33201414HKUO - Field Theory - Solution Manual PDF

1 Vector Analysis
Solutions of Examples for Practice
Example 1.6.4
Solution : The origin O (0, 0, 0) while P (3, – 3, – 2) hence the distance vector OP is,
OP = ( 3 - 0) a x + ( -3 - 0) a y + ( -2 - 0) a z = 3 a x - 3 a y - 2 a z
( 3) 2 + ( - 3) + ( - 2) = 4.6904
2 2
\ OP =
Hence the unit vector along the direction OP is,
OP 3ax - 3ay - 2az
a OP = =
| OP| 4.6904
= 0.6396 a x – 0.6396 a y – 0.4264 a z

Example 1.6.5
Solution :
i) RAB = RB - RA = 3 a x + 5 a y + 6 a z
ii) RA = ( -1) 2 + ( -3) 2 + ( -4) 2 = 5.099
RA
iii) aA = = -0.1961 a x - 0.588 a y - 0.7844 a z
RA
RB 2 ax + 2 ay + 2 az
iv) aB = = = 0.7071 [a x + a y + a z ]
RB 22 + 22 + 22
v) RC = a x + 3 a y + 4 a z
\ RCA = RA - RC = - 2 a x - 6 a y - 8 a z , RCA = 104
RCA
\ a CA = = -0.1961 a x - 0.588 a y - 0.784 a z
RCA
Example 1.6.6
Solution : The position vectors for the given points are,
A = 3ax - 2ay +az , B = - 3ax - 3ay +5az , C = 2ax + 6ay - 4az
(1 - 1)
TM
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Field Theory 1-2 Vector Analysis
i) The vector from A to C is,

AC = C - A = [2 - 3] a x + [ 6 - ( -2)] a y + [-4 - 1] a z
= - ax + 8 ay - 5 az
ii) For unit vector from B to A, obtain distance vector BA first.
\ BA = A - B ... As starting is B and terminating is A
= [ 3 - ( -3)]a x + [( -2) - ( -3)]a y + [1 - 5] a z = 6ax +ay - 4az
\ BA = ( 6) 2 + (1) 2 + ( -4) 2 = 7.2801

BA 6ax +ay - 4az
\ a BA = = = 0.8241 a x + 0.1373 a y – 0.5494 a z
BA 7.2801
iii) For distance between B and C, obtain BC

BC = C - B = [ 2 - ( -3)] a x + [ 6 - ( -3)]a y + [( -4) - (5)] a z = 5 a x + 9 a y - 9 a z
(5) 2 + ( 9) 2 + ( - 9) = 13.6747
2
\ Distance BC =
iv) Let B ( x 1 , y 1 , z 1 ) and C (x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) then the co-ordinates of midpoint of BC are
æ x1 + x2 y 1 + y 2 z1 + z2 ö
ç 2 , ,
2 ÷ø
.
è 2
-3 + 2 -3 + 6 5 - 4 ö
\Midpoint of BC = æç , , ÷ = ( - 0.5, 1.5, 0.5)
è 2 2 2 ø
Hence the vector from A to this midpoint is
= [- 0.5 - 3] a x + [1.5 - ( -2)]a y + [0.5 - 1] a z = - 3.5 a x + 3.5 a y - 0.5 a z
Example 1.7.3
r = 2m
Solution : The surface is shown in the Fig. 1.1. constant
The differential area normal to a r is,

dS = r df dz a r
The surface is constant r surface and normal to it
is unit vector a r .
\ S = ò dS = òò r df dz dS
8 90°
ò ò
h=8m
= r df dz …r=2m
z = 0 f = 45° ar
90° 8
= r [f] [z] f = 90º
45° 0
p
= 2 ´ [90°-45° ] ´ ´ [8 - 0]
180°
…Use f in radians
2 ´ 45°´ p ´ 8 f = 45º
= = 12.5663 m 2 Fig. 1.1
180°
TM

Example 1.7.4
Solution : Consider the upper surface area, the normal to which is a z . So the differential
surface area normal to z direction is r df dr. Consider the Fig. 1.7.9.
2p R 2p R
ér2 ù R2 2p
ò ò ò
2
\ S1 = r df dr = ê 2 ú df = 2 ´ [f] 0 = p R
0 0 0 ë û0
The bottom surface area S 2 is same as S 1 i.e. p R 2 . For remaining surface area consider the
differential surface area normal to r direction which is r df dz.
L 2p
S3 = ò ò r df dz but r = R is constant
0 0
L 2p
2p
= ò ò R df dz = R [f] 0 [z] L0 = 2 p RL
0 0
Total surface area = S 1 + S 2 + S 3 = p R 2 + p R 2 + 2 p RL = 2 p R ( R + L).
Example 1.8.4
Solution : P(1, 3, 5) i.e. x = 1, y = 3, z=5
In cylindrical system : r = x 2 + y 2 = 1 + 3 2 = 3.1622

y 3
f = tan -1 = tan -1 = 71.56° and z=z=5
x 1
\ P( 3.1622, 71.56°, 5) in cylindrical
In spherical system : r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 2 + 3 2 + 5 2 = 5.916
z 5 y 3
q = tan -1 = cos -1 = 32.31° and f = tan -1 = tan -1 = 71.56°
r 5.916 x 1
\ P( 5.916, 32.31°, 71.56°) in spherical.
Example 1.10.5
Solution : The field G at point P is,
G at P = 2 a x + 4 a y ... Substituting co-ordinates of P in G
To find its projection on B, first find a B , the unit vector in the direction of B.
B 5ax -ay + 2az
\ aB = = = 0.9128 a x – 0.1825 a y + 0.3651 a z
|B| (5) 2 + ( -1) 2 + ( 2) 2
Hence projection of G at P on the vector B is,
= (G at P) · a B = ( 2 ´ 0.9128) + ( 4 ´ -0.1825) + ( 0 ´ 0.3651) = 1.0956
Example 1.10.6
Solution : A = 5 a x and B = 4 a x + B y a y , q AB = 45°
Now A · B = A x B x + A y B y + A z B z = (5 ´ 4) + ( 0) + ( 0) = 20
TM

But A · B = |A| |B|cos q AB
(5) 2 ´ ( 4) 2 + (B y ) ´ cos 45° i.e.

2
\ 20 = 16 + B 2y = 5.6568
\ B 2y = 16 i.e. By = ± 4
Now B = 4 a x + By a y + Bz a z
Still A · B = 20
(5) 2 ´ ( 4) 2 + (B y ) + ( B z ) 2 ´ cos 45°

2
\ 20 =
\ 16 + B 2y + B 2z = 5.6568 i.e. B 2y + B 2z = 16
This is the required relation between B y and B z .
Example 1.10.7
Solution : A = a a x + 2 a y + 10 a z , B = 4a a x + 8 a y - 2a a z
For perpendicular vectors, A B = 0
\ (a) (4a) + (2) (8) + 10 ( – 2 a) = 0
× i.e. 4a 2 – 20 a + 16 = 0
\ a = 4 or 1
Example 1.11.3
Solution : Note that the unit vector normal to the plane containing the vectors A and B is
the unit vector in the direction of cross product of A and B.
ax ay az
4 -5 3 -5 3 4
Now A´B = 3 4 -5 = a x -ay +az
2 4 -6 4 -6 2
-6 2 4
= 26 a x + 18 a y + 30 a z
A´B 26 a x - 18 a y + 30 a z
\ aN = = = 0.5964 a x + 0.4129 a y + 0.6882 a z
A´B ( 26) 2 + (18) 2 + ( 30) 2
This is the unit vector normal to the plane containing A and B.
Example 1.11.4
Solution : i) A · B = ( 3 a r + 2 a q – 6 a f ) · (4 a r + 3 a f )
= (3 ´ 4) + (2 ´ 0) + (– 6 ´ 3) = – 6
ar aq af
ii) A ´ B = 3 2 – 6 = 6 a r – 33 a q – 8 a f hence |A ´ B| = 34.4818
4 0 3
TM

Example 1.11.5
Solution : The perpendicular vector to the plane containing A and B is given by their
cross product.
ar af az ar af az
7p
A´B = Ar Af Az = 2 p 1 =- a + 3a f + 4pa z
3p 2 r
Br Bf Bz -1 -2
2
\ a n = Unit vector in the direction A ´ B
7p
- a + 3a f + 4pa z -3.5 pa r + 3a f + 4pa z
= 2 r = = - 0.648 a r + 0.1768 a f + 0.74 a z
2 16.9651
p
æç ö÷ + ( 3) 2 + ( 4p) 2
7
è 2 ø
Example 1.12.2
Solution : Let A = A x a x + A y a y + A z a z , B = B x a x + B y a y + B z a z , and
C = Cx a x + Cy a y + Cz a z
i) A · ( B ´ C) = B · ( C ´ A) = C· (A ´ B)
ax ay az
[ ] [
B ´ C = B x B y B z = a x B y C z – B z C y + a y [B z C x – B x C z ] + a z B x C y – C x B y ]
Cx Cy Cz
[ ] [
\ A · ( B ´ C) = A x B y C z – B z C y + A y [B z C x – B x C z ] + A z B x C y – C x B y ]
= A x B y Cz – A x B z Cy + A y B z Cx – A y B x Cz + A z B x Cy – A z Cx B y …(1)
ax ay az
[ ] [
C ´ A = C x C y C z = a x C y A z – C z A y + a y [C z A x – C x A z ] + a z C x A y – A x C y ]
Ax Ay Az
[ ] [
\ B · ( C ´ A) = B x C y A z – C z A y + B y [C z A x – C x A z ] + B z C x A y – A x C y ]
= B x Cy A z – B x Cz A y + B y Cz A x – B y Cx A z + B z Cx A y – B z A x Cy …(2)
The equations (1) and (2) are same. Similarly other expression C · (A ´ B) also gives same
result.
\ A · ( B ´ C) = B · ( C ´ A) = C· (A ´ B) … Proved
ii) L.H.S. = A ´ ( B ´ C) and use result of B ´ C above
ax ay az
\ A ´ ( B ´ C) = Ax Ay Az
B y Cz – B z Cy B z Cx – B x Cz B x Cy – Cx B y
TM

[
= a x A y B x Cy – A y Cx B y – A z B z Cx + A z B x Cz ]
[
+ a y A z B y Cz – A z B z Cy – A x B x Cy + A x Cx B y ] …(3)
+ a z [A x B z C x – A x B x C z – A y B y C z + A y B z C y ]
R.H.S. = B(A · C) – C(A · B)

= (B x a x + B y a y + B z a z )(A x C x + A y C y + A z C z )
– (C x a x + C y a y + C z a z )(A x B x + A y B y + A z B z )
[
= a x A y B x Cy – A y B y Cx + A z Cz B x – A z B z Cx ]
[
+ a y B y A x Cx + A z B z Cy – A x B x Cy – A z B z Cy ] …(4)
+ a z [A x B z C x + A y C y B z – A x B x C z – A y B y C z ]
The equations (3) and (4) are same.
\ A ´ ( B ´ C) = B(A · C) – C(A · B) …Proved
Example 1.12.3
Solution : Let A = A x a x + A y a y + A z a z
ax ay az é ¶A z ¶A y ù é ¶A x ¶A z ù
= ax ê – ú + a y ê ¶z – ¶x ú
¶ ¶ ¶ ë ¶ y ¶z û ë û
Ñ Á =
¶x ¶y ¶z é ¶A y ¶A x ù
+ az ê
¶y úû
Ax Ay Az –
ë ¶x
¶ é ¶A z ¶A y ù ¶ é ¶A x ¶A z ù ¶ é ¶A y ¶A x ù
(
Ñ· Ñ Á ) =
¶x êë ¶y
–
¶z ú + ¶y ê ¶z – ¶x ú + ¶z ê ¶x – ¶y ú
û ë û ë û
¶A z ¶A y
But is a function of y and is a function of z alone hence,
¶y ¶z
¶ é ¶A z ¶A y ù
¶x êë ¶y ¶z úû
– = 0
Similarly other two terms are also zero.

\ (
Ñ· Ñ Á = 0 )
Example 1.13.6
Solution : The given vector is in cylindrical system.
\ ×
H x = H a x = 20 a r ×a x - 10 a f ×a x + 3az ×a x
= 20 cos f - 10 ( - sin f) + 0 ... Refer Table 1.13.1

At point P, x = 5, y = 2 and z = – 1
y 2
Now f = tan -1 = tan -1 = 21.8014°
x 5
TM

\ cos f = 0.9284 and sin f = 0.3714

\ H x = 20 ´ ( 0.9284) + 10 ´ 0.3714 = 22.282
Then × × ×
= 20 ´ ( 0.3714) - 10 ´ ( 0.9284) = - 1.856
×
H y = H a y = 20 a r a y - 10 a f a y + 3 a z a y = 20 sin f - 10 cos f + 0
And Hz = H ×a = 20 a × a - 10 a × a
z r z f z + 3a × a
z z
= 20 ´ 0 - 10 ´ 0 + 3 ´ 1 = 3
\ H = 22.282 a x - 1.856 a y + 3 a z in cartesian system.
Example 1.13.7
Solution : A(x = 2, y = 3, z = – 1), B(r = 4, f = – 50º, z = 2)
Converting point B to cartesian system,
x = r cos f = 4 cos (– 50º) = 2.57115
y = r sin f = 4 sin (– 50º) = – 3.0641
z = z=2
\ dAB = (x B - xA ) 2 + ( y B - y A ) 2 + (z B - zA ) 2
= (2.57115 - 2) 2 + ( -3.0641 - 3) 2 + [2 - ( -1)] 2 = 0.326212 + 36.77331 + 9
= 6.7896
Example 1.13.8
Solution : H = xy 2 z a x + x 2 yz a y + xyz 2 a z
2 2 2
i) Cylindrical : Hx = xy z, Hy = x yz, Hz = xyz
x = r cos f, y = r sin f, z = z
2 2 2
Hr = H · a r = xy z (a x · a r ) + x yz (a y · a r ) + xyz (a z · a r )
= xy 2 z cos f + x 2 yz sin f + 0 … Refer Table 1.13.1
= r cos 2 f z cos f + r 2 cos 2 f r sin f z sin f = r z cos3 f + r 3 z sin 2 f cos 2 f

2 2 2
H f = H · a f = xy z (a x · a f ) + x yz (a y · a f ) + xyz (a z · a f )
= xy 2 z( - sin f) + x 2 yz(cos f) + 0 = -r z sin f cos 2 f + r 3 cos3 f z sin f
2 2 2
H z = H · a z = xy z (a x · a z ) + x yz (a y · a z ) + xyz (a z · a z )
2
= 0 + 0 + xyz (1) = r 2 sin f cos f z 2
\ H = Hr a r + H f a f + H z a z
2 2 2
ii) Spherical : Hx = xy z, Hy = x yz, Hz = xyz
x = r sin q cos f, y = r sin q sin f, z = r cos q
TM

\ H x = r 4 sin 3 q cos q sin 2 f cos f
\ H y = r 4 sin 3 q cos q sin f cos 2 f
\ H z = r 4 sin 2 q cos 2 q sin f cos f
(
H r = H · a r = H x (a x · a r ) + H y a y · a r + H z (a z · a r ) )
= H x sin q cos f + H y sin q sin f + H z cos q … Refer Table 1.13.2
= r sin q cosq sin f cos f + r sin q cos q sin f cos f + r sin q cos3 q sin f cos f
4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 2
(
H q = H · a q = H x (a x · a q ) + H y a y · a q + H z (a z · a q ) )
= H x cosq cos f + H y cos q sinf + H z ( - sin q)
= r 4 sin 3 q cos 2 q sin 2 f cos 2 f + r 4 sin 3 q cos 2 q sin 2 f cos 2 f - r 4 sin 3 q cos 2 q sin f cos f
(
H f = H · a f = H x (a x · a f ) + H y a y · a f + H z (a z · a f ) )
= H x ( - sin f) + H y ( cos f) + 0
= - r 4 sin 3 q cos q sin 3 f cos f + r 4 sin 3 q cos q sin f cos3 f
\ H = Hr a r + Hqa q + Hfa f
Example 1.13.9
Solution : From B, B = 10, B = r cos q, B = 0
r r q f
i) Spherical to rectangular
10
Bx = B· a x = (a r · a x ) + ( r cos q)(a q · a x )
r
10
= sin q cos f + r cos q cos q cos f …(1)
r
10
By = B· a y = (a r · a y ) + ( r cos q)(a q · a y )
r
10
= sin q sin f + r cos q cos q sin f …(2)
r
10
Bz = B· az = (a r · a z ) + ( r cos q)(a q · a z )
r
10
= cos q + r cos q(– sin q) … (3)
r
z y
But r = x2 + y 2 + z2 , cos q = , tan f =
x
x2 + y 2 + z2
x2 + y 2 y x
\ sin q = , sin f = , cos f =
2 2 2 2 2
x +y +z x +y x + y2
2
TM

Using in equations (1), (2) and (3),

10x xz 2
\ Bx = +
x2 + y 2 + z2 x2 + y 2 + z2 x2 + y 2
10y yz 2
\ By = +
x2 + y 2 + z2 x2 + y 2 + z2 x2 + y 2
10z z x2 + y 2
\ Bz = –
x2 + y 2 + z2 x2 + y 2 + z2
\ B = Bx a x + By a y + Bz a z … In rectangular
ii) Spherical to cylindrical
10
Br = B · a r = (a · a ) + ( r cos q)(a q · ar )
r r r
10
= sin q + r cos q cos q … (4)
r
10
Bf = B· a f = (a · a f ) + ( r cos q)(a q · a f )
r r
10
= ( 0) + ( r cos q)( 0) = 0 … (5)
r
10
Bz = B · a z = (a · a z ) + ( r cos q)(a q · a z )
r r
10
= cos q + r cos q(– sin q) … (6)
r
But r = r sin q, z = r cos q, f = f, r = r2 + z2
r r r z
q = tan –1 , tan q = , sin q = , cos q =
z z 2
r + z2 r + z2
2
Using in equations (1.13.4), (1.13.5) and (1.13.6),

10r z2 10z rz
Br = + , Bf = 0 , Bz = –
r2 + z2 r2 + z2
2
r +z 2
r2 + z2
\ B = Br a r + B z a z (B f = 0) … In cylindrical
Example 1.13.10
Solution : G = 8 sin f a r … Spherical system
i) Spherical to rectangular
G x = G · a x = 8 sin f a r · a x = 8 sin f sin q cos f
G y = G · a y = 8 sin f a r · a y = 8 sin f sin q sin f
G z = G · a z = 8 sin f a r · a z = 8 sin f cos q
TM

Field Theory 1 - 10 Vector Analysis
x2 + y 2 y
r = x2 + y 2 + z2 , q = tan –1 , f = tan –1
z x
x2 + y 2 z
\ sin q = , cos q =
2 2 2
x +y +z x + y2 + z2
2
y x
sin f = , cos f =
2 2
x +y x + y2
2
8xy x 2 + y 2 8xy
\ Gx = =
(x 2 + y 2 ) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 x2 + y2 x 2 + y2 + z 2
8y 2 x2 + y 2 8y 2
\ Gy = ´ =
(x 2 + y 2 ) x2 + y 2 + z2 x 2 + y2 x 2 + y2 + z 2
8y z 8yz
\ Gz = ´ =
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2 + z2 x2 + y2 x 2 + y2 + z 2
\ G = G xax + G y ay + G zaz … Rectangular

ii) Spherical to cylindrical
G r = G · a r = 8 sin f a r · ar = 8 sin f sin q
G f = G · a f = 8 sin f a r · a f = 0
G z = G · a z = 8 sin f a r · a z = 8 sin f cos q
r r
r = r sin q, z = r cos q, q = tan –1 , tan q =
z z
r z
sin q = , cos q = , f=f
r2 + z2 r2 + z2
8r sin f 8z sin f
\ Gr = , G f = 0, Gz =
r2 + z2 r2 + z2
8rsinf 8zsinf
\ G = ar + az … Cylindrical
r2 + z 2 r2 + z 2
Example 1.13.11
1
Solution : F = a ... Spherical co-ordinates
r r
é Fx ù é sin q cos f cos q cos f - sin fù é Fr ù
ê F ú = ê sin q sin f cos q sin f cos f ú êF ú
ê yú ê ú ê qú
êë Fz úû êë cos q - sin q 0 úû êë Ff úû
1
But Fq = Ff = 0 and Fr =
r
TM

1
\ Fx = sin q cos f Fr =sin q cos f
r
1
\ Fy = sin q sin f Fr = sin q sin f
r
1
\ Fz = cos q Fr = cos q
r
At x = 1, y = 1 and z = 1
y
3 , q = cos - 1 é ù = 54.735º, f = tan - 1 = 45º
z
r = x2 + y 2 + z2 =
êë r úû x
\ Fx = 0.333, Fy = 0.333, Fz = 0.4082
\ F = 0.333 a x + 0.333 a y + 0.4082 a z
Example 1.13.12
10
Solution : B = a + r cos q a q + a f
r r
10
\ Br = , B q = r cos q, Bf = 1 … in spherical
r
é 10 ù
é Bx ù é sin q cos f cos q cos f - sin fù ê r ú
ê B ú = ê sin q sin f cos q sin f cos f ú ê r cos q ú
ê yú ê ú ê 1 ú
êë B z úû êë cos q - sin q 0 úû
êë úû
10
\ Bx = sin q cos f + r cos 2 q cos f - sin f … (1)
r
10
\ By = sin q sinf + r cos 2 q sin f + cos f … (2)
r
10
\ Bz = cos q - r sin q cos q … (3)
r
z y
But r = x2 + y 2 + z2 , cosq = , tan f =
x
x2 + y 2 + z2
x2 + y 2 y x
\ sinq = , sin f = , cos f =
x2 + y 2 + z2 x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
Using equations (1), (2) and (3), B in cartesian system is :
B = Bx a x + By a y + Bz a z where,
10 x xz 2 y
Bx = + - … (4)
x2 + y 2 + z2 (x 2 + y 2 ) (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) x2 + y 2
10 y yz 2 x
By = + + … (5)
2 2 2
x +y +z (x 2 + y 2 ) (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) x2 + y 2
TM

10 z z x2 + y 2
Bz = - … (6)
x2 + y 2 + z2 x2 + y 2 + z2
At (– 3, 4, 0), x = – 3, y = 4, z = 0
\ B = - 2 ax + ay … In cartesian
For transforming spherical to cylindrical use,
é Br ù é sin q cos q 0ù é B r ù
êB ú = ê 0 0 1ú êBq ú
ê fú ê ú ê ú
êë B z úû êë cos q - sin q 0úû êë B f úû
10 sin q
\ Br = sin q B r + cos q B q = + r cos 2 q
r
Bf = Bf = 1
10 cos q
B z = cos q B r - sin q B q = - r sin q cos q
r
r
Now r = r sin q, z = r cosq, f = f, r = r 2 + z 2 , q = tan - 1
z
r r z
And tanq = hence sin q = , cos q =
z
r2 + z2 r2 + z2
\ B = Br a r + B f a f + B z a z where,
10 r z2 10 z rz
Br = + , B f = 1, B z = -
2 2 2 2
r +z r2 + z2 r +z r2 + z2
p p
At given point æç5, , - 2ö÷ , r = 5, f = and z = – 2
è 2 ø 2
10 ´ 5 ( - 2) 2
\ Br = + = 2.467 , Bf = 1
5 2 + ( - 2) 2 5 2 + ( - 2) 2
10 ´ ( - 2) 5 ´ ( - 2)
Bz = - = 1.167
52 + (- 2) 2 5 2 + ( - 2) 2
\ B = 2.467 a r + a f + 1.167 a z … In cylindrical
qqq
TM

