AACE INTERNATIONAL
bered 21000 and 22000. Summarizing on WBS 2, where the
first digit is equal to 2, provides the total project process
information.
The lowest level of any WBS of the project constitutes the
detailed work activities. Higher levels constitute summaries
of the detailed activities.
Activity Coding
Table 13.3 illustrates a listing of detailed schedule activities.
Included in Table 13.3 is the process WBS coding. The code
for each WBS can be input into one of many activity code
fields when using computer-based project management sys-
tems. It is necessary that every activity have a unique
alphanumeric identifier. It is generally better to use the
process-based WBS since it is usually the most detailed WBS.
The WBS for any particular project is usually prepared by proj-
ect control personnel. However, project control personnel do
not perform the actual work. Consequently, it is imperative
that project control personnel and the project personnel who
actually do the work reach an agreement concerning the WBS.
Table 13.3—Detailed Activity List with WBS Coding
13.9
SCHEDULING
In addition to the previous construction example, Figure
13.12 is provided to display a nonconstruction WBS example.
SCHEDULING TECHNIQUES
Making Time Calculations
Once a network has been created and the duration of each
activity has been established, both the total time required to
reach project completion and the individual start and finish
times for each activity can be calculated. The four time values
as associated with each activity are Early Start (ES), Early
Finish (EF), Late Start (LS), and Late Finish (LF).
The computations required to calculate the above times
involve simple addition and subtraction. Manual computa-
tion is easy and logical, but it can become tedious and time
consuming when done for large networks.
Forward and Backward Pass
The forward pass through the network determines each
activity’s ES and EF and the project’s duration or the earliest
date a project can finish. The backward pass through the net-
work determines each activity’s LS and LF. The calculations
assume that activities begin on the morning of the scheduled
start date and end in the evening of the scheduled finish date
and that an event or milestone occurs on the evening of the
day its last predecessor finished.
Before starting the network calculation, the precedence net-
work list of activities is revisited to include the activity dura-
tion as shown in Table 13.4. The activity duration is the
Figure 13.12—Nonconstruction WBS