apply SCM-based [14] Elektrobit, Siemens, Ericsson, Lucent, Telefonica, Alcatel, France
methodology to the frequency ranges and extended system Telecom, Spatial Radio Channel Models for Systems Beyond 3G,
contribution to 3GPP RAN4 meeting #38, Denver, USA, 13 – 17
bandwidths. The main strength of WIM is based in scenario- February 2006.
customized parameters that are making possible to apply
generic spatial-channel-model to the numerous of different
environments. Up to now 12 different scenarios are supported