2
Coulomb’s Law and
Electric Field Intensity
Example 2.2.7
z
Solution : The force exerted on 0.3 mC charge is,
Q 1Q 2 Q2 (1, 2, 3)
F2 = a 12
4pe 0 R 212 0.3 mC
Q1 (2, 0, 5)
R12 – 0.1 mC a12
a 12 = y
R12
R12 = (1 - 2) a x + ( 2 - 0) a y + ( 3 - 5) a z x
Fig. 2.1
= - ax + 2 ay - 2 az
and R12 = ( -1) 2 + ( 2) 2 + ( -2) 2 = 3
\ F2 =
(0.3 ´ 10 -3 )(-0.1 ´ 10 -3 ) [a ]
12
4p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´ ( 3) 2
é- ax + 2 ay - 2 az ù
= – 29.9591 ê ú
ë 3 û
= – 9.986 a x + 19.9727 a y – 19.9727 a z N
\ F2 = ( -9.986) 2 + (19.9727 ) 2 + ( -19.9737 ) 2 = 24.4613 N

Example 2.2.8
Solution : The charges are shown in the Fig. 2.2.
The position vectors of the points A, B and C are,
A = - 4ay + 3 az
B = ay +az
C = - 3 ay + 4 az
\ R1Q = C - A = a y + a z
(2 - 1)
TM

Field Theory 2-2 Coulomb's Law and Electric Field Intensity
z
and R2Q = C - B = - 4 a y + 3 a z
C
Q
\ R1Q = (1) 2 + (1) 2 = 2 And R1Q
Q1 R2Q
R2Q = ( -4) 2 + ( 3) 2 = 5 A
Q2
\ F1 = Force on Q due to B
Q Q1 y
Q1 = a 1Q –4 –3 O 1
4 p e 0 R 21Q
and F2 = Force on Q due to x

Fig. 2.2
QQ 2
Q2 = a 2Q
4 p e 0 R 22Q
é ù
Q ê Q1 Q
\ Ft = F1 + F2 = a 1Q + 2 a 2Q ú
4 p e0 ê R2 R 22Q ú
ë 1Q û
é ù
Q ê 2 ´ 10
-9 æa y + a z ö Q2 æ- 4ay + 3az öú
= ç ÷+ ç ÷
4 p e0 ê øú
( ) è ø (5) 2 è 5
2 2
êë 2 úû
Q é ù
( ) ( )
Q
= ê7.071 ´ 10 -10 a y + a z + 2 - 4 a y + 3 a z ú
4 p e0 ë 125 û
\ Total z component of Ft is,
Q é 3 Q2 ù
= 7.071 ´ 10 -10 + a
4 p e 0 êë 125 úû z
To have this component zero,
3 Q2
7.071 ´ 10 -10 + = 0 as Q is test charge and cannot be zero.
125
y
7.071 ´ 10 -10 ´ 125
\ Q2 = - = – 29.462 nC C
3
Example 2.2.9
Solution : Let the side of equilateral triangle
is d and is placed in x-y plane as shown in d d
the Fig. 2.3. P
l(AB) = l(BC) = l(AC) = d
2 3d
d 2 - æç ö÷ =
d A
l(CD) = x
è2ø 2 d D d B
2 2
z d
\ A (0, 0, 0), B (d, 0, 0),
Fig. 2.3
TM

æ d 3d ö
Cç , , 0÷
è2 2 ø
1
Key Point For equilateral triangle, the centroid is at a distance of
rd of height of
3
perpendicular drawn from any one corner to opposite side, from the side on which
perpendicular is drawn.
1 1 3d d
\ l(DP) = l(CD) i.e. l(DP) = ´ = = 0.2886d
3 3 2 2 3
\ Co-ordinates of centroid P æç , 0 . 2886 d, 0ö÷
d
è2 ø
The charge at each corner is +Q. Let charge at P is QP. Then net force Ft on charge at A
due to all other charges is,
Ft = FB + FC + FP
QQ QQ Q QP
= a BA + a CA + a PA
4p e 0 R 2BA 4p e 0 R 2CA 4p e 0 R 2PA
d 3d
RBA - da x RCA - ax - ay
a BA = = = – ax , a CA = = 2 2
|RBA | d |RCA | d
d
- a - 0 . 2886 da y
a PA = 2 x
0 . 5773 d
é d 3d ù é - d a - 0 . 2886 d a ù
Q2 ê- a x - 2 a x - 2 a y ú Q QP ê 2 x yú
\ Ft = + ú + 4pe
4pe 0 ê d 2 d2 ´ d 0
ê (0.5773 d) 2 (0.5773 d) ú
ê ú êë úû
ë û
Q2
[- a x - 0.5 a x - 0.866 a y ] + 4pe [- 2 .5987 a x - 1 .5 a y ]
Q QP
=
2 2
4pe 0 d 0d
=
Q
4pe 0 d 2
{[ - 1.5 Q - 2.5987 Q P ] a x + [- 0.866 Q - 1 .5 Q p ] a y }
For keeping all charges in equilibrium, Ft = 0
\ – 1.5 Q – 2.5987 QP = 0
\ QP = – 0.5773 Q
Thus charge at centroid P must be negative and 0.5773 times the charge Q.
TM

Example 2.2.10
Solution : The square is kept in x-y plane with origin as one of its corners, as shown in
the Fig. 2.4. z
The diagonals AC = BD = 8 m l (AC) = 8 m

l (BD) = 8 m
Q2 = 150 mC P
Let AD = DC = BC = AB = l m
\ l2 + l2 = 82
A B
y
\ l = 5.656 m
Hence the co-ordinates of various points are, E At A, B, C, D
D Q1 = 30 mC
A (0, 0, 0), B (0, 5.656, 0), C (5.656, 5.656, 0), C
x
D (5.656, 0, 0)
Fig. 2.4
The point E is centroid hence E (2.828, 2.828, 0).
The point P is 3 m above the centre E hence the co-ordinates at P are (2.828, 2.828, 3).
To find force on charge at P which is Q 2 = 150 mC due to charges at A, B, C and D of
Q 1 = 30 mC each.
\ FP = FA + FB + FC + FD
Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2 RAP Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2 RBP
FA = a AP = , FB = a BP =
2
4 p e 0 RAP 2
4 p e 0 RAP | RAP| 2
4 p e 0 R BP 2
4 p e 0 R BP | RBP|
Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2 RCP Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2 RDP
FC = a CP = , FD = a DP =
4 p e 0 R 2CP 4 p e 0 R 2CP | RCP| 2
4 p e 0 R DP 2
4 p e 0 R DP | RDP|
RAP = (2.828 - 0) a x + (2.828 - 0) a y + (3 - 0) a z = 2.828 a x + 2.828 a y + 3 a z

RBP = (2.828 - 0) a x + (2.828 - 5.656) a y + (3 - 0) a z = 2.828 a x - 2.828 a y + 3 a z
RCP = (2.828 - 5.656) a x + (2.828 - 5.656) a y + (3 - 0) a z = - 2.828 a x - 2.828 a y + 3 a z
RDP = (2.828 - 5.656) a x + (2.828 - 0) a y + (3 - 0) a z = - 2.828 a x + 2.828 a y + 3 a z
| RAP| =| RBP| = | RCP| = | RDP| = (2.828) 2 + (2.828) 2 + 3 2 = 5
Q1 Q2
\ FA + FB + FC + FD = [RAP + RBP + RCP + RDP ]
4 p e 0 (5) 3
30 ´ 10 - 6 ´ 150 ´ 10 - 6
\ FP = [12 a z ] = 3.8827 a z N
4 p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 - 12 ´ 5 3
Example 2.2.11
Solution : The arrangement is shown in the Fig. 2.5.
Force on Q 2 is given by,
TM

Q 1Q 2 z
F2 = a 12
4pe 0 R 212
Q 1Q 2 R12
=
4pe 0 R 212 R12
R12 = P2 - P1
= [– 3 – 4] a x + [2 – 7] a y + [– 9 – ( -5)] a z y
P1 (4, 7, – 5)
= -7 a x - 5 a y - 4 a z Q1 = 2 mc
R12
( -7 ) 2 + ( - 5) + ( -4) 2
2
R12 =
x Q2 = – 7 mc
= 90 P2 (–3, 2, – 9)
Fig. 2.5
2 ´ 10 -3 ´ - 7 ´ 10 -3 1 é -7 a x - 5 a y - 4 a z ù
\ F2 = ´ ê ú
4p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ( 90 )
2
ë 90 û
= 1031.603 a x + 736.859 a y + 589.487 a z N

Example 2.2.12 z
Solution : Let the square is in x-y plane as
shown in the Fig. 2.6. Let us find the force
on charge at A due to charges at B, C and
D.
QA Q B Q Q R1 A(0, 0, 0)
FBA = a R1 = A B R3
4 p e0 R 2 4 p e0 R 2 R1 A D (0, 0.05, 0)
1 1 y
R1
QA Q C R2
FCA = R2
B
4 p e 0 R 22 R2
(0.05, 0, 0) C (0.05, 0.05, 0)
QA Q D x
R3
and FDA = Fig. 2.6
4 p e 0 R 23 R3
R1 = ( 0 - 0.05) a x = -0.05 a x , R1 = 0.05
R2 = -0.05 a x - 0.05 a y , R2 = ( 0.05) 2 + ( 0.05) 2 = 0.07071
R3 = -0.05 a y , R3 = 0.05
( )
2
QA Q B QA Q C QA Q D 3 ´ 10 -6
= = = = 0.0808
4 p e0 4 p e0 4 p e0 4p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12
\ FA = FBA + FCA + FDA
TM

é - 0.05 a x - 0.05 a x - 0.05 a y - 0.05 a y ù

= 0.0808 ê + + ú
2 2 2
êë ( 0.05) ´ 0.05 ( 0.07071) ´ 0.07071 ( 0.05) ´ 0.05 úû
= – 43.79 a x - 43.79 a y N
\ |FA | = (43.79) 2 + (43.79) 2 = 61.9284 N … Force on any one charge
Example 2.3.6
Q1
Solution : E1 = a R1 z
4 p e 0 R 21
a R1 =
R1
=
[ 0 - ( -1)] a x + (1 - 0) a z
=
ax + az P (0, 0, 1) Q
1
R1 R1 2 R1 A (–1, 0, 0)
R2
8 p e0 ax + az 1 y
\ E1 = ´ = [a x + a z ]
( 2)
2 2 2 Q2
4 p e0
B
(1, 0, 0)
Q2 x
E2 = Q R2
4 p e 0 R 22 Fig. 2.7
R2 ( 0 - 1) a x + (1 - 0) a z -ax + az
a R2 = = =
R2 R2 2
4 p e0 éa x + a z ù 1
\ E2 = êë úû = 2 [ - a x + a z ]
( 2)
2 2
4 p e0
\ E = E 1 + E 2 = 0.3535 a x + 1.0606 a z V m z
Example 2.3.7
Solution : The electric field is given by,
Q Q (54.9 nC)
E = aR (– 4, 5, 3)
4 p e0 R2
P aR
R = [0 - ( - 4)] a x + (0 - 5) a y + (0 - 3) a z (0, 0, 0) y
= 4a x -5a y - 3a z
|R| = 42 +52 + 32 = 50
x
Q é R ù Fig. 2.8
\ E = ê ú
2
4 p e 0 R ë|R|û
54.9 ´ 10 - 9 é 4a x -5a y - 3a z ù
= ê ú
( )
2
4 p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 - 12 ´ 50 ë 50 û
= 5.5825 a x - 6.9781 a y - 4.1868 a z V / m

TM

Example 2.3.8 y
Solution : The arrangement is shown in the –2Q

C
Fig. 2.9.
3l R3
Let AB = BC = CA = l. So CP =
2
l l
æl 3l ö Ö3l
A(0, 0, 0), B (l, 0, 0), C ç , , 0÷ and
è2 2 ø 2
æl ö R1 R2
P ç , 0, 0÷ A B
è2 ø x
3Q l P l 1Q
E at P is to be obtained. 2 2
Q1 z l
E1 = a R1
4p e 0 R 21 Fig. 2.9
æl ö R1 0.5 l a x
R1 = ç - 0÷ a x + 0 a y + 0 a z = 0.5 l ax, a R1 = = = ax
è2 ø |R1| 0.5 l
3Q 1.078 ´ 10 11 Q
\ E1 = ax = ax
4pe 0 ( 0 . 5l) 2 l2
Q2 æl ö
Now E2 = a R2, R2 = ç - l÷ a x + 0 a y + 0 a z = – 0.5 l a x
4p e 0 R2 è2 ø
R2
|R2| = 0.5 l, a R2 = = – ax
|R2|
1Q - 3 . 595 ´ 10 10 Q
\ E2 = (- a x ) = ax
4p e 0 ( 0 . 5 l) 2 l2
Q3 æl lö æ 3 ö
And E3 = a R3 , R3 = ç - ÷ a x + ç 0 - l÷ a y + 0 a z
4p e 0 R3 è 2 2 ø è 2 ø
R3
\ R3 = – 0.866 l a y ,|R3| = 0.866l, a R3 = = – ay
|R3|
- 2Q 2 . 3968 ´ 10 10 Q
\ E3 = (- a y ) = ay
4p e 0 ( 0 . 866 l) 2 l2
Q
\ E at P = E1 + E2 + E3 = [7.185 ´ 10 10 a x + 2.3968 ´ 10 10 a y ] V/m ... Ans.
l2
TM

z
Example 2.3.9
Solution : Let the square is in x-y plane as shown
in the Fig. 2.10. The co-ordinates of various points
are, 10 cm 1 mC
A y
10 cm B
A(0, 0, 0), B(0, 0.1, 0), C(0.1, 0.1, 0), D(0.1, 0, 0)
10 cm
To find E at the vacant corner A. 1 mC
D 10 cm C
x 1 mC
3
Qi Fig. 2.10
E = å 4pe 0 Ri 2
a Ri
i=1
Q
\ EB = a RB where R B = – 0.1 a y , a RB = –a y
4pe 0 R B 2
Q
\ ED = a RD where R D = – 0.1 a x , a RD = – a x
4pe 0 R D 2
Q – 0.1 a x – 0.1a y
\ EC = a RC where R C = – 0.1 a x – 0.1 a y , a RC =
4pe 0 R C 2 ( 0.1) 2 + ( 0.1) 2
Q é ay ax [– 0.1 a x – 0.1 a y ] ù
EA = EB + ED + EC = ê- - + ú
4pe 0 êë (0.1)
2 (0.1) 2
[( 0.1) 2 + ( 0.1) 2 ] 3 / 2 úû
1 ´ 10 – 6
= [–100 a y – 100 a x – 35. 35 a x – 35. 35 a y ] = –1216.49 a x – 1216.49 a y kV m
4p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 –12
Example 2.3.10
Solution : Consider the circle consisting of charges placed in xy plane and charge of
- 20 mC is on z axis, 2 m from the plane of the circle. This is shown in the Fig. 2.11.
The charges are placed equally i.e. at an EA z EB
interval of 360°/10 = 36° between each
other. Five pairs of charges which are
dimetrically opposite to each other, exists 45º 45º
EBy
on the circumference of a circle. Consider a EAy P(0,0,2)
pair A and B. The field EA due to Q at A,
at point P is shown in the Fig. 2.12. R R
2
l (OQ) = 2 m, l (OP) = 2 m Q Q
Q Q
hence Ð PAO = 45° B 45º O 45º A
Q y
\ y component of EA i.e. EA y = EA cos 45° 2 2 Q
Similarly l (OB) = 2 m, l (OP) = 2 m Q Q

Q Q
hence Ð PBO = 45°
x
\ y component of EB i.e. EBy = EB cos 45°
Fig. 2.11
TM

But EAy is in - a y direction while EBy is in a y direction. From symmetry of the

arrangement EAy = EBy . Hence they cancel each other.
While z components of EA and EB help each other as both are in a z direction.

(
EAz = EBz = EA or EB sin 45° a z )
Similarly there are 4 more pairs of charges which will behave identically and their y
components are going to cancel while z components are going to add.
Thus total z component of E at P is,
Q
Etotal = (E due to any charge) ´ 10 ´ sin 45° a z = ´ 10 ´ sin 45° a z
4 p e0 R2
where R = ( 2) 2 + ( 2) 2 = 8
500 ´ 10 -6
\ Etotal = ´ 10 ´ sin 45° a z = 3.972 ´ 10 6 a z V/m
( 8)
2
4 p e0 ´
\ FP = Q P Etotal = -20 ´ 10 -6 ´ 3.972 ´ 10 6 a z = – 79.44 (a z ) N

This is the force on the charge at P. In general, force acts normal to the plane in which
circle is kept, i.e. – 79.44 a n where a n is unit vector normal to the plane containing the
circle.
Example 2.3.11
Solution : a) A (2, –1, 3) and P (0, 0, 0)
Q
\ E at P = a AP
2
4 p e 0 RAP
( 0 - 2) a x + [ 0 - ( -1)]a y + [0 - 3] a z
Now a AP =
( -2) 2 + (1) 2 + ( 3) 2
5 ´ 10 -9 é- 2ax +ay - 3az ù
\ E = ê ú
( )
2
4 p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´ 14 ë 14 û
= – 1.715 a x + 0.857 a y – 2.573 a z V/m

b) Let point P is now (x, 0, 0).
rAP ( x - 2) a x + a y - 3 a z
\ a AP = =
rAP
( x - 2) 2 + (1) 2 + ( -3) 2
é ( x - 2) a + a - 3 a ù
Q x y z
\ E = ×ê ú
4 p e0 [( x - 2) + 1 + 9 êë
2
] ( x - 2) 2 + 1 + 9 ú
û
TM

Field Theory 2 - 10 Coulomb's Law and Electric Field Intensity
5 ´ 10 - 9
= [( x - 2) a x + a y - 3 a z ]
[ ]
3/ 2
2
4 p e 0 ( x - 2) + 10
=
44.938
[( x - 2) a x + a y - 3 a z ]
[(x - 2) ]
3/ 2
2
+ 10
44.938 é x - 2 2 + 1 2 + -3 2 ù = 44.938
| E| = ( ) ( ) ( ) ú V/m
[(x - 2) 2
+ 10]
3/ 2 ëê û
[ ( x - 2) 2 + 10 ]
To find x at which| E| is maximum,
d | E|
= 0
dx
é ù
ê - 2 ( x - 2) ú
\ 44.938 ê = 0
2ú
ë [
ê ( x - 2) 2 + 10
]ú
û
\ (x – 2) = 0
\ x = 2 where| E| is maximum.
The graph of|E | against x is shown in the Fig. 2.12. |E| in V/m
4.49
c) Hence| E|max is at x = 2, |E| max
44.938
\ | E|max = = 4.4938 V/m
10
x
Example 2.3.12 –10 0 2 10
Solution : The charges Q 1 and Q 2 are shown in the Fig. 2.12
Fig. 2.13. z
Let us find E at the origin due to Q 1 and Q 2 . Q2 P2(0,0,4)

a2
P1 = - 4 a y , P2 = 4 a z
\ a1 =
- P1
= -
(
- - 4ay )=a P1
(0,–4,0)
a1 O
y
4 y Q1
|P1|
- P2 - 4az x
and a2 = = = -az
|P2| 4 Fig. 2.13
RP = 4 and RP =4
1O 2O
TM

Q1 Q2
\ E = E1 + E2 = a1 + a2
4 p e 0 R 2P O 4 p e 0 R P2
1 2O
10 ´ 10 -9 20 ´ 10 -9
=
4 p e0 ´4 2 [a y ]+
4 p e ´ ( 4) 2
[- a z ] = 5.6173 a y – 11.2346 a z V/m
0
Now let Q 3 = 40 nC is at point P3 ( x, y, z).
\ P3 = x a x + y a y + z a z and RP = x2 + y 2 + z2
3O
The field intensity due to Q 3 at the origin is,
Q3 Q3 é - xa - y a - za ù
x y z
E3 = aP = ê ú
3O ê ú
4 p e 0 R 2P 4 p e 0 R 2P 2 2
x +y +z 2
3O 3O ë û
The total E has to be zero with E3 added to E1 and E2 .

\ E1 + E2 + E3 = 0
In E1 + E2 , there is no x component and to have x component of E with E3 zero, x = 0.
The y component of E3 must cancel y component of E1 + E2 .
y Q3
\ - = – 5.6173
4 p e 0 R 2P O x 2 + y 2 + z 2
3
Now R P3O = x2 + y 2 + z2
y Q3
\ = 5.6173
(
4 p e0 x + y + z2
2 2
) x2 + y 2 + z2
y 5.6173 ´ 4 p e 0
\ = = 0.01562 ... Q 3 = 40 nC
( ) 40 ´ 10 -9
3/ 2
x2 + y 2 + z2
But x = 0 hence,
y
= 0.01562 ... (a)
( )
3/ 2
y2 + z2
Similarly z component of E3 must cancel z component of E1 + E2 .

- z Q3
\ = 11.2346
4 p e0 RP O x2 + y 2 + z2
2
3
Substituting Q 3 , R P and x = 0 we get,

3O
TM

z
\ = – 0.03124 ... (b)
(y + z )2 2 3/ 2
(y 2 + z 2 ) y
3/ 2
From equation (a), = = 64.0204 y
0.01562
z
Putting in equation (b), = – 0.03124 i.e. z=–2y ... (c)
64.0204 y
y y
Using equation (c) in (a), = 0.01562 i.e. = 0.01562
[y ]
3/ 2 3/ 2
é y 2 + ( -2y) 2 ù 2
+4y 2
ëê ûú
Solving, y = ± 2.3929 and z = m 4.7858
But y must be positive and z must be negative in P3 to have E = 0.

