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Definition
• Any substance that is applied to the cutting zone during metal machining operation is called CUTTING FLUID.
‘
Cutting Fluid’ denotes to those coolants and lubricants that are used in metal machining.
FLOOD METHOD
A reciprocating pump is used to force the coolant over the work piece and tool The out let of the pump is connected
to a nozzle through flexible pipe.
The nozzle can be adjusted to direct the stream of the fluid at cutting zone,
This is the most common method of application of cutting fluid.
Purpose of lubricants :
• To reduce the friction between a cutting tool and the material being cut.
• To minimize the heat generated during operation.
• To prevent rise in temperature.
• To reduce wear.
• To increase tool life.
• Provide cushioning effect against vibrations.
• To drive away chips, scale and dirt between the mating parts.
• Protect finished surfaces from corrosion.
Properties of lubricants :
• Viscosity
• Oiliness
• Flash and Fire Points
• Pour (freezing) point
• Chemical stability
• Carbon residue
VISCOSITY :
• The measure of resistance of the oil to flow is called viscosity
• The oil used as lubricants must have sufficient viscosity that they are not squeezed out from two surfaces.
OILINESS :
• The ability of the oil to wet the metallic surface is called oiliness.
• Lubricants with good oiliness prevent the break down of the oil film and reduce the wear.
Flash and Fire point :
• Flash point is the lowest temperature at which an oil gives off sufficient vapour to support
momentary flame.
• Fire point is the temperature at which an oil gives vapour to burn it continuously when ignited.
• Flash and Fire point should be high for lubricants.Pour (freezing) Point
• This is the temperature at which an oil will cease to flow when cooled.
• It indicates the suitability of lubricants for use in cold conditions such as in ice-making machines, refrigerators etc.
• Lubricants used in such conditions should possess low pour point. Chemical Stability
• The lubricant must be chemically stable and must not oxidize easily.
• It should not be vaporize under working conditions and should resist corrosion.
Carbon Residue :
• At high temperature lubricating oil decompose and deposit free carbon on the surface.
• A good lubricating oil should deposit small amount of carbon i.e. low carbon residue at high temperature.
Liquid lubricants
Waxes.
Mineral oil :
• These oils are petroleum products and are most commonly use because of their cheapness
and stability
• They do not form emulsions with water
Synthetic oils :
• Synthetic lubricant (polyalkylene glycols and silicon fluids) possess good lubricating properties.
• But their high cost limits their applications
Semi-solid lubricants :-
• Grease forms an important semi-solid lubricants, used when the fluidity of oil is undesirable.
• It is an oil which has been thickened by soap.
• It offers simplest method of lubrication with additional advantages of preventing the
entry of dirt.
• In automobiles they are used where high temperatures are encountered.
Advantages:-
Disadvantages :-
• The grease provides very little lubrication until the bearing temperature rises sufficiently to melt it.
Solid lubricants:-
• Solid lubricants are used where oil film can not be maintained due to high pressure or
temperature .
• Graphite is the best known of the solid lubricants.
• These are used in high temperature services.
• However , these are not suitable for ball and roller bearings.
Waxes :-
Methods of lubrication :-