\ Q3 must be located at (0, 2.3929, – 4.785)
Example 2.3.13
Solution : Qp QQ
E at origin = E due to P + E due to Q = a R1 + a R2
4 p e 0 R 21 4 p e 0 R 22
R1 = (0 - 0) a x + (0 - 4) a y + (0 - 4) a z = - 4 a y - 4 a z , | R1| = 32
R2 = (0 - 4) a x + (0 - 0) a y + (0 - 2) a z =
- 4 a x - 2 a z , | R2| = 20 z
R R2
\ a R1 = 1 and a R2 =
|R1| |R2| P(0, 4, 4)
10 - 8 (- 4 a y - 4 a z ) R1
\ E at origin =
- 12 2
4 p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 ´ ( 32) 32 (0, 0, 0)O y
R2
( - 0.5 ´ 10 - 8 ) (- 4 a x - 2 a z ) Q(4, 0, 2)
+
4 p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 - 12 ´( 20) 2 20 x
Fig. 2.14
= – 1.986 a y – 1.986 a z + 2 a x + a z
= 2 a x – 1.986 a y – 0.986 a z V/m
Example 2.4.5
Solution : i) 0 < x < 5 m, r L = 12x 2 mC m
5 5
éx3 ù
Q = ò r L dL = ò 12 x 2 dx mC = 12 ê
3 ú
= 500 mC = 0.5 C
0 ë û0
ii) r S = rz 2 nC m 2 , r = 3, 0 < z < 4 m
4 2p
Q = ò r S dS = ò r S [r df dz] = r ò ò rz 2 ´ 10 –9 df dz ... r = 3
S S z = 0 f= 0
TM

4
2p éz3 ù
= ( 3) ´ 10 2 –9
´ [f] 0 ê 3 ú = 1.206 mC
ë û0
10
iii) r v = C m 3, r=4m
rsinq
2p p 4
10
Q= ò r v dv = ò r v r 2 sin q dr dq df = ò ò ò r sin q
´ r 2 sin q dr dq df
vol vol f= 0 q= 0 r = 0
4
ér2 ù
= 10 ê ú [q] 0p [f] 20 p = 1579.136 C.
2
ë û0
Example 2.4.6
1000 f
Solution : ne = cos electrons/m 3
r 4
1 electron = - 1.6 ´ 10 -19 C charge
- 1.6 ´ 10 - 16 f
\ r v = n e ´ charge on 1 electron = cos C / m 3
r 4
The volume is defined as sphere of r = 2 m.
\ dv = r 2 sin q dr dq df ... spherical system
2p p
- 1.6 ´ 10 - 16
2
f
\ Q = ò r v dv = ò ò ò r
cos r 2 sin q dr dq df
4
vol f = 0q = 0r = 0
2p
2 é sin f ù
ér2 ù p ê 4ú
= - 1.6 ´ 10 - 16 ê 2 ú [- cos q]0 ê 1 ú
ë û0 êë 4 úû
0
= - 1.6 ´ 10 - 16 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 4 ´ 1 = - 2.56 ´ 10 - 15 C
Example 2.4.7
Solution : r v = 10z 2 x sin py C/m 3
Consider differential volume in cartesian system as, dv = dx dy dz

\ dQ = r v dv = 10z 2 x sin py dx dy dz
3.6 1 2
\ Q = ò r v dv = ò ò ò 10z 2 x sin py dx dy dz
vol z = 3 y = 0 x = -1
3.6 2
é z 3 ù é x 2 ù é - cos py ù 1
= 10 ê
3 ú ê 2 ú êë p úû
ë û 3 ë û -1 0
é 3.6 3 3 3 ù é 4 1 ù é cos p cos 0 ù

= 10ê - - - + = 62.57 C
3 3 ú êë 2 2 úû êë p p úû
ë û
TM

Example 2.4.8
Solution : r v = cos 2 q
2
Q = ò r v dv where dv = r sin q dr dq df
vol
2p p 2
ò ò ò[r
2
= sin q dr dq df] cos 2 q
f= 0 q= 0 r = 0
ér 3 ù
2 é p ù
2p 8
= ê ú [f] 0 ê ò sin q cos 2 q dq ú = ´ 2p ´ I
3
ë û0 ê ú 3
ëq = 0 û
p
ò sin q cos
Consider, I = 2 q dq, Put cos q = t i.e. – sin q dq = dt
q= 0
p p p
ét 3 ù é cos 3 q ù é cos 3 p - cos 3 0ù
ò - dt ´ t = – ê 3 ú = – ê 3 ú = – ê
\ I = 2
3 ú
q= 0 ë û q= 0 ë û0 ë û
é ( -1) 3 - (1) 3 ù 2
= –ê ú=+ 3
êë 3 úû
8 2 32p
\ Q = ´ 2p ´ = = 11.1701 C
3 3 9
Example 2.6.7
Solution : i) For origin let r = r1 z
Parallel
rL to x-axis
E= a
2pe 0 r1 r1
z=5
Point on the line is (x, 3, 5). Origin is (0, 0, 0)
Do not consider x co-ordinate as the charge is parallel
to x-axis. O y
\ r1 = (0 – 3) a y + (0 – 5) a z y=3
= – 3 a y – 5 a z , |r 1 | = 34 x
30 ´ 10 -9 é -3 a y - 5a z ù
\ E= ê ú Fig. 2.15
–12
2p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 ´ 34 êë 34 úû
= – 47.582 a y – 79.303 a z V/m

ii) P(5, 6, 1)
\ r2 = (6 – 3) a y + (1 – 5) a z = 3 a y – 4 a z , |r2 | = 5
30 ´ 10 -9 é 3 ay - 4 az ù
\ E= ê ú = 64.711 a y – 86.2823 a z V/m
2p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´5 ë 5 û
TM

Example 2.6.8 z
Solutino : a) The line charge is shown in the –¥

Fig. 2.16. 2
P(6,–1,3)
It is parallel to the x axis as y = 1 constant r
and z = 2 constant. The line charge is infinite
hence using the standard result,
r ¥ O y
L
E = a 1
2 p e0 r r
To find a r , consider a point on the line charge
x
(x, 1, 2) while P (6, –1, 3). As the line charge
is parallel to x axis, do not consider x Fig. 2.16
coordinate while finding a r .
\ r = ( -1 - 1) a y + ( 3 - 2) a z = - 2 a y + a z , r = ( -2) 2 + (1) 2 = 5
r - 2ay +az
\ ar = =
|r| 5
\
rL é - 2 a y + a z ù 24 ´ 10
-9 -
(
2ay +az )
E = ê ú =
2 p e0 5 ë 5 û 2 p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´ 5
= – 172.564 a y + 86.282 a z V/m

b) Consider a point charge Q A at A (–3, 4, 1).
QA
The electric field due to Q A at P (6, –1, 3) is, EA = a AP
2
4 p e 0 RAP
RAP = [ 6 - ( -3)]a x + [-1 - 4] a y + [3 - 1] a z = 9 a x - 5 a y + 2 a z , RAP = 10.488
RAP 9ax -5ay + 2az

\ a AP = =
RAP 10.4888
QA é9ax -5ay + 2az ù

\ EA = ê ú
4 p e 0 ´ (10.4888) 2 ë 10.4888 û
The total field at P is now, Et = E + EA

The y component of total Et is to be made zero.
é 5 QA ù 5 QA
\ ê - 172.564 - ú ay = 0 i.e. = – 172.564
êë 4 p e 0 ´ (10.4888) 3 úû 4 p e 0 ´ (10.4888) 3
- 172.564 ´ 4 p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´ (10.4888) 3

\ QA = = – 4.4311 mC
5
TM

Example 2.6.9 z
Solution : The charge is shown in the Fig. 2.17. z=3
Key Point Charge is not infinite hence basic method of

differential charge dQ must be used. dQ (0,0,z)
\ dQ = r L dL = r L dz
dQ r L dz R
\ dE = aR = z=1
2 2
4p e 0 R 4p e 0 R |R|
y
i) To find E at origin
\ R = – z a z , |R| = z, a R = – a z x
3
r L dz( -a z ) -rL dz
\ dE =
4p e o z2
i.e. E=
4p e o ò 2
az Fig. 2.17
z=1 z
-20 ´ 10 -9 z= 3
é- 1 ù
\ E = a z = – 119.824 a z V/m
4p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ëê z ûú z = 1
ii) To find E at P(4, 0, 0)
\ R = (4 – 0) a x + (0 – z) a z = 4 a x – z a z , |R| = 16 + z 2
Key Point As the charge is not infinite, all the co-ordinates are considered.
r L dz é4 ax - z az ù
\ dE = ê ú
4p e o (16+ z 2 ) êë 16 + z 2 úû
rL é 3 3
- z dz a z ù
4 a x dz
ê ú
\ E =
4p e o ê ò (16 + z 2 ) 3/ 2
+ ò
(16 + z 2 ) 3/ 2 ú
ëz = 1 z=1 û
I1 I2
For I1, use z = 4 tan q, dz = 4 sec2 q dq

Limits : z = 1, q1 = 14.03º and z = 3, q2 = 36.87º
q2 q2 q2
4 ´ 4 sec 2 q dq 4 2 sec 2 q 1
I1 = ò (16 + 16 tan 2 q) 3 / 2
= ò 3
4 sec q 3
dq = ò 4
cos q dq
q1 q1 q1
1 q 1
= [sin q] q 2 = [sin 36.87º – sin 14.03º] = 0.08938
4 1 4
Using same substitution for I2 we get,
TM

q2 q2
4 tan q ´ 4 sec 2 q dq sin q 1 1
I2 = – ò 4 3 sec 3 q
=- ò ´ ´ dq
cos q sec q 4
q1 q1
q2
sin q 1 q 1
= - ò 4
dq = – [- cos q] q 2 = – [– cos 36.87º + cos 14.03º]
4 1 4
q1
= – 0.04253
20 ´ 10 - 9
\ E = [ 0.08938 a x – 0.04253 a z ] = 16.066 a x – 7.645 a z V/m
4p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12
Example 2.6.10
Solution : i) Charge is infinite along z-axis.
rL
\ E = a , Point on line charge (0, 0, z), P (1, 2, 3)
2p e o r r
\ r = (1 – 0) a x + (2 – 0) a y = a x + 2 a y , |r| = 5
Do not consider z co-ordinate as charge is along z axis and infinite.
éa x + 2a y
2 ´ 10 - 6 ù
\ E = ê ú = 7.19 a x + 14.38 a y kV/m
2p e o ´ 5
ë 5 û
ii) Charge is finite from z = – 4 to z = + 4
Refer Ex. 2.6.9 for the procedure.
r dz é a x + 2 a y + ( 3 - z) a z ù
dE = L
4p e o êê [5 + ( 3 - z) 2 ] 3 / 2 úú
ë û
Integrating for z = – 4 to + 4 and using the substitution 3 – z = 5 tan q, the final answer
is,
E = 4.891 a x + 9.782 a y + 4.891 a z kV/m
Example 2.6.11 P(2,3,15)
Solution : The line is shown in the Fig. 2.18. z ¥
r
The line with x = – 3 constant and y = 4 constant is
a line parallel to z axis as z can take any value. ar
The E at P (2, 3, 15) is to be calculated.
The charge is infinite line charge hence E can be
4
obtained by standard result, –3
rL
E = a
2 p e0 r r O y
To find r, consider two points, one on the line

which is (–3, 4, z) while P (2, 3, 15). But as line is
parallel to z axis, E cannot have component in a z x
direction hence z need not be considered while –¥
calculating r. Fig. 2.18
TM

\ r = [2 - ( -3)]a x + [3 - 4] a y
= 5ax -ay ... z not considered
\ |r| = (5) 2 + ( -1) 2 = 26

r 5ax -ay
\ ar = =
|r| 26
rL 1 é5 a x - a y ù
\ E = ×
2 p e 0 26 êë 26 û
ú
=
[
25 ´ 10 -9 5 a x - a y ]
2 p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´ 26
= 86.42 a x - 17.284 a y V/m

Example 2.6.12
z
Solution : The line charge is shown in the Fig. 2.19.
rL = 5 nC/m
Any point on the line charge is (4, 6, z). P
(0,0,5) r
Key Point As line charge is parallel to z-axis, E can (4,6,z)
not have any component along z direction. So do not x

x=4
consider z co-ordinate while calculating r. y=6
\ r = ( 0 - 4) a x + ( 0 - 6) a y Parallel
to z-axis
y
= - 4 a x - 6 a y , r = 16 + 36 = 52
Fig. 2.19
r - 4 ax - 6ay
\ ar = =
r 52
r 5 ´ 10 -9 é - 4a x - 6a y ù
L
\ E at P = ar = ê ú
2pe 0 r 2p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12
´ 52 ë 52 û
= - 6. 913 a x - 10.37 a y V/m
Example 2.6.13
z
Solution : The charge is shown in the Fig. 2.20. rL = 40 nC/m
· P(–2,2,8)
Key Point As charge is along z-axis, E can not have any
component in a z direction.
(0,0,z)
Do not consider z co-ordinate while calculating r .
\ r = ( -2 - 0) a x + (2 - 0) a y
x
= -2 a x + 2 a y , r = 4+4 = 8 Fig. 2.20
TM

rL rL r
\ E = ar =
2 p e0 r 2 p e0 r r
=
(
40 ´ 10 -9 -2 a x + 2 a y ) = - 179.754 a x + 179.754 a y V m
-12
2 p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 ´ 8´ 8
Example 2.6.14 z
Solution : Consider the charge along z-axis as shown
in the Fig. 2.21. Consider the differential charge at a B (0, 0, z2)
distance z. dl (0, 0, z)
R
dQ = r L dl = r L dz z
P(0, –h,0)
r dz y
L
\ dE = aR
4pe 0 R 2
R = 0 a x + ( - h - 0)a y + (0 - z)a z A (0, 0, z1)

x
= - ha y - za z
R Fig. 2.21
| R| = h 2 + z2 , a R =
| R|
r dz - ha y - za z
L
\ dE =
4pe 0 (h 2 + z 2 ) h 2 + z2
r é z 2 - h dz a z2 ù
ê y z a z dz ú
4pe 0 ê ò (h 2 + z 2 ) 3/ 2 ò (h 2 + z 2 ) 3/ 2 ú
L
\ E = - …(1)
ë z1 z1 û
ß ß
I1 I2
z2
h dz
I1 = ò , z = h tan q, dz = h sec2 q dq
z1 (h 2 + z 2 ) 3/ 2
z2 z2
h 2 sec 2 q dq 1 1 z
I1 = ò h 3 sec 3 q
=
h ò cos q dq =
h
[sin q] z 2
1 Öh2+z2
z1 z1 z
q
h
ù 2
z é ù
1é z 1ê z2 z1 ú
-
h êê ú
= = Fig. 2.21 (a)
úû z h ê ú
ë h + z2
2
1 ë
2 2
h + z2 h + z 21
2
û
z2
z dz
I2 = ò , h2 + z2 = u2, 2z dz = 2u du
z1 (h 2 + z 2 ) 3/ 2
z2 z
u du 1 z2 é ù 2
= é- ù
1
I2 = ò u3 êë u úû z
= -ê
êë h + z 2
2
ú
úû z
z1 1
1
TM

é ù é ù
1 1 1 1
= - ê - ú = ê– + ú
ê h 2 + z2 h 2 + 2
z1 ú ê h 2 + z 22 2 2 ú
h + z1
ë 2 û ë û
Using I1 and I2in equation (1),
é ù é ù
-rL ê z2 z1 ú a + -rL ê -1 1 úa V/ m
\ E = - +
4pe 0 ê
h h 2 + z 22 h h 2 + z 21 ú y 4pe 0 ê h 2 + z2 h + z 21
2 ú z
ë û ë 2 û
Example 2.6.15 z
Solution : Q = 1 mC and placed between

A(0, 0, 1) and B(0, 0, 2) m. B (0, 0, 2)
\ L = 2–1=1m (0, 0, z) dz P2(0, 1, 1)
Q 1
\ r = = 1 mC/m
= z A (0, 0, 1)
LL 1
Consider an elementary charge dQ at a distance
y
z as shown in the Fig. 2.22. P1(0, 0, 0)
\ dQ = r dz
L
i) For point P1(0, 0, 0),
R = -z a z , a R = - a z x
| R| = z Fig. 2.22
dQ r L dz
\ dE = aR = (- a z )
4pe 0 R 2 4pe 0 z 2
z =2 r dz
ò
L
\ E = (- a z )
2
z = 1 4 pe 0 z
-r 2
dz
ò
L
= az
4pe 0 2
z =1z
1 ´ 10 -6 2
é - 1 ù a = 8987.7424 é 1 - 1ù a
= -
ëê z ûú 1 êë 2 ûú z
z
4p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12
= – 4493.8712 a z V/m
ii) For point P2(0, 1, 1)
R = 0 a x + (1 - 0)a y + (1 - z)a z , | R| = 1 + (1 - z) 2
dQ dQ R r dz [a y + (1 - z)a z ]
L
\ dE = aR = =
4pe 0 R2 2 2
4pe 0 R |R | 4pe 0 [1 + (1 - z) ] 1+ (1 - z) 2
1 ´ 10 -6 ïì a y dz (1 - z) a z dz ïü
\ dE = í + ý
4p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12 2
ïî [1 + (1 - z) ] 3/ 2
[1 + (1 - z) 2 ] 3/ 2 ïþ
TM

2 ìï dz a y (1 - z) dz a z üï
\ E = ò dE = 8987.7424 ò í 2 3/ 2
+ ý
[1 + (1 - z) 2 ] 3/ 2 ïþ
z = 1ïî [1 + (1 - z) ]
2
dz 2
I1 = ò [1 + (1 - z) 2 ] 3/ 2
Þ put 1 – z = tan q, – dz = sec q dq
z = 1
For z = 1, q 1 = 0° and z = 2, q 2 = – 45°

q2 q2 q2
- sec 2 q dq 1
\ I1 = ò [1 + tan 2 q] 3/ 2
=- ò sec q
dq = - ò cos q d q
q1 q1 q1
-45°
\ I1 = - [sin q] = - [sin ( - 45° )] = + 0.7071
0°
2
(1 - z) dz 2 2
I2 = ò 2 3/ 2
Þ put [1 + (1 – z) ] = u
z = 1 [1 + (1 - z) ]
\ 2(1 – z) (– dz) = 2u du i.e. (1 – z)dz = –u du

for z = 1, u1 = 1 and z = 2, u2 = 2
u2 2
- u du é 1 ù
= - é- ù
1
\ I2 = ò u3 êë u úû 1
=ê
ë 2
- 1ú = – 0.2928
û
u1
\ E = 8987.7424 [0.7071 a y – 0.2928 a z ] = 6355.2326 a y – 2631.6109 a z V/m

Example 2.6.16
Solution : The charge is shown as in the Fig. 2.23. z
Key Point If rL is not distributed all along the rL
length then standard result can not be used. The

dQ
basic procedure is to be used.
5
As charge is not infinite, let us use basic aR
procedure of considering differential charge.
Consider the differential element dl in the z
R 0 y
direction hence,
dl = dz
(2,0,0)
\ dQ = r dl = r dz P
L L
dQ r L dz –5
\ dE = aR = aR
4 p e0 R2 4 p e0 R2 x
dE
rL
Any point on z axis is (0, 0, z) while point P at
which E to be calculated is ( 2, 0, 0).
Fig. 2.23
TM

R = ( 2 - 0) a x + ( 0 - z) a z = 2 a x - z a z
R 2ax - zaz
|R| = ( 2) 2 + ( - z) 2 = 4 + z 2 , a R = =
|R| 4 + z2
r dz é2ax - zaz ù r dz
\ dE = L
ê ú=
L
(2 a x - zaz )
( )
2 3/ 2
êë 4+z 2 úû 4 p e 4 + z 2
4 p e 0 æç 4 + z 2 ö÷ 0
è ø
Now there is no charge between – 5 to 5 hence to find E, dE to be integrated in two zones
- ¥ to – 5 and 5 to ¥ in z direction.
-5 ¥
\ E = ò dE + ò dE
-¥ 5
Looking at the symmetry it can be observed that z component of E produced by charge
between 5 to ¥ will cancel the z component of E produced by charge between – 5 to - ¥.
Hence for integration a z component from dE can be neglected.
-5 r dz ( 2 a x ) ¥ r dz ( 2 a x )
L L
\ E = ò +ò
( ) ( )
3/ 2 3/ 2
-¥ 4 p e 0 4 + z 2 5 4 p e0 4 + z2
Solving, E = 13 a x V m
To find cylindrical co-ordinates find the dot product of E with a r , a f and a z , at point P,
referring table of dot products of unit vectors.
\ × ×
E r = E a r = 13 a x a r = 13 cos f
\ Ef = E× a f = 13 a × a x f = - 13 sin f
\ Ez = E× a z = 13 a × a x z = 0
At point P, x = 2, y = 0, z = 0
y
\ r = x 2 + y 2 = 2 and f = tan -1 = tan -1 0 = 0 °
x
\ cos f = 1 and sin f = 0
\ E r = 13, E f = 0, Ez = 0
Hence the cylindrical co-ordinate systems E is,
E = E r a r + E f a f + E z a z = 13 a r V/m
Example 2.7.2
Solution : Refer section 2.7 for the derivation of E at a point 'h' m away from the plane of
the loop with radius of loop r = b.
r bh
L1
\ E = an
( )
3/ 2
2 e 0 b2 + h 2
TM

QrL bh
1
Now F = E ´ Q at point P = an N
( )
3/ 2
2 e0 b + h 2 2
where a n is unit vector normal to the plane containing the loop.

Case 1 : For h>>b, b can be neglected compared to h in the denominator.
QrL b
1
\ F = an N
2 e0 h 2
Case 2 : For h = 0, F = 0 as Q gets located in the plane consisting the loop. So total force
on Q will be radial in all directions. Hence net force on Q is zero, all radial components
cancel each other.
Case 3 : To find relation of b and h for Fmax . Keeping radius 'b' of the loop constant let us
obtain h at which force is maximum.
é ù
dF d ê Q r L bh ú
1
\ = 0 i.e. =0
dh ê 3/ 2 ú
dh
êë 0
2 e b 2
+ h (
2
úû )
But Q, r L , b, e 0 can not be zero.
1
é ù
(b2 + h 2 ) ( )
3/ 2 3 2 1/ 2
d ê h ú
× 1-h×
2
b +h2 ( 2h )
\ ú = 0 i.e. = 0
dh ê 2
( )
3/ 2 2
êë(b + h )
êë b + h
2
úû é 2 2 3/ 2 ù
úû
(b2 + h 2 ) (b2 + h 2 ) - h × 23 (b2 + h a )

1/ 2 1/ 2 3
\ ( 2h ) = 0 i.e. b 2 + h 2 = 2 h ( 2h )
|F|
\ b2 = 2 h 2
Fmax
1
\ h = b
2
Hence the graph of magnitude of force
against the distance h of the charge Q (0,0) b
h
from the plane of the loop, is as shown h= ––

Ö2
in the Fig. 2.24.
Fig. 2.24
Example 2.8.6 Kept this unsolved example for student practice.
Example 2.8.7
Solution : The plane y = – 5 m constant is parallel to xz plane as shown in the Fig. 2.25.
For y > – 5, the E component will be along + a y as normal direction to the plane
y = – 5 m is a y .
\ an = ay
TM

rS
–ay
y
+ay
Plane
y = –5 x
Fig. 2.25
rS r 20 ´ 10 -9
\ E = an = S ay = a y = 1129.43 a y V/m
2 e0 2 e0 2 ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12
For y < – 5, the E component will be along - a y direction, with same magnitude.
rS
\ E =
2 e0 ( )
- a y = – 1129.43 a y V/m
At any point to the left or right of the plane,|E| is constant and acts normal to the plane.
Example 2.8.8
Solution : Case 1 : Point charge Q 1 = 6 mC at A (0, 0, 1) and P (1, 5, 2)
Q1 Q1 é RAP ù
\ E1 = a AP = ê ú
2
4 p e 0 RAP 2
4 p e 0 RAP ë| RAP|û
RAP = (1 - 0) a x + (5 - 0) a y + ( 2 - 1) a z = a x + 5 a y + a z
\ | RAP | = (1) 2 + (5) 2 + (1) 2 = 27

6 ´ 10 -6 éa x +5a y + a z ù
\ E1 = ê ú
( )
2
4p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´ 27 ë 27 û
\ E1 = 384.375 a x + 1921.879 a y + 384.375 a z V/m

Case 2 : Line charge r L along x-axis.
It is infinite hence using standard result,
rL rL r
E2 = ar =
2 p e0 r 2 p e0 r r
Consider any point on line charge i.e. (x, 0, 0) while P (1, 5, 2). But as line is along x-axis,
no component of E will be along a x direction. Hence while calculating r and a r , do not
consider x co-ordinates of the points.
\ r = (5 - 0) a y + ( 2 - 0) a z = 5 a y + 2 a z
TM

\ | r| = (5) 2 + ( 2) 2 = 29
\ E2 =
rL é5 a y + 2 a z ù
=
[
180 ´ 10 - 9 5 a y + 2 a z ]
ê ú
2 p e 0 ´ 29 ë 29 û 2p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´ 29
= 557.859 a y + 223.144 a z V/m
Case 3 : Surface charge r S over the z
plane z = – 1. The plane is parallel to
xy plane and normal direction to the
plane is a n = a z , as point P is above P(1, 5, 2)
the plane. At all the points above z = – 1
plane the E is constant along a z
direction.
y
rS az
\ E3 = a
2 e0 n
25 ´ 10 -9
= az
2 ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12
= 1411.7913 a z V/m x rS
Hence the net E at point P is, Fig. 2.26

E = E1 + E2 + E3
= 384.375 a x + 1921.879 a y + 384.375 a z + 557.859 a y + 223.144 a z + 1411.7913 a z
= 384.375 a x + 2479.738 a y + 2019.3103 a z V/m
Example 2.8.9
z
Solution : The sheet of charge is shown in the
Fig. 2.27.
P(0, 0, 3)
Consider the differential area dS carrying the
charge dQ. The normal direction to dS is a z
hence dS z = r dr d f . R
10 -4
\ dQ = r S dS = r S r dr df = × r dr df rS
r
\ dQ = 10 -4 dr df aR
r=4 O
y
10 -4 dr df
\ dE = aR
4 p e0 R2 dS
Consider R as shown in the Fig. 2.28, which has x
two components in cylindrical system, Fig. 2.27
1. The component along - a r having radius
r i.e. - r a r .
TM

z
2. The component z = 3 along a z i.e. 3 a z .
\ R = - r ar + 3az
P(0, 0, 3)
|R| = ( - r ) 2 + ( 3) 2 = r 2 + 9 3
R - rar + 3az
\ aR = =
|R| r2 + 9 R
az
10 -4 dr df é- rar + 3az ù
\ dE = ê ú O y
2
êë r 2 + 9 úû
4 p e 0 æç r 2 + 9 ö÷
è ø r
It can be seen that due to symmetry about z-axis, all –ar

x
radial components will cancel each other. Hence there
Fig. 2.28
will not be any component of E along a r . So in
integration a r need not be considered.
2p 4
10 -4 dr df
\ E = ò ò (3az )
( )
3/ 2
f= 0 r= 0 4 p e0 r 2 + 9
As there is no r dr in the numerator, use

r = 3 tan q, dr = 3 sec 2 q dq
For r = 0, q1 = 0 ü
ý ...Change of limits
For r = 4, q2 = tan –1 4 / 3 þ
2p q2
10 -4 3 sec 2 q dq df
\ E = ò ò (3az )
[ ]
3/ 2
f = 0 q1 = 0 4 p e 0 9 tan 2 q + 9
2p q2
299.5914 ´ 10 3 sec 2 q dq df
\ E = ò ò az
[1 + tan q]
3/ 2
f = 0 f = 0° 2
2p q2 2p q2
299.5914 ´ 10 3
= ò ò dq df a z = ò ò 299.5914 ´ 10 3 dq df[ cos q ]a z
sec q
f = 0 q1 = 0° f = 0 q 1 = 0°
= 299.5914 ´ 10 3 [f]0
2p
[sin q ]qq12= 0° az ... Separating variables
= 1.8823 ´ 10 6 sin q 2 a z ... sin 0º = 0

4 4
Now q 2 = tan -1 i.e. tan q 2 = 2
Ö4 +3
2
3 3
4 =5 4
\ sin q 2 = = 0.8
5 q2
\ E = 1.8823 ´ 10 6 ´ 0.8 a z 3
Fig. 2.29
TM

= 1.5059 ´ 10 6 a z V/m
= 1.5059 a z MV/m
Example 2.8.10
Solution : Q = 100 mC, r = 10 cm = 0.1 m, area = pr 2 = 0.03141 m2
Q 100 ´ 10 – 6
rS = = = 3.1831 ´ 10 – 3 C m 2
area 0.03141
z
The disc is shown in the Fig. 2.30.
Consider differential surface area dS.
P P
Using cylindrical system,
dS = r dr df, R = – r a r + za z
z R zaz
– r a r + za z R
aR = y 0
r 2 + z2 r –rar
Key Point All radial components of E
ds
at P will cancel each other due to x
symmetry. (a) (b)

dQ Fig. 2.30
E= ò 4pe 0 R2
aR
S
2 p 0. 1 2p 0. 1
r S [r dr df] zaz rSz r dr df
= ò ò 2 2
4pe 0 [r + z ] r 2 + z 2
=
4pe 0 ò ò [r + z 2 ] 3/ 2
2
az
f = 0r = 0 f= 0 r= 0
Use r 2 + z 2 = u 2 i.e. r dr = u du
Limits : r = 0, u 1 = z and r = 0.1, u 2 = 0.1 2 + z 2

2p u 2
rSz u du df rSz u
é– 1 ù 2 a
\ E = ò ò az = [f] 2 p
4pe 0 u3 4pe 0 0 êë u úû u z
f= 0 u1 1
rSz é 1 1 ù
= ´ 2p ´ ê – az
4pe 0 ë u 1 u 2 úû
Using z = 20 cm = 0.2 m, u 1 = 0.2 and u 2 = 0.05 = 0.2236
3.1831 ´ 10 – 3 ´ 0.2
´ 2p ´ é
1 1 ù
\ E = – a z = 18.9723 a z MV/m
4p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 –12 ëê 0.2 0.2236 úû
Example 2.8.11
Solution : The plane is shown in the Fig. 2.31 Consider the differential surface area dS
carrying charge dQ.
\ dQ = r S dS where dS = dxdy
TM

z
\ (
dQ = 2 x 2 + y 2 + 9 )3/2 dx dy nC
dQ z = –3 plane
\ dE = aR
4p e o R 2 O
y
R S
R = [0 – x] a x + [ 0 – y ] a y + [ 0 – ( –3)] a z (–2, 2, –3)
dS
R = –x a x – y a y + 3 a z ,
x P Q (2,2,–3)
(2,–2,–3)
R
| R| = x 2 + y 2 + 9, a R = Fig. 2.31
| R|
( ) [–x a x – y a y + 3 a z ] ´ 10 –9
3/ 2
2 x2 + y 2 + 9 dx dy
\ dE = ´
(
4p e o x 2 + y 2 + 9 ) (x 2 + y 2 + 9)
Due to symmetrical distribution, x and y components of dE will cancel each other and
only z component will exist.
6 a z ´ 10 –9
\ dE = dx dy
4p e o
2 2
6 ´ 10 –9 6 ´ 10 –9
\ E = ò ò 4p e o
dx dy a z =
4p e o
[x] 2–2 [y] 2–2 a z = 862.82 a z V/m.
y = –2 x =–2
z
Example 2.8.12 2 z=4
rS3 = –8 nC/m
Solution : The sheets are shown in the Fig. 2.32.
2
rS2 = 6 nC/m z=1
rS
E = a
2 e0 N
2 y
i) PA = (2, 5, – 5) rS1 = 3 nC/m z = –4
It is below the plane z = – 4.

Hence a N for this point due to all the sheets is
–a z . x
Fig. 2.32
r S1 r r
\ Et =
2 e0
( –a z ) + 2 eS2 ( –a z ) + 2 eS3 ( –a z ) = –56.47 a z V/m
0 0
ii) PB = (4, 2, –3)
It is above z = – 4 and below other two plane. Hence a N = +a z for r S1 and –a z for r S2
and r S3 .
TM

\ Et =
3 ´ 10 –9 6 ´ 10 –9
(a z ) + 2 e ( –a z ) +
(
–8 ´ 10 –9 ) (–a ) = 282.358 a z V/m
2 e0 2 e0 z
0
iii) PC = (–1, –5, 2)
It is above z = 1 and below z = 4. Hence a N = +a z for r S1 and r S2 while –a z for r S3 .
\ Et =
3 ´ 10 –9
az +
6 ´ 10 –9
az +
(
–8 ´ 10 –9 ) (–a ) = 960.018 a z V/m
2 e0 2 e0 2 e0 z
iv) PD = (–2, 4, 5)
It is above all the planes hence a N = +a z for all.
\ Et =
3 ´ 10 –9
az +
6 ´ 10 –9
az +
(
–8 ´ 10 –9 ) (a ) = + 56.47 a z V/m
2 e0 2 e0 2 e0 z
qqq
TM

3
Electric Flux Density,
Gauss's Law and Divergence
Example 3.5.4 z
Solution : a) A point charge of 40 mC at the

origin.
P (6, 8, – 10) and O (0, 0, 0) O(0,0,0) Q y

ar
\ r = ( 6 - 0) a x + ( 8 - 0) a y + ( -10 - 0) a z r
x P(6,8,–10)
= 6 a x + 8 a y - 10 a z Fig. 3.1
\ r = ( 6) 2 + ( 8) 2 + ( -10) 2 = 200
6 a x + 8 a y - 10 a z
\ ar =
200
Q 40 ´ 10 -3 ì 6 a x + 8 a y - 10 a z ü
\ D = ar = í ý
4pr 2 4p ´ ( 200 ) 2 î 200 þ
= 6.752 ´ 10 -6 a x + 9.003 ´ 10 -6 a y - 11.254 ´ 10 -6 a z C m 2
b) r L = 40 mC m along z-axis
The charge is infinite hence,
rL
E = a
2pe 0 r r
As the charge is along z-axis there can not be any component of E along z-direction.
Consider a point on the line charge (0, 0, z) and P (6, 8, – 10). But while obtaining r do
not consider z co-ordinate, as E and D have no a z component.
\ r = ( 6 - 0) a x + ( 8 - 0) a y = 6 a x + 8 a y
6 ax + 8ay
\ r = ( 6) 2 + ( 8) 2 = 10 hence a r =
10
rL é 6 a x + 8 a yù
\ E =
2pe 0 (10) êë 10 ú
û
(3 - 1)TM

Field Theory 3-2 Electric Flux Density, Gauss's Law and Divergence
rL é6ax + 8ay ù -7 -7 2
\ D = e0 E = ú = 3.819 ´ 10 a x + 5.092 ´ 10 a y C m
2p ´ 10 êë 10 û
c) r S = 57. 2 m C m 2 on the plane x = 12.
The sheet of charge is infinite over the plane x = 12 which is parallel to yz plane. The
unit vector normal to this plane is a n = a x .
rS
\ E = a
2e 0 n
The point P is on the backside of the plane hence a n = - a x , as shown in the Fig. 3.2.
y
Plane 6
x=12
–ax 8
–10
P
Back side
of plane
x
Fig. 3.2
rS
\ E =
2e 0
(- a x )
But D = e0 E
rS
\ D =
2
( - a x ) = - 28.6 ´ 10 -6 a x C m 2
Example 3.5.5
Solution : i) Case 1 : Point charge Q = 6 mC at P (0, 0, 0).
While D to be obtained at A (0, 0, 4).
r
\ r = ( 4 - 0) a z = 4 a z , r = ( 4) 2 = 4 , a r = = az
r
Q 6 ´ 10 -6
\ D1 = ar = a z = 2.984 ´ 10 - 8 a z C m 2
4pr 2 4 p ´ ( 4) 2
Case 2 : Line Charge r L = 180 nC/m along x-axis. So any point P on the charge is
(x, 0, 0), while A (0, 0, 4). As charge is along x-axis, no component of D is along x-axis.
So do not consider x co-ordinate while obtaining r.
TM

r
\ r = ( 4 - 0) a z = 4 a z , r = 4, ar = = az
r
As charge is infinite,
rL 180 ´ 10 - 9
\ D2 = ar = a z = 7.161 ´ 10 - 9 a z C m 2
2pr 2p´ 4
Case 3 : Uniform sheet of charge lies in z = 0 plane. So the direction normal to it is z
direction as plane is xy plane. Hence a n = a z and r S = 25 nC/m 2 .
As sheet is infinite,
r 25 ´ 10 - 9
D3 = S
an = a z = 12.5 ´ 10 - 9 a z C m 2
2 2
\ D = D 1 + D 2 + D3 = 49.501 ´ 10 - 9 a z C m 2
ii) The point at which D is to be obtained is now B (1, 2, 4).

Case 1 : Point charge Q = 6 mC at P (0, 0, 0).
\ r = (1 - 0) a x + ( 2 - 0) a y + ( 4 - 0) a z = a x + 2 a y + 4 a z
\ r = (1) 2 + ( 2) 2 + ( 4) 2 = 21
r ax + 2ay + 4az
\ ar = =
r 21
Q 6 ´ 10 - 6 éa x + 2a y + 4a z ù
\ D1 = ar = ê ú
4pr 2 4p ´ ( 21 ) 2 êë 21 úû
= 4.961 ´ 10 - 9 a x + 9.923 ´ 10 - 9 a y + 1.9845 ´ 10 - 8 a z C m 2
Case 2 : Line charge : The point on the charge is (x, 0, 0).

As charge is along x-axis, do not consider x co-ordinate.
\ r = ( 2 - 0) a y + ( 4 - 0) a z = 2 a y + 4 a z ... as B ( 1, 2, 4)
r 2ay + 4az
\ r = ( 2) 2 + ( 4) 2 = 20 hence ar = =
r 20
rL 180 ´ 10 - 9 é2ay + 4az ù

\ D2 = ar = ê ú
2pr 2p ´ 20 êë 20 úû
= 2.8647 ´ 10 - 9 a y + 5.7295 ´ 10 - 9 a z C m 2
Case 3 : Infinite sheet of charge in z = 0 plane.

The point B ( 1, 2, 4) is above z = 0 plane hence a n = a z and D3 remains same as before.
r 25 ´ 10 - 9
D3 = S a n = a z = 12.5 ´ 10 - 9 a z C m 2
2 2
TM

\ D = D 1 + D 2 + D3
= 4.961 ´ 10 - 9 a x + 1.2786 ´ 10 - 8 a y + 3.807 ´ 10 - 8 a z C m 2
iii) Let us find the total charge enclosed by a sphere of radius 4 m.
Charge 1 : Q 1 = 6 mC at the origin.
Charge 2 : The charge on that part of the line which is enclosed by the sphere. The line
charge intersects sphere at x = ± 4. Hence charge on the length of 8 m is enclosed by the
sphere. This is shown in the Fig. 3.3.
z
–4
Intersection of
4m z = 0 plane with
sphere
rL
+4
rS
z = 0 plane
x
Fig. 3.3
\ Q 2 = r L ´ length enclosed = 180 ´ 10 -9 ´ 8 = 1.44 mC
Charge 3 : The intersection of z = 0 plane with a sphere is a circle with radius 4 m,

in xy plane.
The surface area of this circle is p r 2 .
\ S = p ´ ( 4) 2 = 50.2654 m 2
Hence the total charge enclosed is,
\ Q 3 = r S ´ S = 25 ´ 10 -9 ´ 50.2654 = 1.2566 mC
Hence the total charge enclosed by the sphere is,
Q total = Q 1 + Q 2 + Q 3 = 8.6966 mC
But y = Q total = Total electric flux leaving the surface of sphere
= 8.6966 mC
Example 3.5.6
Solution : Due to point charge at (3, 0, 0),
Q
D = ar
4p r 2
TM

z
r = ( 2 - 3) a x + 0 a y + 3 a z
\ | r| = 1 + 9 = 10
- 4p ´ 10 -3 é -a x + 3a z ù P(2,0,3)
\ D1 = rL = 2p mC/m
2 êë ú
4p ´ 10 ( ) 10 û
y
= 3.162 ´ 10 -5
a x - 9.486 ´ 10 -5
az C m 2 r
– 4pmC
The line charge is along y axis so there can not (3,0,0)
be any component at E along y direction. x
Fig. 3.4
Let point on line charge is (0, y, 0) and P (2, 0,
3).
r = ( 2 - 0) a x + ( 3 - 0) a z = 2 a x + 3 a z , |r| = 13
rL 2p ´ 10 -3 é 2a x + 3a z ù
\ E = ar =
2p e 0 r 2p ´ e 0 ´ 13 êë 13 ú
û
10 -3
13 [ x
\ D2 = e 0 E = 2a + 3a z ] = 5.547 ´ 10 - 4 a x + 8.3205 ´ 10 - 4 a z C / m 2
2
\ D = D1 + D2 = 0.5863 a x + 0.7372 a z mC/m
Example 3.6.4 z
Solution : The cube is shown in the Fig. 3.3.
As the origin is at the centre, x varies from – 1 to 1, y
varies from – 1 to 1 and z varies from – 1 to 1, as
2m
each side of the cube is 2 m.
p
r v = 50 x 2 cos æç y ö÷ ´ 10 -6 C / m 3 y
è2 ø 2m
O
\Q = ò r v dv where dv = dx dy dz
v
1 1 1 2m
p
= ò ò ò 50 x 2 cos æç y ö÷ ´ 10 -6 dx dy dz
è2 ø
z = -1 y = -1 x = -1 x
p ù1 Fig. 3.5
1 é
é x 3 ù ê sin 2 y ú
= 50 ´ 10 -6 ê 3 ú ê p ú [z]-1
1
ë û -1 ê
ë 2 úû -1
é 1 3 ( -1) 3 ù æ 2 ö é p p
= 50 ´ 10 -6 ê - ú ç ÷ ê sin - sin - ùú [1 - ( -1)]
êë 3 3 ú èpø ë 2 2û
û
50 ´ 10 -6
1 + 1) æç ö÷ [1 - ( -1)]( 2) = 84.882 mC
2
=
3
( èpø
TM

Example 3.6.5
Solution : Note that the r v is dependent on the variable r. Hence though the charge
distribution is sphere of radius 'a' we can not obtain Q just by multiplying r v by æç p a 3 ö÷
4
è3 ø
as r v is not constant. As it depends on r, it is necessary to consider differential volume dv
and integrating from r = 0 to a, total Q must be obtained. Thus if r v depends on r, do
not use standard results.
a) dv = r 2 sin q dr dq df ... Spherical system
2p p a æ r2 ö 2
\ Q = ò r v dv = ò ò ò r 0 çç1 -
è a
÷ r sin q dr dq df
2 ÷ø
v f= 0 q = 0 r = 0
aì 2 r4 ü
p 2p
= r 0 [ - cos q ]0 [f]0 ò ír - a 2 ý dr
r= 0 î þ
a
ér 3 r5 ù éa 3 a 3 ù
= r 0 [ - ( -1) - ( -1)][ 2 p ] ê - = r0 ´ 2 ´ 2 p ´ ê 3 - 5 ú
3 5 a2 ú
ë û0 ë û
2a3 8p
= r0 ´ 4 p ´ = r a3 C
15 15 0
Outside sphere, r v = 0 so Q = 0 for r > a.
b) The total charge enclosed by the sphere can be assumed to be point charge placed at
the centre of the sphere as per Gauss's law.
Q
\ D = a r at r > a
4 p r2
\ Outside the charge distribution i.e. r > a,

8p
r0 a 3 3
2 r0 a 1
= 15
Q
E = =
4 p e0 r 2 4 p e0 r 2 15 e 0 r 2
z
3
2 r0 a 1
\ E= a r V/m
15 e 0 r2
Gaussian
r=a surface
Thus E varies with r, outside the charge
distribution. r
y
c) For r < a, consider a Gaussian surface as a
P
sphere r having r < a as shown in the Fig. 3.6.
ar
Consider dS at point P normal to a r direction,
D
as D and E are in a r direction.
x dS
dS = r 2 sin q dq df a r
Fig. 3.6
TM

D = Dr a r
\ ×
D d S = D r r 2 sin q dq df
\ Q1 = ò
S
×
D dS
2p p
= ò ò D r r 2 sin q dq df
f= 0 q = 0
p 2p
= D r r 2 [ - cos q ]0 [f]0 = 4 p r 2 Dr
where Q 1 = Charge enclosed by Gaussian surface

Q1 Q1 D Q1
\ Dr = i.e. D= ar and E= = ar
4 p r2 4 p r2 e0 4 p e0 r 2
Let us find Q 1 , charge enclosed by Gaussian surface of radius r.

2p p r æ r2 ö 2
Q1 = ò ò ò r 0 çç1 -
è a2 ø
÷÷ r sin q dr dq df
f= 0 q = 0 r = 0
r
p 2p ìr 3 r5 ü ær 3 r5 ö
= r 0 [ - cos q ]0 [f]0 í 3 - ý = 4 pr0 çç - ÷÷ C
î 5 a 2 þ0 è 3 5 a2 ø
Using in the equation of E, field intensity for r < a is,
ær 3 r5 ö
4 p r 0 çç - ÷÷
\ è 3 5 a2 ø r0 é r r3 ù
-
e0 3 5 a 2 ú r
ê
E= ar = a V/m
4 p e0 r 2 ë û
d) To find E to be maximum, inside the sphere i.e. r < a obtain,

d E d ìï r 0 ær r 3 öüï
çç - ÷÷ý = 0
dr íï e 0
= 0 i.e.
dr è 3 5 a 2 øþï
î
1 3 r2
\ - = 0 as r v ¹ 0, e0 ¹ 0
3 5 a2
5 a2
\ r2 = i.e. r = 0.745 a ... Proved
9
r 0 é 0.745 a ( 0.745 a ) 3 ù 0.1656 a r 0

\ E = ê - ú= V/m
max e0 ê 3 5 a2 úû e0
ë
TM

Example 3.6.6
Solution : The charges are shown in the Fig. 3.7. Consider line charge along x-axis. Any
point Q on this charge is (x, 0, 0). As the charge is infinite along x axis, E and hence D
has no component in a x direction.
z
P(3,3,3)
rL rL
Fig. 3.7
\ Q (x, 0, 0) and P (3, 3, 3)

\ r = ( 3 - 0) a y + ( 3 - 0) a z ... x co-ordinate need not be considered.
\ r = 3 a y + 3 a z and |r|= 9 + 9 = 18
rL 25 ´ 10 -6 é 3 a y + 3 a z ù
\ D1 = ar = ê ú
2pr 2 p ´ 18 ë 18 û
= 6.6314 ´ 10 -7 a y + 6.6314 ´ 10 -7 a z C / m 2
Consider any point Q on charge along y axis.
Hence Q (0, y, 0) and P (3, 3, 3). There is no component of E hence D along a y direction
as charge is along y axis. So do not consider y co-ordinate.
\ r = ( 3) a x + ( 3) a z and r = 9 + 9 = 18
rL 25 ´ 10 -6 é 3 a x + 3 a z ù
\ D2 = ar =
2pr 2 p ´ 18 êë 18 ú
û
= 6.6314 ´ 10 -7 a x + 6.6314 ´ 10 -7 a z C / m 2
Hence total D at point P due to both the charges is,

D = D1 + D2
= 0.6631 a x + 0.6631 a y + 1.3262 a z mC / m 2
TM

Example 3.6.7
Solution : a) The flux leaving is charge enclosed.
2p 5
5r
y = Q= ò r S dS = ò ò r2 +1
r dr df
S f = 0r = 0
The dS = r dr df as the r S is in plane z = 2, to which the normal direction is a z , as

shown in the Fig. 3.8.
z
az
r<5
rS
z=2
plane
dS
x
Fig. 3.8
2p 5
5 r2
\ y = ò ò r2 +1
dr df
f= 0 r = 0
x 2 dx x c é 1 æ a öù
Now ò = - ê tan -1 ç x ÷
a x2 + c a a ë ac è c ø úû
5
\ y = 5 [f]0
2p
êë 1 (
é r - tan -1 r ù
[] ú
û0
) ... a = c = 1
[ ]
= 5 ´ 2 p ´ 5 - tan -1 5 = 113.932 nC ... use radian mode
b) Half of the flux leaves in a z direction while other half leaves in - a z direction.
113.932
\ y leaving in - a z direction = = 56.966 nC
2
Example 3.6.8
Solution : D = 2 r z cos 2 f a r - r z sin f cos f a f + r 2 cos 2 f a z
i) r = 3, 0£z£5
The surface is cylindrical as shown in the Fig. 3.9.
TM

Field Theory 3 - 10 Electric Flux Density, Gauss's Law and Divergence
z=5
r=3
z=0
Fig. 3.9
\ Q = ò
S
×
D dS = ò
top
+ ò
bottom
+ ò
side
×
D dS
For top, z = 5, d S = r dr df a z
\ × D d S = r 3 cos 2 f dr df ×
... a z a z = 1
2p
ò D× d S =
2p
3 3
[1 + cos 2 f]
\ ò ò r 3 cos 2 f dr df = ò ò r3
2
dr df
top f= 0 r = 0 f= 0 r= 0
3
ér4 ù 1 é sin 2 f ù f = 2 p
= ê ú ´ ´ êf + = 63.617 C
4 2 ë 2 úû f = 0
ë û0
For bottom, z = 0, d S = - r dr df a z
\ ×
D d S = - r 3 cos 2 f dr df i.e.
bottom
ò ×
D d S = – 63.617 C
For lateral surface, r = 3, d S = r df dz a r

\ × D d S = 2 r 2 z cos 2 f df dz ×
... a r a r = 1
2p 2p
ò D× d S =
5 5
[1 + cos 2f]
\ ò ò 2 r 2 z cos 2 f df dz = 2 r 2 ò ò z
2
df dz
side f = 0z = 0 f = 0z = 0
5
2 r2 é z2 ù é sin 2f ù f = 2 p
= ê ú ê f + ... r = 3 constant
2 2 2 úû f = 0
ë û0 ë
2 ´ 9 25
= ´ ´ 2 p = 706.858 C
2 2
\ Total flux = 63.617 - 63.617 + 706.858 = 706.858 C
TM

ii) z = 0, 0£ r £3 z
This surface is circle in xy plane as shown in the

r=3
Fig. 3.10.
0 y
This is nothing but bottom surface of the cylinder
considered in part (i) above. x
\ Electric flux = – 63.617 C
z=0
Example 3.7.6 Fig. 3.10
z
z
rL1 rL1
r = 3m r = 3m
A
rS
rS B
(a) Charge distribution (b) Gaussian surfaces

Fig. 3.11
The spherical surface A shown in the Fig. 3.11 (b) is the Gaussian surface for the line
charge. Let the differential surface area is dS = r df dz to which a r is normal. The D is
directed radially outwards. The length of the Gaussian surface is L.
\ D = Dr a r and d S = r df dz a r
The radius r of Gaussian surface A is 0 < r < 3.
\ Q = ò
S
D dS = × ò
S
D r r df dz ×
... ( a r a r = 1)
L 2p
= ò ò D r r df dz = D r r [f] 20 p [z] L0 = D r r 2pL
z= 0 f= 0
But charge on the line of length L is Q = r L1 ´ L
\ r L1 L = D r r 2pL
r L1 r L1
\ Dr = and D= a
2pr 2pr r
\
TM

2.5 ´ 10 -6 0.3978
D = ar = ar mC m2 for 0 < r < 3 m
2pr r
The spherical surface B is the Gaussian surface enclosing both the charge distributions.
r
Due to the line charge, D 1 = L1 a r remains same.
2pr
And due to cylinder of radius 3 m, let it be D 2 . The direction of D 2 is radially outwards.
Consider differential surface area normal to a r which is r df dz. The length of Gaussian
surface is L.
\ D 2 = D 2r a r and d S = r df dz a r
× ×a
L 2p
\ Q = ò D2 dS = ò ò D 2r r df dz = D 2r r 2 p L ... ( a r r = 1)
S z= 0 f= 0
Now charge on the surface of length L and radius r is,

Q = r S ´ Surface area = r S ´ 2p rL
where r = 3 m = Radius of charge distribution
( )
= 2p ´ - 0.12 ´ 10 -6 ´ (3) ´ L = - 2.2619 ´ 10 -6 L C
- 2.2619 ´ 10 -6 - 0.36
\ - 2.2619 ´ 10 -6 L = D 2r ´ r ´ 2p L i.e. D 2r = = ´ 10 -6
2p r r
- 0.36
\ D2 = a r mC m 2 for r > 3
r
0.0378
\ D = D1 + D2 = a r mC m 2 for r > 3
r
Example 3.7.7
Solution : a) At r = 2 cm, it is inner side of inner sphere. It is seen that inside a spherical
shell with surface charge E and D = 0. Now r = 2 cm is inside of all three spheres hence
E = D = 0.
At r = 4 cm which is exterior to innermost sphere but inside of spheres having radii 5
and 7 cm. Hence at r = 4 cm, D and E exist due to sphere of r = 3 cm with
r S = 200 mC/m 2 .
rS a 2
E = ar ... (Refer section 3.7.5)
e0 r 2
( ) a = 12.706 ´ 10 6 a V/m
2
200 ´ 10 -6 ´ 3 ´ 10 -2
=
2 r r
8.853 ´ 10 -12 ´ (4 ´ 10 -2 )
Here a = Radius of sphere = 3 cm and r = 4 cm is distance.

and D = e 0 E = 112.5 a r m C m 2
At r = 6 cm, the E and D will be due to the two spherical shells having radii 3 and 5
cm. While due to sphere of r = 7 cm, D and E are zero at r = 6 cm.
TM

\ a 1 = 3 cm , r S1 = 200 mC m 2
( )
2
r S1 (a 1 ) 2 200 ´ 10 -6 ´ 3 ´ 10 -2
\ E1 = ar = a r = 5.6471 ´ 10 6 a r V/m
8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´ (6 ´ 10 -2 )
2 2
e 0 (r)
\ D 1 = e 0 E = 50 a r mC m 2
And a 2 = 5 cm, r S2 = - 50 mC m 2
( )
2
r S2 (a 2 ) 2 - 50 ´ 10 -6 ´ 5 ´ 10 -2
\ E2 = ar = a r = - 3.9216 ´ 10 6 a r V/m
e 0 (r) 2 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´ (6 ´ 10 -2 )
2
\ D 2 = e 0 E = - 34.722 a r mC m 2
\ E = E 1 + E 2 = 1.7255 ´ 10 6 a r V/m
and D = D 1 + D 2 = 15.278 a r mC m 2
Note that radial distance r is measured from the centre i.e. origin of the spheres.
b) The spheres are shown in the Fig. 3.12.
a1 = 3 cm
a2 = 5 cm
a3 = 7 cm
r = 7.32 cm
Fig. 3.12
At r = 7.32 cm, all three shells produce D.

r (a ) 2 r (a ) 2 r (a 3 ) 2
\ D 1 = S1 1 a r , D 2 = S2 2 a r , D3 = x ar
(r) 2 (r) 2 (r) 2
But D = 0 at r = 7.32 cm as given.
r S1 (a 1 ) 2 + r S2 (a 2 ) 2 + r x (a 3 ) 2
\ D = D 1 + D 2 + D3 = 0 i.e. ar = 0
(r) 2
But r ¹ 0 and a r ¹ 0
TM

\ r S1 (a 1 ) 2 + r S2 (a 2 ) 2 + r x (a 3 ) 2 = 0
é -2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ù
-6 2
ê 200 ´ 10 ´ 3 ´ 10 + - 50 ´ 10 -6 ´ 5 ´ 10 -2 ú
\ rx = -ê ú
( )
2
ê 7 ´ 10 -2 ú
ë û
= – 11.2244 mC m 2
r>a
Example 3.7.8 Charged
sphere
Solution : Consider a sphere of radius 'a' as
dS
shown in the Fig. 3.13. + +
+
Case [1] Consider point P outside sphere +
a D
such that r > a. The Gaussian surface passes + 0 P
+
through point P. Now D is directed along
+
a r direction hence D = D r a r .
dS = r2 sin q dq df
… Spherical system
2 Gaussian
\ dy = D · dS = Dr a r · r sin q dq df a r surface
2
= Dr r sin q dq df Fig. 3.13
2p p
2 2
\ Q = y= ò D· d S = ò ò Dr r sin q dq df = 4p r Dr
S f= 0 q= 0
Q Q
\ Dr = i.e. D= ar
4 p r2 4 p r2
Now total charge enclosed is, Q = ò r v dv

v
2p p a
3 2 4pk a6
\ Q = ò ò ò k r r sin q dr dq df =
6
f= 0 q= 0 r= 0
k a6 2
\ D = Dr a r = a r C/m … for r > a
6 r2
Case [2] Let point P is on the surface of sphere i.e. r=a
Q 4pk a6
\ D = ar and Q =
4pa2 6
k a4 2
\ D = a r C/m … for r = a
6
Case [3] Let point P is inside sphere i.e. r < a. The Gaussian surface passes through point
P as shown in the Fig. 3.14.
Again dS and D are directed radially outwards.
TM

2
\ D · dS = Dr r sin q dq df Charged
sphere
\ y = Q= ò D· d S r
S +
+ dS
+
2p p
2 D = Dr a r
= ò ò Dr r sin q dq df + 0
+
P
f= 0 q= 0
+
= 4p r 2 D r a
Q Q
\ Dr = i.e. D= ar
4 p r2 4 p r2 Gaussian
Now charge enclosed by sphere of surface
Fig. 3.14
radius r only is to be considered and
not the entire sphere.
2p p r
3 2 kr6
\ Q = ò r v dv = ò ò ò k r r sin q dr dq df =
6
4p
v f= 0 q= 0 r= 0
6
kr 4 p k r4 2
\ D = ar = a r C/m … for 0 < r < a
6 4 p r2 6
The sketch of D against r is,

1 ¶ 2
Ñ· D = ( r D r ) as D is only in a r direction
r2 ¶ r
1 ¶ é 2 ka 6 ù
= êr ´ ú=0 … for r > a
r 2 ¶ r êë 6 r 2 úû
1 ¶ é 2 kr4 ù 1 k 3
Ñ· D = êr ´ ú = 2 ´ 6 r5 = k r … for r £ a
r 2 ¶ r êë 6 úû r 6
4
ka
6
D
in C/m2
4 6
kr ka
6 2
6r
r in m
0
r=a
Fig. 3.15
3
Key Point As Ñ · D = r v = k r as given, the results are correct.
TM

Example 3.7.9
Solution : Given D is in cartesian co-ordinates so convert given point P(r = 20 m, f = 55º,
z = 5 m) to cartesian.
x = r cos f = 11.471, y = r sin f = 16.383, z = 5
At point P, D = 4x a x + 2 (1 – y) a y + 4z a z |P(x, y, z)
2
\ D = 45.884 a x – 30.766 a y + 20 a z C/m
–6 2
Given area 1 mm ´ 1 mm = 10 m is very z
small i.e. differential dS hence dS = dS a n
where a n is normal unit vector to dS.
r
According to gauss's law, dy = D · d S
No need to integrate as area is differential.
A(0,0,5) dS
To find a n , consider the cylinder as shown r
P(11.471, 16.383, 5)
in the Fig. 3.16.
5
The normal a n is a r at P. But to find a n in
an
cartesian co-ordinates, extend point P radially y
r
to meet axis of the cylinder at A (0, 0, 5).
The vector AP is now in radial direction at P f=55º
and represents the direction of a n to dS at P.
x
Fig. 3.16
11.471 a x + 16.383 a y + 0 a z
\ an = = 0.5735 a x + 0.8191 a y
11.471 2 + 16.383 2
–6
\ dS = dS a n = 10 [0.5735 a x + 0.8191 a y ]
\ dy = D · d S at P = (45.884 a x – 30.766 a y + 20 a z ) · d S
–6 –6
= 45.884 ´ 10 ´ 0.5735 – 30.766 ´ 10 ´ 0.8191 = 1.114 µC
This is the required flux.
Example 3.7.10
Solution : i) The spherical surface at r = 5 encloses all the shells with r1 = 1, r2 = 2 and
r3 = 3.
\ Q = Charge enclosed by surface at r = 5
= Charge enclosed by surfaces (r1 + r2 + r3)
= Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = r S 1 ´ 4 p r12 + r S 2 ´ 4 pr22 + r S 3 ´ 4 pr 32
TM

–9 2 –9 2 –9 2
= 4p [20 ´ 10 ´ 1 – 9 ´ 10 ´ 2 + 2 ´ 10 ´ 3 ] = 25.1327 nC
\ Flux leaving the surface at (r = 5) = Q = 25.1327 nC
ii) P(1, – 1, 2) is in cartesian form
\ r = (1) 2 + ( -1) 2 + ( 2) 2 = 2.4494 m

rSa 2
Hence shells r1 = 1 and r2 = 2 are enclosed. Refer section 2.8.5 where D = a r for a
r2
spherical shell with radius a at r > a.
\ D at P = D1 due to (r1 = 1) + D2 due to (r2 = 2) while D at P = 0 due to r3 = 3 as r =
2.4494 is inside the shell.
r (a ) 2 r (a ) 2
\ D at P = S 1 1 a r + S 2 2 a r
( r) 2 ( r) 2
é 20 ´ 10 - 9 ´ (1) 2 ( -9 ´ 10 - 9 ) ´ (2) 2 ù 2
= ê + ú a r = – 2.667 a r nC/m
2 2
êë (2.4494) (2.4494) úû
Example 3.7.11
Solution : i) Q = 30 nC, L = 50 cm, a = 1 mm, b = 4 mm
Q ( inner conductor ) 30 ´ 10 -9
\ r S (inner conductor) = =
2p a L 2 p ´ 1 ´ 10 -3 ´ 50 ´ 10 -2
= 9.55 mC / m 2
The negative charge density on inner surface of outer conductor exists and given by,
Q ( outer conductor ) - 30 ´ 10 -9
r S (outer conductor) = =
2p b L 2 p ´4 ´ 10 -3 ´ 50 ´ 10 -2
= – 2.387 mC / m 2
a r S 1 ´ 10 -3 ´ 9.55 ´ 10 -6 9.55
ii) Now Dr = = = nC / m 2 ... Refer Section 2.8.3
r r r
Dr 9.55 ´ 10 -9 1078.6
\ Er = = = V/m
e0 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´r r
1078.6
\ E = Er a r = ar ... 1 < r < 4 mm
r
For r < 1 mm and r > 1 mm, E and D are zero.
Example 3.7.12
Solution : The region is shown in the Fig. 3.17 (a).
a) Region r < 2 m
For this region, there is no charge enclosed hence D = 0.
TM

b) Region 2 < r < 4 m

Consider Gaussian surface in cylindrical form of height L and radius r such that 2 < r < 4
as shown in the Fig. 3.17 (b).
3
r C/m
z
¥
Dotted shown is
2m Gaussian surface
4m
–¥
(a) (b)
Fig. 3.17
D = Dr a r ... D is in radial direction.
d S = r df dz a r
× ×
L 2p
Q = ò D dS= ò ò r dr df D r = r D r 2 p L ... a r a r = 1
S z = 0f = 0
But Q enclosed by Gaussian surface at 2 < r < 4 is,

L 2p r
Q = r ´ [Volume of Gaussian surface at 2 < r < 4] = r ò ò ò r dr df dz
z= 0 f= 0 r= 2
[ ]
= r ´ p r 2 - p ´ ( 2) 2 ´ L = p r r 2 - 4 ´ L ( )
r (r 2 - 4)
( )
\ p r r 2 - 4 ´ L = r Dr 2 p L i.e. Dr =
2r
\ D =
(
r r2 - 4 ) a r C/ m 2 ... 2 < r < 4
2r
TM

c) Region r > 4 m
Again Q = r Dr 2 p L
But Q enclosed by Gaussian surface is Q enclosed by the entire cylindrical region of length
L as r > 4 m.
L 2p 4
\ Q = r ´ Volume enclosed = r ò ò ò r dr df dz
z= 0 f= 0 r= 2
= r´ {p[4 ]- p [2] } ´ L = r p (16 - 4) L = 12 r p L

2 2
\ 12r p L = r D r 2 p L
6r 6r
\ Dr = i.e. D = a r C/ m 2 ... r > 4
r r
Example 3.7.13
Solution : a) To find Q tot use standard result as r v is constant.
4 4
Q tot = ò r v dv = p (r) 3 r v ... ò dv = p (r) 3
3 r = 10 cm 3
v v
4
= p ( 0.1) 3 ´ 4 = 0.016755 mC
3
p 2p 0. 1 m
ò ò òrv r
Alternatively, Q tot = 2 sin q dr dq df = 0.016755 mC
q= 0 f= 0 r = 0
b) To find D r , consider a Gaussian dS
surface as a sphere of radius r as r = 10 cm
r ar
shown in the Fig. 3.18. Consider dS at P D
point P. The D is in a r direction hence
D = D r a r and dS normal to a r is
Gaussian
r 2 sin q dq df. surface
\ dS = r 2 sin q dq df a r Fig. 3.18
× ×
2p p
\ Q = ò D dS = ò ò D r r 2 sin q dq df ... ( a r a r = 1)
S f= 0 q= 0
p 2p
\ Q = D r r 2 [ - cos q ]0 [f]0
Q Q
\ Dr = and D = ar
4 p r2 4 p r2
4
But Q = p r 3 rv for a sphere of r
3
TM

4
p r 3 4 ´ 10 -6
\ D = 3 = 1.333 r mC / m 2
4pr 2
c) Let charge between 10 cm < r < a is Q 1 .

2p p a a
p 2p -3 r 2
\ Q1 = ò r v dv = ò ò ò r v r 2 sin q dr dq df = [ - cos q ]0 [f]0 ò dr
3
v f = 0 q = 0 r = 0.1 r = 0.1 r + 0.001
Put r 3 + 0.001 = u i.e. 3 r 2 dr = du

a
du a
\ Q 1 = 2p ´ 2 ´ ò - = 4 p [ - ln u ]r = 0.1
u
r = 0.1
Resubstitute u = r 3 + 0.001,
é a 3 + 0.001 ù
[ ]
a
\ Q 1 = -4 p ln r 3 + 0.001 = - 4 p ê ln ú nC
0.1 ë 2 ´ 10 -3 û
Hence the total charge for 0 < r < a is, Q tot + Q 1 i.e. resultant charge Q R is
é a 3 + 0.001 ù
Q R = 0.016755 ´ 10 -6 - 4 p ln ê ´ 10 -9 C
-3 ú
ë 2 ´ 10 û
But required Q R = 0
é a 3 + 0.001 ù é a 3 + 0.001 ù
\ 4 p ln ê ´ 10 -9 = 0.016755 ´ 10 -6 ln ê
-3 ú
i.e. = 1.3333
-3 ú
ë 2 ´ 10 û ë 2 ´ 10 û
a 3 + 0.001
\ = e 1.3333 = 3.7936 i.e. a 3 = 6.5872 ´ 10 -3
2 ´ 10 -3
\ a = 0.1874 m = 18.74 cm
Example 3.7.14
Solution :
The charge enclosed by the cylinder is given by,
Q = Charge density ´ Area
Let length of each cylinder is 'L' hence Area = 2p R ´ L
For cylindrical sheet 1, Q 1 = 5 ´ 2p ´ 2 ´ L = 20pL C ... R = 2 m
For cylindrical sheet 2, Q 2 = - 2 ´ 2p ´ 4 ´ L = - 16pL C ... R = 4 m
For cylindrical sheet 3, Q 3 = - 3 ´ 2p ´ 5 ´ L = - 30 pL C ... R = 5 m
Charge enclosed
D = a
Area of cylindrical shell considered r
TM

The shells are shown in the Fig. 3.19.
R=5
R4 = 6 m
R=4
R3 = 4.5 m
R=2
R2 = 3 m
R1 = 1 m
Fig. 3.19
For R 1 = 1 m, Q = Charge enclosed = 0 C \ D = 0 C m2

Q 20pL 10
For R 2 = 3 m, Q = Q 1 = 20p L C, D = = = a C m2
2pR 2 L 2p ´ 3L 3 r
For R 3 = 4.5 m, Q = Q 1 + Q 2 = 20p L - 16pL = 4pL C

Q 4pL
\ D = = a = 0.444 a r C m 2
2pR 3 L 2p ´ 4.5 ´ L r
For R 4 = 6 m, Q = Q 1 + Q 2 + Q 3 = 20p L - 16pL - 30 p L = - 26 pL C
Q - 26 pL
\ D = = = - 4.333 a r C m 2
2pR 4 L 2p ´ 6 ´ L
Example 3.9.6
Solution : Assuming given D is in spherical coordinate system. From the Gauss's law in
point form,
Ñ· D = rv
¶ Df
and Ñ· D =
r
1
2
¶
¶r (r 2 Dr ) + r sin1 q ¶
¶q
( sin q D q ) +
1
r sin q ¶ f
i) For r < 0.08, D = 5 r 2 a r mC/m 2

\ Dr = 5 r 2 , Dq = 0 , Df = 0
3
\ Ñ· D =
1
r2
¶
¶r (r 2 5 r 2 ) = r12 ¶
¶r ( ) = 20r 2r
5 r4 = 20 r = r v
At r = 0.06 m, r v = 20 ´ (0.06) = 1.2 mC/m 3

TM

0.1
ii) For r > 0.08, D= ar mC/m 2
r2
0.1
\ Dr = , D q = 0, Df = 0
r2
1 ¶
æ 2 0.1 ö 1 ¶
\ Ñ· D = çr ´ 2 ÷ = 2 ( 0.1) = 0 = r v
r è
2
r ¶r
ø r ¶r
\ rv = 0 at r = 0.1 m
Example 3.9.7
Solution : The volume is incremental so dv = 10 -8 m 3
According to divergence theorem,

Q = ò Ñ · D dv ( )
v
\ dQ = (Ñ · D) dv = Incremental charge in dv
¶ Dx ¶ Dy ¶ Dz
\ Ñ· D = + + = 10 yz + 5z + 0
¶x ¶y ¶z
= 10 yz + 5z
a) At P (0, 0, 0), Ñ · D = 0
\ dQ = 0 ´ dv = 0 C
b) At P (4, 2, – 3), Ñ · D = 10 ´ 2 ´ ( -3) + 5 ´ ( -3) = – 75
\ dQ = - 75 ´ 10 -8 = – 0.75 mC
c) At P (4, y, – 3), Ñ · D = 10 y ( - 3) + (5) ( - 3) = -30 y – 15

\ dQ = ( -30 y - 15) ´ 10 -8 = - ( 0.3 y + 0.15) mC
d) dQ will be maximum when Ñ · D is maximum. For this, y and z must be maximum.

For given region 0 £ x, y, z £ 3, the maximum values of y and z are 3. Hence at point
(x, 3, 3) the dQ is at its maximum, x can take any value.
\ dQ (max) = Ñ · D ´ dv = [(10 ´ 3 ´ 3) + (5 ´ 3)] dv\
y = z= 3
= 105 ´ 10 -8 = 1.05 mC
Example 3.9.8
Solution : a) From given D
(12 x 2 ) + (- 3 z 3 ) + (- 9 y z 2 )
2 2 2
D =
= 144 x 4 + 9 z 6 + 81 y 2 z 4
The D is maximum, when x, y and z are maximum in the given region.
TM

\ x = y = z = 2 ... maximum values

\ At P(2, 2, 2), D will be maximum.
D = 144 ´ 2 4 + 9 ´ 2 6 + 81 ´ 2 2 ´ 2 4 = 89.8 C / m 2
max
b) According to Gauss's law in point form,

Ñ · D = rv
¶ Dx ¶ Dy ¶ Dz
\ Ñ ·D = + + = 24 x + 0 – 18 yz
¶x ¶y ¶z
\ r v = 24 x – 18 yz
r v will be maximum when x is minimum and yz are maximum. i.e. x = + 1 and y = z = 2.
\ rv max
= 24 ´ ( +1) - 18 ´ 2 ´ 2 = + 24 - 72 = 48 C / m 3
c) r v is maximum when x is maximum i.e. 2 and y, z are minimum i.e. y = z = 1. Thus
r v is maximum at P(2, 1, 1).
r v max = 24 ´ 2 - 18 ´ 1 ´ ( +1) = 30 C / m 3
Example 3.9.9
Solution : i) Q = ò r v dv = ò 10 e - 2r r 2 sin q dr dq df
v
2p p r
= ò ò ò 10 e - 2r r 2 sin q dr dq df
f = 0 q = 0 0
r
ò e - 2r r 2 dr = r 2 ò e - 2r dr - ò 2r ò e -2r dr dr ... By parts
0
r 2 e - 2r 2r e - 2r r 2 e - 2r
= -ò dr = + r ò e -2r dr - ò 1ò e -2r dr dr
-2 -2 -2
r 2 e -2r æ e - 2r ö e - 2r
= + r çç ÷÷ - ò dr
-2 è -2 ø -2
r
é r 2 e -2r r e -2r 1 -2r ù r 2 e -2r r e -2r 1 -2r 1
= ê- - - e ú =- - - e +
2 2 4 2 2 4 4
ë û0
é r 2 e -2r r e -2r 1 -2r 1 ù 2p

\ Q = 10 ê - - - e + ú [- cos q] p0 [f] 0
2 2 4 4
ë û
é r 2 e -2r r e -2r 1 -2r 1 ù
= 40 p ê - - - e + ú C
2 2 4 4
ë û
TM

Q é e - 2r e - 2r e - 2r 1 ù 2
\ D = a r = 10 ê - - - + ú a r C/ m
4p r 2
ë 2 2 r 4r 2
4 r2 û
1 ¶ 2
ii) Ñ· D = r Dr ... D only in r direction
r2¶r
=
1 ¶
r 2 ¶r
{
- 5 r 2 e - 2r - 5 r e - 2r - 2.5 e - 2r + 2.5 }
=
1
r2
{- 10 r e - 2r
+ 10 r 2 e - 2r - 5 e - 2r + 10 r e - 2r + 5 e - 2r + 0 }
10 e - 2r 5 e - 2r 10 e - 2r 5 e -2r
= - + 10 e - 2r - + + = 10 e -2r = r v
r r2 r r2
Hence the result obtained is correct.
Example 3.9.10
Solution : For a charge free region, r v = 0 and Ñ · D = r v = 0
¶D x ¶D y ¶D z
Ñ· D = + + =0
¶x ¶y ¶z
\ 10 + 5 + k = 0 i.e. k = – 15
Example 3.9.11
Solution : Use Gauss's law in point form, Ñ D = r v ×
Given D in spherical coordinates hence,
×
Ñ D =
1
r2
¶
¶r (r 2 Dr ) + r sin1 q ¶
¶q
( sin q D q ) +
1 ¶ Df
r sin q ¶ f
…Spherical
Now D r = 10 sin q, D q = 2 cos q, Df = 0
\ ×
Ñ D =
1
r2
¶
¶r (r 2 10 sin q) + r sin1 q ¶
¶q
( 2 sin q cos q) + 0
=
1
r2
10 sin q
¶
¶r (r 2 ) + r sin1 q ¶
¶q
( sin 2 q)
10 sin q 1 20 sin q 2 cos 2 q
= ( 2r ) + r sin q [ 2 cos 2 q ] = r
+
r sin q
r2
20 sin q 2 cos 2q
\ rv = + C m3
r r sin q
Now cos 2 q = cos 2 q - sin 2 q
\ rv =
20 sin q
+
[
2 cos 2 q - sin 2 q ]
r r sin q
TM

20 sin 2 q + 2 cos 2 q - 2 sin 2 q 18 sin 2 q + 2 cos 2 q

= =
r sin q r sin q
sin q é 2 cos 2 q ù sin q

=
r ê
ê18 +
ë
ú =
sin 2 q úû r [18 + 2 cot 2q ] C / m 3
Example 3.9.12
Solution : i) rv = Ñ D =
¶x
+
¶y×
¶ Dx ¶ Dy ¶ Dz
+
¶z
= y 2 + x 2 + 1 C/ m3
ii) Assume given D in spherical co-ordinate system.
×
rv = Ñ D =
r
1
2
¶
¶r (r 2 Dr ) + r sin1 q ¶
¶q
1
( sin q D q ) + r sin q
¶ Df
¶f
=
1
r2
¶
¶r[ ]
r2 + 0 + 0 =
r
1
2
2
´ 2r = C / m 3
r
Dr
Example 3.10.4 z
ar
Solution : The given D is in spherical
co-ordinates. The volume enclosed is shown
in the Fig. 3.20.
45º
According to divergence theorem,
× × D) dv
r=4m
ò (Ñ
aq
ò D dS =
Dq y
S v
The given D has only radial component as

5 r2 x
given. Hence D r = while D q = D f = 0.
4 Fig. 3.20
Hence D has a value only on the surface r = 4 m.
Consider dS normal to the a r direction i.e. r 2 sin q dq df
\ dS = r 2 sin q dq df a r
æ 2 ö 5 4
\ D · dS = (r 2 sin q dq df) ççè 5r4 ÷÷ = r sin q dq df
ø 4
... ( a r · a r = 1)
2p p / 4
5 4
\ ò D · dS = ò ò 4
r sin q dq df
S f = 0q = 0
5 4 p/4 2p
= r [ - cos q ]0 [f]0 and r=4m
4
p
( 4) 4 éê - cos 4 - ( - cos 0) ùú [ 2 p ] = 588.896 C
5
=
4 ë û
To evaluate right hand side, find Ñ · D.
¶D
Ñ· D =
r
1 ¶
2 ¶r
r 2 Dr +
r
1
(
sin q ¶
¶
q ) 1
( sin q D q ) + r sin q ¶ ff
TM

=
r
1
2
¶
¶r
é 2 æ 5 2 öù 5 ¶
êë r çè 4 r ÷ø úû + 0 + 0 = 2 ¶ r
4r
(r 4 ) = 4 5r 2 (4 r 3 ) = 5r
In spherical co-ordinates, dv = r 2 sin q dr dq df
2p p / 4 4
\ ò( )
Ñ · D dv = ò ò ò (
(5 r ) r 2 sin q dr dq df )
v f = 0 q = 0r = 0
4
ér4 ù 44 é p
´ - cos - ( - cos 0) ù ´ 2 p
p/4 2p
= 5 ê ú [ - cos q ]0 [f]0 = 5 ´
4 4 êë 4 úû
ë û0
= 588.896 C z
Example 3.10.5
Solution : A = x 2 a x + (x 2 y 2 ) a y + 24(x 2 y 2 z 2 )a z
Q = òA
S
×dS O
y
1
The Fig. 3.21 shows unit cube centered at origin.
×
1
For A d S, consider all six faces of the cube.
x 1
Find dS for each surface. Fig. 3.21
1) Front (x = 0.5), dS = dy dz a x
2) Back (x = –0.5), dS = dy dz (– a x ) 3) Right (y = 0.5), dS = dx dz (a y )
4) Left (y = – 0.5), dS = dx dz (– a y ) 5) Top (z = 0.5), dS = dx dy a z
6) Bottom (z = – 0.5), dS = dx dy (– a z )
For front, ×
A d S = x dy dz
2
(x = 0.5)
A × d S = – x dx dz
2
For back, (x = – 0.5)
A × d S = x y dy dz
2 2
For right, (y = 0.5)
A × d S = – x y dx dz
2 2
For left, (y = – 0.5)
A × d S = 24 x y z dx dz
2 2 2
For top, (z = 0.5)
A × d S = – 24 x y z dx dy
2 2 2
For bottom , (z = – 0.5)
×
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
ò A dS = ò ò x dy dz + ò ò - x dydz + ò òx
2 2 2
\ y 2 dxdz
S z = - 0.5 y = - 0.5 z = - 0.5 y = - 0.5 z = - 0.5 y = - 0.5
(x = 0.5) (x = - 0.5) (y = 0.5)
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

ò ò - x y dxdz + ò ò 24x y z dxdy + ò ò -24x
+ 2 2 2 2 2 2 y 2 z 2 dxdy
z = -0.5 x = -0.5 y = -0.5 x = -0.5 y = -0.5 x = -0.5

(y = - 0.5) (z = 0.5) (z = - 0.5)
TM

0.5
2 éx3 ù
= (0.5) [y] -0.5 [z] -0.5 - ( -0.5) 2 [y] -0.5 [z] 0. 5
+ (0.5) 2 ê [z] 0.5
0.5 0.5 0.5 -0.5 3 ú -0.5
ë û -0.5
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
éx3 ù
2 2 éx ù
3 éy 3 ù 2 éx ù
3
éyù
0.5
- ( -0.5) ê ú [z] 0.5
-0.5
+ 24(0.5) ê ú ê ú - 24( -0.5) ê ú ê 3ú =0
3 3 3 ú 3
ë û -0.5 ë û -0.5 êë û -0.5 ë û -0.5 ë û -0.5
Using divergence theorem,
¶A x ¶A y ¶A z 2 2 2
Ñ· A = + + = 2x + 2x y + 48 x y z
¶x ¶y ¶z
0.5 0.5 0.5
ò ( Ñ · A) dv = ò ò ò [2x + 2x 2 y + 48x 2 y 2 z] dx dy dz
v z = -0.5 y = -0.5 x = -0.5
-0.5
0.5 0.5 é 3 3 2 ù 0.5 0.5
= ò 2 + 2x y + 48x y z
ò ò ò [0.166 y + 4 y
2
ê x ú dy dz = z] dy dz
3 3
z = -0.5 y = -0.5 êë úû 0.5 z = -0.5 y = -0.5
0.5
0.5 é 3 ù 0.5
2 4y
ò êê 0.083y + 3 ò 0.333 z dz = [0.1666 z
= zú dz = 2 ] 0.5 =0
-0.5
z = -0.5 ë úû -0.5 z = -0.5
Example 3.10.6
Solution : The volume defined by six planes is a cube.
i) Q = ò
S
D dS × ... Surface integral
Consider all six faces of the cube as shown in the Fig. 3.22.
–ax Back az
Top
–az
ax Front –ay ay Bottom
Left Right
(a) Cube (b) Directions of dS

x = Constant planes y = Constant planes z = Constant planes
(back and front) (sides) (top and bottom)
Fig. 3.22
1) Front surface (x = 3), dS = dy dz, direction = a x , d S = dy dz a x

2) Back surface (x = 1), dS = dy dz, direction = a x , d S = - dy dz a x
3) Right surface (y = 4), dS = dx dz, direction = a y , d S = dx dz a y
TM

4) Left surface (y = 2), dS = dx dz, direction = - a y , d S = - dx dz a y

5) Top surface (z = 5), dS = dx dy, direction = a z , d S = dx dy a z
6) Bottom surface (z = 3), dS = dx dy, direction = - a z , d S = - dx dy a z
For front × 3
D d S = x y z dy dz x = 3 2 ... ×
ax ax = 1
For back D × d S = - x y z dy dz x = 1
3 2 ... a ×a
x x = 1
For right D × d S = x y z dx dz y = 4
3 2 ... a ×a
y y = 1
For left D × d S = - x y z dx dz y = 2
3 2 ... a ×a
y y = 1
For top D × d S = x y z dx dy z = 5
3 2 ... a ×a
z z = 1
For bottom D × d S = - x y z dx dy z = 3
3 2 ... a ×a
z z = 1
×
5 4 5 4
\ ò D dS = ò ò 3 3 y 2 z dy dz + ò ò - 1 3 y 2 z dy dz
S z= 3 y= 2 z= 3 y= 2
5 3 5 3
+ ò ò (4) 2 x 3 z dx dz + ò ò - (2) 2 x 3 z dx dz
z= 3 x= 1 z= 3 x= 1
4 3 4 3
+ ò ò (5) x 3 y 2 dx dy + ò ò - (3) x 3 y 2 dx dy
y= 2 x= 1 y= 2 x= 1
4 5 4 5 3 5
é y 3 ù é z2 ù é y 3 ù é z2 ù é x4 ù é z2 ù
= 27 ê ú ê ú - ê ú ê ú + 16 ê ú ê ú
êë 3 úû 2 ë 2 û 3 êë 3 úû 2 ë 2 û 3 4
ë û1 ë û 3
2
3 5 3 4 3 4
é x4 ù é z2 ù é x4 ù éy 3 ù é x4 ù éy 3 ù
- 4 ê ú ê ú +5 ê ú ê ú -3ê ú ê ú
4 2 4 3 ú 4 êë 3 úû 2
ë û1 ë û 3 ë û1 ëê û2 ë û1
= 4032 – 149.333 + 2560 – 640 + 1866.666 – 1120 = 6549.333 mC

ii) Q = ò
v
Ñ D ×
\ ×
Ñ D =
¶D x ¶D y
¶x
+
¶y
+
¶D z
¶z
= 3 x 2 y 2 z + 2 x 3 yz + x 3 y 2
×
5 4 3
\ ò Ñ D = ò ò ò (3 x 2 y 2 z + 2 x 3 y z + x 3 y 2 ) dx dy dz
v z= 3 y= 2 x= 1
5 é 3x3 2
4
2 x4 x4 2 ù
= ò ò 3 ê y z +
4
y z +
4
y ú dy dz ... Integrating w.r.t.x
z = 3 y = 2 êë ûú
TM

5 4
= ò ò [26 y 2 z + 40 yz + 20 y 2 ] dy dz
z= 3 y= 2
4
5 é 26 y 3 40 y 2 z 20 y 3 ù
= ò ê
êë 3
z+
2
+
3 ú
ú dz ... Integrating w.r.t. y
z= 3 û2
5
= ò [485.333 z+ 240 z+ 373.333] dz
z= 3
5
é 485.333 z 2 240 z 2 ù
= ê + + 373.333 zú
êë 2 2 úû 3
= 3882.6664 + 1920 + 746.666 = 6549.333 mC

Example 3.10.7
Solution : The divergence theorem states that
ò A · dS = ò (Ñ · A) dv
S v
é ù
Now ò A · dS = ê ò + ò + ò ú A · dS
ê ú
S ë side top bottom û
Consider dS normal to a r direction which is for the side surface.
\ dS = r df dz a r
\ A · d S = ( 30 e - r a r - 2z a z ) · r d f dz a r
= 30 r e - r (a r · a r ) df dz = 30 r e - r df dz
2p 5
\ ò A · dS = ò ò 30 r e - r df dz with r=2
side f = 0z= 0
2p
= 30 ´ 2 ´ e -2 ´ [f] 0 ´ [z] 0 = 255.1
5
The dS on top has direction a z hence for top surface, dS = r dr df a z

\ A · d S = ( 30 e - r a r - 2 z a z ) · r dr df a z = – 2 z r dr df ... (a z · a z = 1)
2p 2
\ ò A · dS = ò ò - 2 z r dr df with z = 5
top f = 0r= 0
2
ér2 ù 2p
= -2 ´ 5 ´ ê ú ´ [f] 0 = - 40 p
2
ë û0
TM

While dS for bottom has direction - a z hence for bottom surface,

dS = r dr df ( - a z )
\ A · d S = ( 30 e - r a r - 2 z a z ) · r dr df ( - a z ) = 2 z r dr df ... (a z · a z = 1)
But z = 0 for the bottom surface, as shown in the Fig. 3.23.
\ ò A · dS = 255.1 – 40 p + 0 = 129.4363 az
S
z=5
This is the left hand side of divergence
theorem.
Now evaluate ò Ñ · A dv ( ) dS
v
dS
1 ¶ 1 ¶A f ¶ A z
Ñ· A =
r ¶r
(r A r ) + r +
¶f ¶z
ar
and A r = 30 e - r , A f = 0, A z = -2 z
1 ¶ ¶
\ Ñ· A = ( 30 r e - r ) + 0 + ( -2 z)\
r ¶r ¶z
z = 0 –az
=
1
r {30 r (- e- r ) + 30 e- r (1)} + (- 2) Fig. 3.23
30 - r
= - 30 e - r + e -2
r
5 2p 2
æ -30 e - r + 30 e - r - 2ö r dr df dz
\ ò (Ñ · A) dv = ò ò ò ç
è r
÷
ø
v z = 0 f= 0 r = 0
5 p 2
ò ò ò (- 30 r e + 30 e - 2r )
= -r -r dr df dz
z = 0 f = 0r = 0
ìï é e- r ù é e- r ù é e - r ù é r 2 ùüï 5 2 p
= í - 30 r ê ú - ò ( - 30) ê ú dr + 30 ê ú - ê 2 úý [z] 0 [f] 0
ïî ë -1 û ë -1 û ë -1 û ë 2 ûïþ
Obtained using integration by parts.
= [ 30 r e - r + 30 e - r - 30 e - r - r 2 ] 20 [5][2 p]
= [60 e -2 - 2 2 ] [10 p] = 129.437
This is same as obtained from the left hand side.
Example 3.10.8
Solution : The flux is equal to charge and given by,
TM

é ù
Q = ò
S
×
D dS =ê ò + ò + ò ú D dS
ê ú
ë top bottom side û
×
Consider top surface, in a z direction.
az z
\ d S = r dr df a z z=1
× [
\ D d S = r 2 cos 2 f a r + z sin f a f ]× r dr df a z
dS r=4m
=0 ×
... a r a z = a f a z = 0×
Similarly for bottom surface, in - a z direction,
×
D dS = 0 ar
Consider the side surface for which the direction of

dS is a r .
\ d S = r df dz a r – az
× [
\ D d S = r 2 cos 2 f a r + z sin f a f ]× [r df dz a ] r z=0
× ×
Fig. 3.24
= r 3 cos 2 f df dz ... a r a r = 1, a f a r = 0
Now r = 4 m constant for the surface,
\ ×
D d S = 64 cos 2 f df dz
×
1 2p
\ Q = ò D dS = ò ò 64 cos 2 f df dz
z = 0f = 0
2p 2p
1 + cos 2 f 64 ì sin 2fü
= 64 [z]10 ò df = [1] í f +
2 2 î 2 ýþ 0
f= 0
sin 4 p
´ 1 ´ ìí 2 p +
64 sin 0 ü 64
-0- = ´ 2 p = 201.062 C
2 ýþ 2
=
2 î 2
Let us verify by divergence theorem according to which,

Q = ò (Ñ
v
× D) dv
×
Ñ D =
1 ¶
r ¶r
1 ¶ Df ¶ Dz
(r Dr ) + r
¶f
+
¶z
TM

1 ¶ ( z sin f) ¶ ( 0)
=
1 ¶
r ¶r [
r 3 cos 2 f +
r ] ¶f
+
¶z
=
1
r ( ) z z
cos 2 f 3 r 2 + cos f = 3 r cos 2 f + cos f
r r
and dv = r dr df dz
1 2p 4
é 3 r cos 2 f + z cos fù r dr df dz
\ Q = ò ò ò êë r úû
z= 0 f= 0 r= 0
1 2p 4
= ò ò ò
z= 0 f= 0 r= 0
[3 r 2
cos 2 f + z cos f ] dr df dz
1 2p 4
é3r3 ù
ò ò
2
= ê 3 cos f + z r cos fú df dz
z= 0 f= 0 ë û0
2p 2p
[(4) ]
1 1
3 é 64 (1 + cos 2f) ù
= ò ò cos 2 f + 4 z cos f df dz = ò ò ê 2
+ 4z cos fú df dz
z= 0 f= 0 z= 0 f= 0 ë û
1 2p 1 1
é sin 2f ù
= 32 ò êë f + 2 + 4z sin fúû 0 dz = 32 ò [2 p + 0 + 0] dz = 32 ´ 2 p ´ ò dz = 32 ´ 2 p ´ 1
z= 0 z= 0 z= 0
= 201.062 C
Thus divergence theorem is verified.
qqq
TM

4 Electric Work, Energy
and Potential
Example 4.3.5
Solution : The work done is given by,
A
W = -Q ò E · dL
B
Let us differential length dL in cartesian co-ordinate system is,
dL = dx a x + dy a y + dz a z
\ E · dL = (- 8 xy a x - 4x 2 a y + a z )· (dx a x + dy a y + dz a z )
= - 8 xy dx - 4x 2 dy + dz
As a x · a x = a y · a y = a z · a z = 1, other dot products are zero.
A éA A A ù
\ W = - Q ò - 8 xy dx - 4x 2 dy + dz = - Q ê ò - 8 xy dx - ò 4 x 2 dy + ò dzú
B êë B B B úû
Case 1 : The path is y = 3x 2 + z, z = x + 4 y = 3x 2 + x + 4 differentiate i.e. dy = (6x + 1) dx
A
For ò - 8 xy dx ® The limits are x = 1 to x = 2.
B
A
For ò - 4x 2 y ® The limits are y = 8 to y = 18
B
A
For ò dz ® The limits are z = 5 to z = 6.
B
é 2 18 6 ù
\ W = - Q ê ò - 8 xy dx - ò 4 x 2 dy + ò dzú
ê ú
ë x= 1 y= 8 z= 5 û
Using y = 3x 2 + x + 4 and dy = (6x + 1) dx and changing limits of y from 8 to 18 interms of

x from 1 to 2 we get
(4 - 1)
TM

Field Theory 4-2 Electric Work, Energy and Potential
é 2 2 6 ù
\
ê [ ]
W = - Q ê ò - 8x 3x 2 + x+ 4 dx - ò 4 x 2 [6x+ 1] dx + ò dzú
ú
ëx = 1 x= 1 z= 5 û
é 2 2 6 ù
[ ] (
= - Q ê ò -24x 3 - 8x 2 - 32x dx - ò 24 x 3 + 4x 2 dx + ò dzú
ê ú
)
ë x= 1 x= 1 z= 5 û
é 2 ù
= - Q ê æç -6x 4 - x 3 - 16x 2 - 6x 4 - x 3 ö÷
8 4
+ ( z)56 ú
êë è 3 3 øx = 1 úû
= - Q {- 256 + 1} = - 6 ´ -255 = 1530 J

Case 2 : Straight line path from B to A.
To obtain the equations of the straight line, any two of the following three equations of
planes passing through the line are sufficient,
B (1, 8, 5) and A (2, 18, 6)
y - yB zA - z B x - xB
(y - y B ) = A
xA - x B
( x - x B ), (z - z B ) =
yA - y B
( y - y B ), (x - x B ) = A
zA - z B
(z - z B )
Using the co-ordinates of A and B,
18 - 8
y–8 = (x - 1) i.e. y – 8 = 10 ( x – 1)
2 -1
\ y = 10x – 2
\ dy = 10 dx
6 -5 1
And z–5 = (y - 8) i.e. z–5= (y - 8)
18 - 8 10
\ 10 z = y + 42
é 2 18 6 ù
Now W = - Q ê ò - 8 xy dx - ò 4 x 2 dy + ò dzú
ê ú
ë x= 1 y= 8 z= 5 û
é 2 2 6 ù
= - Q ê ò - 8 x(10x - 2) dx - ò 4 x 2 (10dx) + ò dzú
ê ú
ë x= 1 x= 1 z= 5 û
ìé 2 ü
ï -80 3 16x 2 40x 3 ù ï
= - Q íê x + - ú + [z]56 ý
3 2 3
ïî ë ûx= 1 ïþ
= - Q {- 213.33 + 32 - 106.667 + 26.667 - 8 + 13.33 + 1} = - Q [ - 255] = - 6 ´ -255 = 1530 J

This shows that irrespective of path selected, the work done in moving a charge from B
to A remains same.
TM

z
Example 4.3.6
Solution : The line charge along the Circular path
z-axis and the circular path along which having radius r1 Movement of charge Q in
z = 0 plane (xy plane)
charge is moving is shown in the Fig. 4.1.
r1
The circular path is in xy plane such that
y
its radius is r 1 and centered at the line
r1
charge.
Consider cylindrical co-ordinate system x dL = rdf af
where line charge is along z-axis. Infinite
The charge is moving in a f direction. line charge
Fig. 4.1
\ dL = r df a f
The field E due to infinite line charge along z axis is given in cylindrical co-ordinates as,
rL
E = a
2pe 0 r r
The circular path indicates that dL has no component in a r and a z direction.
\ dL = r df a f
final 2p 2p
rL rL
\ W = -Q ò E · dL = - Q ò 2pe 0 r
a r · r df a f = - Q ò
2pe 0
df (ar ·af ) = 0
initial 0 0
As a r · a f = 0 as q = 90° between a r and a f .
This shows that the work done is zero while moving a charge such that path is always
perpendicular to the E direction.
Example 4.3.7
Solution : The line charge and the path of the
movement of the point charge Q is shown in the rL
Fig. 4.2.
The movement of the point charge Q is along a r r=a
direction and hence dL has no component in Q
a f and a z direction. r=b
\ dL = dr a r ... In cylindrical system Q
The field E due to infinite line charge along z-axis is
given by, Fig. 4.2
rL
E = a
2pe 0 r r
r= b
rL
\ W = -Q ò a · dr a r ... ( a r · a r = 1)
2pe 0 r r
r= a
TM

b
rL 1 - QrL
\ W = -Q ò 2pe 0 r
dr =
2pe 0 [ln r ]ba
r= a
-Q r L - QrL b
\ W =
2pe 0 [ln b - ln a ] = 2pe 0
ln
a
J
As b > a, ln (b/a) is positive and work done is negative. This indicates that the field is
doing the work and external source is receiving energy.
Example 4.3.8
Solution : The charge is moved from B(2, 1, –1) to A (4, 2, –1).
A
Now, W = Q ò E · dL where d L = d x a x + d y a y + d z dz
B
\ E · d L = x a x · d L = x dx … ax ·ay = ax ·az = 0
x= 4 4
é x2 ù
x dx = -( -5) ê ú = 5 ´ é - ù = 30 J
16 4
\ W = -Q ò 2 êë 2 2 úû
x= 2 ë û2
Example 4.3.9 z
Solution : The path along which the charge
is moved is shown in the Fig. 4.3.
As path is straight line from B to A and the
line is in xy plane (z = 0 plane), the equation
of line can be easily obtained as, A(0,0,0)
y
y = mx ... Passing through origin 4
Now, B (4, 2, 0) and A (0, 0, 0)
yA - y B 2 B(4,2,0)
0-2 1 x
\ y = x= x= x
xA - x B 0-4 2 Fig. 4.3
\ x = 2y i.e. dx = 2 dy
dL = dx a x + dy a y + dy a z ... Cartesian
× ×[dx a
A A
\ W = -Q ò E dL = - Q ò
éæ x ö ù
êë çè 2 + 2y ÷ø a x + 2x a y úû x + dy a y + dz a z ]
B B
×a ×a
A
æ x + 2y ö dx + (2x) dy
= -Q ò ç
è2
÷
ø
... a x x = ay y =1
B
ì 0 0 ü
ï ï
= - Q í ò æç + 2y ö÷ dx+ ò 2x dyý
x
... (1)
è2 ø
ïî x= 4 y= 2 ïþ
TM

Using x = 2y and dx = 2dy and changing limits interms of y, in equation (1),

ì 0 2y 0 ü
ï æ ö ï
W = - Q í ò ç + 2y ÷ (2dy) + ò 2 ( 2y) dyý
è 2 ø
îï y = 2 y= 2 ïþ
ì 0 0 ü é 6y 2 4y 2 ù
0
ï ï
= - Q í ò 6y dy + ò 4y dyý = - Q ê + ú
ïî y = 2 y=2 ïþ êë 2 2 ú
û2
= - 20 ´ 10 -6 ´ [- 12 - 8] = + 400 mJ
Example 4.3.10
Solution : Note : The paths are located at the points. Hence charge is moved through D L
rather than from one point to other. It is moved at a point in the direction D L through
distance D L. Hence the length is differential and work done will be also differential.
There is no need of integration.
\ dW = – Q E · D L
[ ][
= – Q 6y 2 z a x + 12 xyz a y + 6 xy 2 a z · - 3 a x + 5 a y - 2 a z ]
= – Q {- 18 y z + 60 xyz - 12 xy } ´ 10
2 2 -6 ... as mm
= - 2 ´ 10 {- 18 y z + 60 xyz - 12 xy } 10
-6 2 2 -6
a) At P 1 ( 0, 3, 5) substitute x = 0, y = 3, z = 5
\ dW = - 2 ´ 10 -12 {- 810} = 1620 pJ
b) At P2 (1, 1, 0) substitute x = 1, y = 1, z = 0
\ dW = - 2 ´ 10 -12 {0 + 0 - 12} = 24 pJ
c) At P3 ( - 0.7, -2, 0.4) substitute x = – 0.7, y = – 2, z = 0.4
\ dW = -2 ´ 10 -12 {- 28.8 + 33.6 + 33.6} = - 76.8 pJ
Example 4.5.5
Solution : a) The reference is at infinity, hence P(0.2,–0.4,0.4)
RP
Q
VP =
4pe 0 R P
Q(0,0,0)
RP = (0.2 - 0) 2 + ( -0.4 - 0) 2 + (0.4 - 0) 2
Fig. 4.4
= 0.6
6 ´ 10 -9
\ VP = = 89.8774 V
4p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´ 0.6
TM

b) V = 0 at (1, 0, 0). Thus the reference is not at infinity. In such a case potential at P is,
Q
VP = +C P(0.2,–0.4,0.4)
4pe 0 R P RP
Now VR at (1, 0, 0) is zero.

R(1,0,0)
Q Q(0,0,0) RR
\ VR = + C= 0
4pe 0 R R
Fig. 4.5
and RR = (1 - 0) 2 + ( 0) 2 + (0) 2 =1
6 ´ 10 -9
\ 0 = +C
4p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´ 1
\ C = – 53.9264
Q
\ VP = + C = 89.8774 - 53.9264 = 35.9509 V
4pe 0 R P
This is with reference to (1, 0, 0) where V = 0 V.
c) Now V = 20 V at (– 0.5, 1, –1). Let this point is P(0.2,–0.4,0.4)
M (– 0.5, 1, – 1). The reference is not given as RP
infinity.
Q RM
VM = +C Q(0,0,0)
4pe 0 R M M(–0.5,1–1)
and VM = 20 V Fig. 4.6
while RM = ( - 0.5) 2 + (1) 2 + ( -1) 2 = 1.5
6 ´ 10 -9
\ 20 = + C i.e. C = – 15.9509
4p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´ 1.5
Q
\ VP = + C = 89.8774 - 15.9509 = 73.9264 V
4pe 0 R P
Key Point Note that distance of P from origin where Q is located is R P which is same in all
the cases. Only 'C' changes as the reference changes hence VP changes.
Example 4.5.6
Solution : Potential due to the point charge,
Q
V = .. r = Distance of point from Q
4 p e0 r
Q Q
\ VA = and VB =
4 p e 0 rA 4 p e 0 rB
Q é 1 1 ù
\ VAB = VA - VB = ê - ú
4 p e 0 ë rA rB û
TM

20 ´ 10 - 10 é 1 - 1 ù = 143.8038 V
= - ... Q is negative
4 p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 - 12 êë 0.5 0.1 úû
Example 4.5.7 +
+ + Outer
Solution : The arrangement is shown in the Fig. 4.7. + + + sphere
r2
+ r1 +
The potential difference between the two concentric + + +
+
spheres is given by,
+ + + +
Q æ1 1ö +
-
4p e 0 çè r1 r2 ÷ø
V = Inner + +
+
sphere
… Refer equation (4.5.3)
Fig. 4.7
while E on the surface of inner sphere is,
Q
E = ar
4p e 0 r12
While E due to outer sphere at r = r1 is zero as E inside the spherical shell is zero.
r
But r1 = 2 … Given
2
Q æ1 1 ö Q æ 1 ö
-
4p e 0 è r1 2r1 ø 4p e 0 çè 2r1 ÷ø
ç ÷
Using in V, V = =
1
Multiply both sides by ,
r1
V Q 1 1 1é Q ù 1
\ = × × = ê ú = | E|
r1 4p e 0 2 r 2 2 ê 4p e r 2 ú 2
1 ë 0 1 û
2V r
\ |E| = for r1 = 2 on surface of inner sphere.
r1 2
Example 4.5.8
Solution : Q = 5 nC, V = 2 V at (0, 6, – 8), Q is at origin (0, 0, 0).
i) A (– 3, 2 , 6)
rA = – 3 a x + 2 a y + 6 a z , rA = 9 + 4 + 36 = 7
Q
\ VA = +C
4p e 0 rA
VR = 2 V at (0, 6, – 8) hence rR = 6 a y – 8 a z , rR = 6 2 + 8 2 = 10
Q 5 ´ 10 -9
VR = +C i.e. 2= +C i.e. C = – 2.4938
4 p e 0 rR 4 p e 0 ´ 10
5 ´ 10 - 9
\ VA = – 2.4938 = 3.926 V
4p e 0 ´ 7
TM

ii) B (1, 5, 7)
\ rB = a x + 5 a y + 7 a z , rB = 1 + 25 + 49 = 75
Q 5 ´ 10 -9
\ VB = +C = – 2.4938 = 2.6952 V
4 p e 0 rB 4 p e 0 ´ 75
iii) VAB = VA – VB = 3.926 – 2.6952 = + 1.23 V

z
Example 4.5.9
P(0,0,z)
Solution : The charges are shown in the Fig. 4.8.
R3
The distances between the charges and point P
R4
are,
Q3
R 1 = ( 0 - 1) 2 + 0 2 + ( z - 0) 2 = 1 + z 2 Q4
C (–1,0,0)
R1 R2
D (0,–1,0)
R 2 = ( 0) 2 + ( 0 - 1) 2 + ( z - 0) 2 = 1 + z2 O Q2
Q1 B(0,1,0)
A(1,0,0)
R 3 = ( 0 + 1) 2 + ( 0) 2 + ( z - 0) 2 = 1 + z 2
R 4 = ( 0) 2 + ( 0 + 1) 2 + ( z - 0) 2 = 1 + z 2 Fig. 4.8
The potential at P due to all charges is,

a) VP = V1 + V2 + V 3 + V4
1
4 p e0 R [ 1
= Q + Q2 + Q 3 + Q4 ]
where R = R 1 = R 2 = R 3 = R 4 = 1 + z 2
4 ´ 6 ´ 10 -9 215.7058
\ VP = = V
4p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´ 1 + z2 1 +z2
b) To find VP ( max) , find dV/dz = 0
( ) ( )
d é - 0.5 ù - 1.5
\ ê 215.7058 1 + z 2 úû = 215.7058 (– 0.5) 1 + z
2 (2z) = 0
dz ë
Thus z = 0 or 1 + z 2 = 0 i.e. z = ± j but z coordinate can not be imaginary.

\ At z = 0, VP is maximum i.e. VP ( max ) = 215.7058 V
( )
dV - 1.5 215.7058 z
c) Now = 215.7058 ( - 0.5) 1 + z 2 ( 2 z) =
dz
( )
1.5
1 +z2
d ì dV ü
dz íî dz ýþ
d) To find its maximum value, =0
TM

( )
d ì 2 - 1.5 ü
\ í 215.7058 z 1 + z ý=0
dz î þ
( ) ( )
ì - 2.5 - 1.5 ü
\ 215.7058 í z ( - 1.5) 1 + z 2 ( 2 z) + 1 + z 2 ý=0
î þ
ì 3 z2 ü - 3 z2
(1 + z 2 )
- 1.5
\ 215.7058 í- + 1ý = 0 i.e. +1 = 0
2
î 1+z þ 1 + z2
1
\ -3 z 2 + 1 + z 2 = 0 i.e. z 2 = = 0.5
2
dV
\ z = ± 0.5 = ± 0.7071 for
dz
( max)
dV 215.7058 ( 0.7071)
\ ( max) = = 83.024 V/m
[1 + (0.7071) ]
dz 2
1.5
y
Example 4.6.3
Solution : The arrangement is shown in the
rL +L
xy plane as in the Fig. 4.9.
dy P
As E is not known in standard form,
2 2
consider differential length dL¢ at a point RA = Öa +y
y
P, at a distance y from origin, on the
x
charge, O a A(a,0,0,)
\ dL¢ = dy
–L
\ dQ = r L dL ¢ = r L dy
The distance of point A from the Fig. 4.9
differential charge is,
RA = a 2 + y2
dQ r L dy
\ dVA = =
4pe 0 RA
4pe 0 a 2 + y 2
Now integrate over entire length – L to + L.

+L L
rL dy rL dy
\ VA = ò 4pe 0 2 2
=2 ò 4pe 0
... Changing limits
y= - L a +y y =0 a + y2
2
dx
ò = ln é x+ x2 + a 2 ù ... Standard result
2
a +x 2 ëê ûú
2r L y=L r
\ VA = é ln é y + y 2 + a 2 ù ù = L é ln æç L+ L2 + a 2 ö÷ - ln æç a 2 ö÷ ù
4pe 0 êë êë úû úû y = 0 2pe 0 êë è ø è ø úû
TM

Field Theory 4 - 10 Electric Work, Energy and Potential
rL é L+ L2 + a 2 ù
\ VA = ln ê ú V
2pe 0 ê a úû
ë
Example 4.6.4
z
Solution : Q = 10 -8 C, r = 5 m, h = 5 m. The
ring is shown in the Fig. 4.10.
Q 10 -8 P(0,0,5)
rL = =
circumference 2pr
10 -8 z
=
10p rL
R
= 0.3183 nC m
y
Consider the differential length dL on the ring. O
af
\ dQ = r L dL dL
r=5m
x
And dL = r d f = 5 d f ... in xy plane
Fig. 4.10
dQ = 5 r L df
dQ
\ dV = and R = r 2 + z2
4pe 0 R
5r L df 5 r L df
\ dV = =
4pe 0 5 2 + 5 2 4pe 0 5 2 + 5 2
5 r L df
= ... r = z = 5
4pe 0 50
2p
5r L df 5r L 5 ´ 0.3183 ´ 10 -9 ´ 2p
\ V = ò = ´ [f] 20 p = = 12.7102 V
f= 0
4pe 0 50 4pe 0 50 4p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´ 50
Example 4.7.4
Solution : The ring lies in z = 0 i.e. xy plane as shown in the Fig. 4.11.
Consider the differential surface area dS at point P at a distance of r from the origin.
Hence differential charge dQ is
dQ = r S dS
The dS in the xy plane is r dr df
\ dQ = r S r dr df
TM

dQ r r dr df
\ dV = = S
4 p e0 r 4 p e0 r y
2p R + 1
r S dr df
\ V = ò ò 4 p e0 dS
f= 0 r = R
R+1
rS P
=
4 p e0
[r]RR + 1 [f]20 p rS
r
O x
rS
=
4 p e0
[R + 1 - R][ 2 p ] R
rS z
= V
2 e0
This shows that the potential at the origin Fig. 4.11
due to the ring is independent of the
inner radius R.
Example 4.7.5
Solution : The charge is distributed along a ring so it is a line charge. Let r ¢ = Radius of
ring = 5 m.
Total charge 10 -8 10 -8 – 10
rL = = = = 3.183 × 10 C/m
Circumference 2p r ¢ 10 p
z
The ring is shown in the Fig. 4.12.
Consider the differential length dL ¢ on the
ring at point P. A(0,0,5)
dQ = r L dL ¢
z=5
But dL ¢ = r ¢df = 5 df 2 2
R = Öz +(r')
\ dL¢ = 5 df a f rL
– 10
\ dQ = 3.183 × 10 × 5 df O
x
dQ P
dVA = af
4p e 0 R Ring in
dL'
z = 0 plane
r' = 5 m
where R = Distance between A and
y
P= z 2 + (r ¢) 2 = 50 Fig. 4.12
3.183 ´ 10 -10 ´ 5 df
\ dVA = = 2.0228 df
4p e 0 ´ 50
2p
2p
\ VA = ò 2.0228 df = 2.0228 [f] 0 = 2 p × 2.0228 = 12.7101 V
f= 0
TM

Now the same charge is distributed over a disc of r ¢ = 5 m

Total charge 10 -8 10 -8 – 10 2
\ r = = = = 1.2732 × 10 C/m
S Area p ( r ¢) 2 p ´ 25
z
Let the disc is placed in x-y plane as shown in the
Fig. 4.13 with z-axis as its axis.
A(0,0,5)
Consider differential surface dS ¢ at point P having
radial distance r ¢ from the origin.
dS ¢ = r ¢ dr ¢ df
z
R
dQ = r dS ¢ = r r ¢ dr ¢ df rS
S S
dQ
dVA =
4p e 0 R O x
r' P
r S r ¢ dr ¢ df
= … R = Distance AP
4p e 0 ( r ¢) 2 + z 2 dS'
y
\ VA = ò dVA Fig. 4.13
2p 5
r S r ¢ dr ¢ df
= ò ò …z = 5 m
f= 0 r ¢ = 0 4p e 0 ( r ¢) 2 + 25
2
Put ( r ¢) 2 + 25 = u i.e. 2r ¢ dr ¢ = 2u du
For r ¢ = 0, u1 = 5 and r ¢ = 5, u2 = 50
2p u 2
r S u du df rS u2 2p
\ VA = ò ò 4p e 0 u
=
4pe 0
[u] u [f] 0
1
f= 0 u1
1.2732 ´ 10 -10
= ´ [ 50 - 5] [2p – 0] = 14.8909 V
4p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12
Example 4.8.1
Gaussian
Solution : Consider a sphere of radius R with a surface
uniform charge density r v .
+
+ +
Case 1 : Let point P is outside sphere (r > R). + +
+
R +
The E is directed radially outwards, along a r direction. + + ++ + P
+
+ + + + + E
dS = r 2 sin q dq df a r ... Normal to a r + + + +
×
+ + + + dS
++
\ dy = D d S ... Gauss’s law
= Dr a r × r sinq dq df
2
×a
Charged
= D r r 2 sin q dq df (a r r = 1) sphere
Fig. 4.14
TM

×
2p p
\ y = ò D dS = ò ò D r r 2 sin q dq df = Q
S f= 0 q= 0
Q Q
Solving, Dr = i.e. D = ar
2
4pr 4pr 2
Q
and E = ar ... For r > R
4pe 0 r 2
Now ×
V = - ò E d L and d L = dr a r
×
r r
Q Q
\ V = - ò 2
ar dr a r = - ò 2
dr
r = ¥ 4 pe 0 r r = ¥ 4 pe 0 r
Key Point The limits to be taken against the direction of the E i.e. from r = ¥ to r.
r r
Q 1 Q é- 1 ù Q
\ V = -
4pe 0 ò r2
dr = -
4pe 0 êë r úû r = ¥
+ K =+
4pe 0 r
+ K
r= ¥
Q
At r = ¥, V = 0 i.e. K = 0 hence V=
4pe 0 r
Now total charge contained by sphere is,

4
Q = Volume of sphere ´ r v = pR 3 r v
3
4
pR 3 r v R 3 r
\ V = 3 = v ... r > R ... (1)
4pe 0 r 3re 0
This is potential outside the spherical shell.

Case 2 : Let point P is inside sphere (r < R).
D = D r a r and
Charged
dS = r 2 sin q dq df a r sphere
×
\ dy = D d S = D r r 2 sin q dq df
\ y = Q = ò
S
×
D dS
r
Gaussian
surface
2p p P
= ò ò D r r 2 sin q dq df = 4p r 2 D r R
f= 0 q= 0 E = Erar
Q Q D = Drar
\ Dr = and D = ar
2
4pr 4pr 2 Fig. 4.15
TM

The charge Q enclosed by radius r < R must be considered.
2p p r
4 3
\ Q = ò r v dv = ò ò ò r 2 sin q dr dq df =
3
pr r v
v f= 0 q= 0 r = 0
4 3
pr r v rr v D rr v
\ D = 3 ar = ar i.e. E= = a
4pr 2 3 e0 3e 0 r
\ ×
V = - ò E d L and d L = dr a r
The limits of r are from r = R to r against the direction of E.

r r
rr v -rv ér2 ù -rv
\ V = - ò 3e 0
dr =
3e 0 ê 2 ú
ë ûR
+ K1 =
6 e0
r 2 - R2 ( ) + K1 ... (2)
r= R
R 2r v
From equation (1), for r = R, V =
3 e0
R 2r v
\ = 0 + K1 ... (3)
3 e0
Using in (2),
V=-
rv
(
r 2 - R2 +
R 2r v
) r é R2 - r 2
= v ê
ù
+ R2 ú = (
r v 3R 2 - r 2 ) ... r < R ... (4)
6 e0 3 e0 3 e0 2 6 e0
ë û
Example 4.9.2
Solution : The two line charges are shown in the Fig. 4.16.
Now V = 100 V at the origin O (0, 0, 0). Line 2
z
Let us obtain potential difference VPO
x=1,z=2 P
using standard result.
A(1,y,2)
Case 1 : Line charge 1 Line 1
rL ér ù
\ VPO1 = + ln O1
2pe 0 êë rP1 úû O
(0,0,0)
where rO1 and rP1 are perpendicular y
distances of points O and P from the line
1. The line 1 is parallel to y-axis so do not x=–1, y=2
use y co-ordinates to find rO1 and rP1 . x
\ rO1 = (1 - 0) 2 + ( 2 - 0) 2 = 5 B(–1,2,z)
\ rP1 = (1 - 4) 2 + ( 2 - 3) 2 = 10 Fig. 4.16
TM

rL é 5 ù
\ VPO1 = + ln ê = - 49.8386
2pe 0 ë 10 úû
But VPO1 = VP1 - VO where VO = 100 V
\ – 49.8386 = VP1 - 100
\ VP1 = 50.16 V ... Absolute potential of P due to line charge 1
Case 2 : Line charge 2, which is parallel to z-axis.
Do not consider z co-ordinate to find perpendicular distance.
\ rO2 = ( -1 - 0) 2 + ( 2 - 0) 2 = 5
and rP2 = ( -1 - 4) 2 + ( 2 - 1) 2 = 26
rL é 5 ù
\ VPO2 = ln ê = - 118.5417 V
2pe 0 ë 26 úû
But VPO2 = VP2 - VO where VO = 100 V

\ VP2 = – 118.5417 + 100 = – 18.5417 V
This is absolute potential of P due to line charge 2
\ VP = VP1 + VP2 = 50.16 – 18.5417 = 31.6183 V
Note Students can use the method of using consant C to find absolute potential of P due
to line charge 1 and line charge 2. Adding the two, potential of P can be obtained. The
answer remains same. For reference, the constant C 1 = C 2 = 215.721 for both the line
charges.
Example 4.9.3
Let rL be the infinite line charge at the centre of one of the cylindrical tubes. Then
potential difference due to infinite
0.9 m
line charge is given by,
r r rB
L
VAB = ln B
2p e 0 rA A B
r = 15 cm r = 15 cm
C
r 0. 9
L
\ 2500 = ln
2p e 0 0.15
0.15
–8
V = 750 V
m
\ r = 7.7621 × 10 C/m rA rC = 0.2567 m
L
The point at which VAC = 750 V is
Fig. 4.17
to be obtained.
r r 7.7621 ´ 10 -8 r
L
\ VAC = ln C i.e. 750 = ln C
2p e 0 rA 2p e 0 0.15
\ rC = 0.2567 m
TM

Example 4.9.4
Solution : The various charges are shown in the Fig. 4.18.
z
P(5,6,7) x = –3plane
dS
rS
Q1
C(3,–1,2) y
rL
x
Fig. 4.18
There are three charge configurations.
Case 1 : Point charge Q 1 = 200 p e 0 C at C ( 3, - 1, + 2).
Q1
VP = + C 1 where C 1 = Constant
4 p e0 R1
(5 - 3) 2 + [ 6 - ( -1)] + [7 - 2]2
2
R1 =
\ R 1 = 78 ... Distance between P and C
To find C 1 , V = 0 V at Q (0, 0, 1)
Q1
\ VQ = + C1
4 p e0 R2
where R2 = [0 - 3]2 + [ 0 - ( -1)]2 + [1 - 2]2 = 11

200 p e 0
\ 0 = + C1 i.e. C 1 = – 15.0755
4 p e 0 11
200 p e 0
\ VP = – 15.0755 = – 9.4141 V
4 p e 0 ´ 78
Case 2 : Due to line charge along x axis.

rL rQ
VPQ = ln ... Potential difference
2 p e0 rP
As line charge is along x axis, any point on it (x, 0, 0).
\ rQ = ( 0 - 0) 2 + (1 - 0) 2 = 1 ... ^ Distance from line charge
and rP = ( 6 - 0) 2 + (7 - 0) 2 = 85 ... x not considered

40 p e 0 1
\ VPQ = ln = – 44.4265 V
2 p e0 85
TM

But VPQ = VP - VQ and VQ = 0 V

\ VP = VPQ + VQ = – 44.4265 V ... Absolute potential of P
Case 3 : Surface charge in the plane x = – 3 i.e. parallel to yz plane.
×
A
Note : As E due to infinite surface charge is known use VAB = - ò E d L.
B
rS
So E = a ... a x is normal to yz plane
2 e0 x
Point P is infront of plane as x co-ordinate of P is 5 hence + a x .
dL = dx a x + dy a y + dz a z
\ ×
E dL =
rS
2 e0
dx × ×
... a x a y = a x a z = 0
P
rS
\ VPQ = - ò 2 e0
dx ... Potential between P and Q
Q
xQ = 0 and x P = 5 hence
5
rS 5 rS 5 8e
VPQ = - ò dx = - = - ´ 0 = – 20 V
2 e0 2 e0 2 e0
0
But VPQ = VP - VQ and VQ = 0 V
\ VP = – 20 V ... Absolute potential of P
\ Total VP = – 9.4141 – 44.4265 – 20 = – 73.8406 V
Example 4.12.6
Solution : é ¶V ¶V ¶V ù
E = -Ñ V = -ê ax + ay + az ú
ë ¶x ¶y ¶z û
é ù
¶V ê - ( 2x) ú 8x
= 2 y ( 2x) + 0 - 4 ê ú = 4xy +
¶x
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
êë x + y úû x2 + y 2
é ù
¶V ê -2y ú 8y
= 2x 2 + 0 - 4 ê = 2x 2 +
2ú
¶y
( ) ( )
2 2 2
êë x + y úû x2 + y 2
¶V
= 0 + 20 - 0 = 20
¶z
ìé ù é ù ü
ïê 8x ú ê 8y ú ï
\ E = - í ê 4xy + a + 2x 2 + a + 20 a z ý
2ú x ê 2ú y
ïê
îë (
x2 + y 2 ) úû êë (
x2 + y 2 ) úû ï
þ
TM

\ E at P = - { [- 60 + 0.0268]a x + [72 - 0.0112]a y + 20 a z }

= + 59.9732 a x - 71.9888 a y - 20 a z V/m
\ D at P = E at P ´ e 0 = 0.531 a x - 0.6373 a y - 0.177 a z nC/m 2
Now rv = Ñ· D
and D = e0 E hence (
r v = Ñ · E e0 )
¶E x ¶E y ¶E z
Ñ· E = + +
¶x ¶y ¶z
é ù é ù
¶ ê 8x ú ¶ ê 2 8y ú ¶
= - 4xy + - 2x + - ( 20)
¶x ê 2 ú ¶y ê 2 ú ¶z
êë (
x2 + y 2 ) úû êë (
x2 + y 2 ) ûú
é
( ) (üù é ì 2
) ( ) ( )
üù
ì 2 2
2 2 2
( 8) - 8y 2 x 2 + y 2 ïú
ê ï x +y 8 - 8x 2 x 2 + y 2 ï ú ê ï x + y
ê ï
ê
ê
ï
ï ( 2x) ïïúú ê ï ( 2y) ïïúú
= - 4y + í ý - ê0 + í ýú – 0
ê
(
2 + 2 4
)ïú ê ï (x 2 + y 2 )
4
ï x y ïú
ê ï ïú ê ï ïú
ê ïî ú
ë þï û êë ïî ïþ ú
û
8 32 x 2 8 32 y 2
= - 4y - + - +
(x 2 + y 2 ) (x 2 + y 2 ) (x 2 + y 2 ) (x 2 + y 2 )
2 3 2 3
At P, x = 6, y = – 2.5 and z = 3.
\ Ñ · E = 10 - 4.4816 10 -3 + 0.01527 - 4.4816 ´ 10 -3 + 2.651 ´ 10 -3 = 10.00895
\ [ ]
r v at P = e 0 Ñ · E = 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´ 10.00895 = 88.6193 pC/m 3
Example 4.12.7
2 2
Solution : V = 100 (x – y )
2 2
At (2, – 1, 3), V = 100 [(2) – (– 1) = 300 V
é ¶V ¶V ¶V ù
E = – ÑV = – ê ax + ay + a z ú = – 200 x ax + 200y ay
ë ¶x ¶y ¶z û
\ At (2,– 1, 3), E = – 400 ax – 200 ay V/m
For V = 300 V, the equation of locus is,
300 = 100 (x2 – y2) i.e. x –y
2 2
=3
Example 4.12.8
Solution : The rate means gradient of the scalar.
TM

In cylindrical system, gradient of the scalar in

¶V ¶ 2
i) z direction = a = [r sin 2f] a z = 0 a z
¶z z ¶z
1 ¶V 1 ¶ 2
ii) f direction = a = [r sin 2f] a f = r 2cos2f a f
r ¶f f r ¶f
At r = 2 m and f = 45°, rate 2 ´ 2 ´ cos 90° = 4 a f

Example 4.12.9
100
Solution : V = 100r –3 = … Spherical
r 3 é ¶V 1 ¶V 1 ¶V ù
E = – ÑV = – ê ar + a + a
ë ¶r r ¶q q r sin q ¶f f úû
[
= – –3r –4 ´ 100 a r + 0 + 0 = 300r a r ] 4
At (0.5, 60°, 45°), E = 4800 a r V / m

Example 4.12.10
Solution : V = x 2 y(z + 3) = x 2 yz + 3x 2 y
é ¶V ¶V ¶V ù
i) E = - ÑV = - ê ax + ay + az ú
ë ¶x ¶y ¶z û
= -[(2xyz + 6xy) a x + (x 2 z + 3x 2 ) a y + x 2 y a z ] ... (1)
At (3, 4, – 6) E = - [( -144 + 72) a x + ( -54 + 27) a y + 36 a z ] = 72a x + 27a y - 36a z V m

ii) D = e0 E
é ¶E ¶E y ¶E z ù
\ Ñ · D = Ñ · e 0 E = e 0 ( Ñ · E) = e 0 ê x + + ú ... Use equation (1)
ë ¶x ¶y ¶z û
= e 0 [2yz + 6y + 0 + 0] = e 0 y[2z + 6] = r v
1 1 1
\ Q = ò r v dv = ò ò ò e 0 [2yz + 6y] dx dy dz
v z= 0 y= 0 x= 0
1 1
= ò ò e 0 [2xyz + 6xy] 10 dy dz
z= 0 y= 0
1
1 1 é 2y 2 z 6y 2 ù
1
= e0 ò ò [2yz + 6y] dy dz = e 0 ò ê
2
+
2 ú
ú dz
z= 0 y= 0 z = 0 êë û0
1 1
é z2 ù -12
= e0 ò (z + 3) dz = e 0 ê 2 + 3zú = 3.5 e 0 = 3.5 ´ 8.854 ´ 10 = 30.989 pC
z= 0 ë û0
TM

Example 4.12.11
Solution : The given potential is,
V = 10 y (x 3 + 5) = 10 x 3 y + 50 y
é ¶V ¶V ¶V ù
i) E = - ÑV = - ê ax + ay + az ú
ë ¶x ¶y ¶z û
[ ]
= - 30 x 2 y a x + 50 a y = - 30x 2 y a x - 50 a y
At y = 0, E = - 50 a y V m
é ¶V ¶V ¶V ù
ii) At y = 0, E = - 50 a y = - ê ax + ay + az ú
ë ¶x ¶y ¶z û
¶V
\ = 50 and integrate hence V = 50 y + K
¶y
But y = 0, V = K = constant
This proves that as potential is constant on y = 0 surface, it is equipotential.
iii) For y = 0, E = - 50 a y V m 2 i.e. D = e 0 E = - 50 e 0 a y C m 2
For y = 0, dS = dx dz a y
\ ×
D d S = - 50 e 0 dx dz .... a y ×a y =1
×
1 2
\ Q = ò D dS = ò ò - 50 e 0 dx dz
S z = 0 x= 0
= - 50 e 0 [x]20 [z]10 = - 100 e 0 C = - 0.8854 nC ... charge in the region
Example 4.12.12
é¶ V 1 ¶V 1 ¶V ù
Solution : i) E = -Ñ V= - ê ar + aq + a
ë ¶ r r ¶ f r sin q ¶ f f úû
é 20 1 10 1 10 ù
= - ê- sin q cos f a r + cos f cos q a q + sin q ( - sin f) a f ú
ë r 3 r r 2 r sin q r 2 û
20 10 10
= sin q cos f a r - cos q cos f a q + sin f a f
3 3
r r r3
é 20 10 10 ù
D = e0 E = e0 ê sin q cosf a r - cos q cos f a q + sin f a f ú
ër 3 3 3 û
r r
p p
At point æç 2, , 0ö÷, r = 2, q = and f=0
è 2 ø 2
\ D = 2.5 e 0 a r = 22.135 ´ 10 -12 a r C / m 2
TM

final
ii) W = -Q ò E · dL
initial
final
Now ò E · d L = Potential difference between initial and final
initial
Initial point A (1, 30° , 120° ) and final point B ( 4, 90° , 60° )
B
\ ò E · dL = VAB = VA - VB
A
10 10
VB = V at B = sin q cos f = sin ( 90° ) cos ( 60° ) = 0.3125 V
r2 at B ( 4) 2
10 10
VA = V at A = sin q cos f = sin ( 30° ) cos (120° ) = - 2.5 V
r2 at A (1) 2
\ VAB = VA - VB = - 2.5 - 0.3125 = - 2.8125 V

\ W = - Q VAB = -10 ´ 10 -6 ´ - 2.8125 = 28.125 mJ ... Same as above
Example 4.12.13
æp yö
Solution : a) V = E 0 e - x sin ç ÷
è 4 ø
é¶V ¶V ¶V ù
\ E = -Ñ V = -ê ax + ay + az ú
ë ¶x ¶y ¶z û
¶V æp yö -x
= E 0 sin ç ÷ ( -1) e ... y is constant
¶x è 4 ø
¶V æp yö p
= E 0 e - x cos ç ÷ ... x is constant
¶y è 4 ø4
¶V
= 0 ... z is absent
¶z
é py p py ù
\ E = - ê - E 0 e - x sin a x + E 0 e - x cos a y ú V/m
ë 4 4 4 û
At P ( 0 , 1 , 1) , E = E 0 [0.7071 a x - 0.555 a y ] V/m
b) V = E 0 r cos q
é¶V 1 ¶V 1 ¶V ù
\ E = -Ñ V = -ê ar + aq + a
ë ¶r r ¶q r sin q ¶ f f úû
TM

¶V ¶V ¶V
= E 0 cos q, = - E 0 r sin q, =0
¶r ¶q ¶f
\ E = - E 0 cos q a r + E 0 sin q a q V/m

Convert P ( 0,1, 1) to spherical co-ordinates.
y p z
r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2, f = tan -1 = , q = cos -1 = 45°
x 2 r
\ E = + E 0 [ - 0.7071 a r + 0.7071 a q ] V/m
Example 4.12.14
é ¶V ¶V ¶V ù
Solution : i) E = – Ñ V = – ê ax + ay + az ú
ë ¶x ¶y ¶z û
V = 10 y x3 + 50 y V
\ E = – [30 y x2 a x + (10x3 + 50) a y + 0 a z ]
At y = 0, E = – (10 x3 + 50) a y V/m

ii) E is only in a y direction, E = – (10 x3 + 50) a y
é ¶V ¶V ¶V ù
\ E = –ÑV=–ê ax + ay + az ú
ë ¶x ¶y ¶z û
¶V
Equating the two sides, – (10x3 + 50) = –
¶y
3
Integrating with respect to y, V = 10 x y + 50 y + C
At y = 0, V = C = Constant
Thus as potential is constant along the surface y = 0, it is equipotential surface.
3
iii) dS = dx dz a y , E = – (10x + 50) a y
3
D = e 0 E = – e 0 (10 x + 50) a y
×dS = ×a
1 2
\ Q = òD ò ò - e 0 (10x 3 + 50) dx dz … ay y =1
S z= 0 x= 0
2
é 10 x 4 ù
= – e0 ê + 50 xú [z] 10 = – 1.2395 nC
4
ë û0
Example 4.13.6
Solution : i) The arrangement is shown in the Fig. 4.19.
When Q 1 is positioned, no other charge is present. Hence work done W1 = 0 J.
When Q 2 is placed, Q 1 is present hence work done is,
W2 = Q 2 V2, 1
TM

Q2 Q1 Q Q Q1
= = 1 2
4 p e 0 R 21 4 p e 0 d
When Q 3 is placed, Q 1 and Q 2 are present hence work done is, d d
é Q1 Q2 ù
W 3 = Q 3 V 3, 1 + Q 3 V 3, 2 = Q 3 ê + ú
ë 4 p e R
0 31 4 p e R
0 23 û
Q3 d Q2
Now R 31 = R 23 = d Fig. 4.19
Q3
4 p e0 d [ 1
\ W3 = Q + Q2 ]
1
4 p e0 d [ 1 2
\ WE = W1 + W2 + W 3 = Q Q + Q1 Q 3 + Q2 Q 3 ]
but Q1 = Q2 = Q 3 = Q
3 Q2 Q1 d Q2
\ WE = J
4 p e0 d
Ö2d
––––
2
ii) The arrangement is shown in the Fig. 4.20.
d d
R 12 = d, R 23 = d, R 34 = d, R 41 = d, Ö2d
––––
d 2
–
2d 2
R 31 = 2´ = 2 d = R 24 Q4 Q3
2 d
–
d
–
2 2
For Q 1 which is placed first, W1 = 0.
d
For Q 2 , W2 = Q 2 V2, 1 Fig. 4.20
Q2Q1 Q Q
= = 1 2
4 p e 0 R 21 4 p e 0 d
é Q1 Q2 ù
For Q 3 , W 3 = Q 3 V 3, 1 + Q 3 V 3, 2 = Q 3 ê + ú
ë 4 p e R
0 31 4 p e R
0 32 û
Q1 Q 3 Q2 Q 3
= +
4 p e0 2d 4 p e0 d
For Q 4 , W4 = Q 4 V4, 1 + Q 4 V4, 2 + Q 4 V4, 3

é Q1 Q2 Q3 ù
= Q4 ê + + ú
ë 4 p e 0 R 41 4 p e 0 R 42 4 p e 0 R 43 û
Q1 Q4 Q2 Q4 Q Q
= + + 3 4
4 p e0 d 4 p e0 d 2 4 p e0 d
And Q1 = Q2 = Q 3 = Q4 = Q
Q2 é 1 1 ù
\ WE = W1 + W2 + W 3 + W4 = 1+ +1 +1 + + 1ú
4 p e 0 d êë 2 2 û
TM

5.414 Q 2
\ WE = J
4 p e0 d
Example 4.13.7
R21
Q1 Q2
Ö2d
d = 1m 2
2d
R31 = 2 × = 2 d= 2 m = R42 R41 Ö2d R32
2
2
R21 = R32 = R43 = R41 = 1 m = d d
2
Let Q1 is placed first when all other charges are absent.
Q4 Q3
Hence W1 = 0 J d d
é Q1 ù 2 2
For Q2 W2 = Q2 V21 = Q2 ê ú d
ë 4pe 0 R 21 û
R43
Fig 4.21
For Q3 W3 = Q3 V32 + Q3 V31 = Q3
é Q2 ù é Q1 ù
ê 4p e R ú + Q 3 ê 4p e R ú
ë 0 32 û ë 0 31 û
For Q4 W4 = Q4 V41 + Q4 V42 + Q4 V43

é Q1 ù é Q2 ù é Q3 ù
= Q4 ê
4 p e R ú + Q 4 ê 4p e R ú + Q 4 ê 4p e R ú
ë 0 41 û ë 0 42 û ë 0 43 û
But Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = Q4 = Q = 4 nC
\ W = W 1 + W2 + W3 + W4
Q2 Q2 Q2 Q2 Q2 Q2
= 0+ + + + + +
4p e 0 4p e 0 4p e 2 4p e 0 4p e 2 4p e 0
0 0
Q2 é 2 ù ( 4 ´ 10 -9 ) 2
= êë 4 + = × 5.4142 = 0.7785 µJ
4p e 0 2 úû 4p ´ 8 . 854 ´ 10 -12
Example 4.13.8
10 6 10 6 2 10 12
Solution : E= ar , \ E = , E =
r6 r6 r 12
1 12
2 1 10
\ WE =
2 ò e E dv =
2 ò e
r 12
dv
vol vol
dv = r dr df dz in cylindrical system
z = 0 to 200 mm i.e. 0 to 0.2 m, f = 0 to 2 p and r = 0.05 to 0.1 m.
0.2 2p 0.1
1 1
\ WE =
2
e 10 12 ò ò ò r 12
r dr df dz
z = 0 f = 0 r = 0.05
TM

0.1
1 2p 1
\ WE =
2
(10 e 0 ) 10 12 [z] 0.2
0 [ ]0
f ò dr ... e = 10 e 0
r = 0.05 r 11
0.1
10 13 é r -10 ù
= e 0 ´ 0.2 ´ 2 p ´ ê
2 -10 ú
ë û 0.05
é 1 1 ù
= 55.6313 ´ ê - + ú = 5.691 ´ 10 13 J
10 10
êë 10 ( 0.1) 10 ( 0.05) úû
Example 4.13.9
Solution : V = r 2 z sin f ... Cylindrical system
é¶ V ¶V ¶V ù
\ E = -Ñ V= -ê ar + af + az ú
ë ¶ r r ¶ f ¶ z û
= - é 2 r z sin f a r + r 2 z cos f a f + r 2 sin f a z ù

1
êë r úû
1
WE =
2 ò e 0 | E|2 dv
vol
| E| = 4 r 2 z 2 sin 2 f + r 2 z 2 cos 2 f + r 4 sin 2 f

e0
\ WE =
2
vol
ò [4 r 2
]
z 2 sin 2 f + r 2 z 2 cos 2 f + r 4 sin 2 f dv
dv = r dr df dz
2 p/ 3 4
e0
\ WE =
2 ò
z= - 2 f= 0 r= 1
ò ò [ ]
r 3 4 z 2 sin 2 f + z 2 cos 2 f + r 2 sin 2 f dr df dz
2 p / 3ì 4 2 4 4 6 4 ü
e0 ï 2 2 f é r ù + z 2 cos 2 f é r ù + é r ù sin 2 fï df dz
=
2 ò ò í 4 z sin ê 4 ú ê 4 ú ê 6 ú ý
z= - 2 f = 0ï
î ë û1 ë û1 ë û1 ïþ
2 p/ 3
e0
=
2 ò
z= - 2 f= 0
ò [255 z 2
sin 2 f + 63.75 z 2 cos 2 f + 682.5 sin 2 f ] df dz
p/ 3 ì 3 2
2 ü
e0 ï 2féz ù éz3 ù 2 ï
=
2 ò í 255 sin ê 3 ú + 63.75 ê 3 ú cos 2
f + 682.5 sin 2
f [z] -2 ý df
ï
f = 0î ë û -2 ë û -2 ïþ
p/ 3
e0
=
2 ò
f= 0
[1360 sin 2
f + 340 cos 2 f + 2730 sin 2 f df ]
p/ 3
e0
=
2 ò
f= 0
[4090 sin 2
f + 340 cos 2 f df]
TM

e0 ì p/ 3
1 - cos 2 f p/ 3
1+ cos 2 f üï
ï
=
2 í 4090 ò 2
df + 340 ò 2
dfý
ïî f= 0 f= 0 ïþ
p/ 3
e0 ìï 4090 é sin 2f ù 340 é sin 2 f ù p / 3 üï
=
2 í 2 êë f - 2 úû +
2 êë f +
2 úû f = 0 ýï
îï f= 0 þ
e0 ì p 340 é p ü e
2045 é - 0.433ù + + 0.433ùý = 0 {( 2045 ´ 0.6141) + (170 ´ 1.48019)}
2 íî
=
êë 3 ûú 2 êë 3 ûúþ 2
= 6.6735 nJ
Example 4.13.10
olution : The arrangement is shown in the Fig. 4.22.
When Q1 is positioned, no other charge is present
hence W1 = 0 J. Q1 0.5 Q2 0.5 Q3
When Q2 is placed, Q1 is present. d d

Q2Q1 Q Q
\ W2 = Q2 V2, 1 = = 2 1 Fig. 4.22
4p e 0 R 21 4p e 0 d
2 ´ 10 -9 ´ 2 ´ 10 -9
= = 71.9019 nJ
4p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´ 0.5
When Q3 is placed, both Q1 and Q2 are present.
é Q1 Q2 ù
\ W3 = Q3 V3, 1 + Q3 V3, 2 = Q3 ê + ú
ë 4p e 0 R 31 4p e 0 R 23 û
–9 é 2 ´ 10 - 9 2 ´ 10 - 9 ù
= 2 ´ 10 ê 4p e ´ 1 + 4p e ´ 0.5 ú = 107.8528 nJ
ë 0 0 û
\ WE = W1 + W2 + W3 = 179.755 nJ
Example 4.13.11
Solution : The charges existing at the corners of an equilateral triangle are shown in the
Fig. 4.23.
Q1 = 1 C
When Q 1 is placed, no other charge is present,
\ WE1 = 0 J
When Q 2 is placed, Q 1 is present. 1m 1m
é Q1 ù
\ WE2 = Q 2 V21 = Q 2 ê ú
ë 4 pe 0 R 21 û
Q3 Q2
é 1 ù 2 3C 1m 2C
= 2 ´ ê = J
ë 4 pe 0 ´ 1 úû 4pe 0 Fig. 4.23
When Q 3 is placed, Q 1 and Q 2 both are present,

é Q1 ù é Q2 ù
\ WE3 = Q 3 V 31 + Q 3 V 32 = Q 3 ê ú + Q3 ê ú
ë 4 pe 0 R 31 û ë 4 pe 0 R 32 û
TM

é 1 ù é 2 ù 9
\ WE3 = 3 ´ ê + 3 ´ ê ú = 4pe J
ë 4 pe 0 ´ 1 úû ë 4 pe 0 ´ 1 û 0
2 9
\ WE = WE1 + WE2 + WE3 = 0 + +
4pe 0 4pe 0
11
= = 9.8865 ´ 10 10 J
4p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 - 12
Example 4.13.12
Solution : The potential on the surface of the sphere is,
r s ds 1
V = ò 4pe 0 r = 4pe 0
´ r s ´ ò r sin q dq df
s s
2p p
10 ´ 10 -9
=
4p ´ 8 . 854 ´ 10 -12
ò ò ( 0.1) sin q df
f = 0q = 0
= 89.877 ´ 0.1 ´ [- cos q]p0 [f]20 p = 89.877 ´ 0.1 ´ 2 ´ 2p = 112.9433 V
1
2 ò s ò r s V ds = Q = Total surface charge
\ WE = r V ds but
s s
Q = 4pr 2 ´ r s = 4p ( 0.1) 2 ´ 10 ´ 10 -9 = 1.2566 nC

1
\ WE = ´ 112.9433 ´ 1.2566 ´ 10 -9 = 70.964 nJ
2
Example 4.13.13
Solution : When Q1 = – 1 nC is placed, work done is zero as E = 0, hence W1 = 0 J
When Q2 is placed, there is field of Q1 present.
Q1
\ W2 = Q2 V2, 1 = Q2 ´
4p e 0 R 21
4 ´ 10 -9 ´ ( -1 ´ 10 -9 )
= = – 3.595 ´ 10 -8 J
4p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´ 1
Q2 (0,0,1)
When Q3 is placed, there is field of both Q1 and Q2 is
present.
R23 R21
Q 3Q1 Q 3Q2
\ W3 = Q3 V3,1 + Q3 V3, 2 = +
4p e 0 R 31 4p e 0 R 23
Q1 (0,0,0)
3 ´ 10 -9 é -1 ´ 10 -9 4 ´ 10 -9 ù R31
= ê + ú Q3 (1,0,0)
4p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12 êë 1 1 + 1 úû
… R23 = 1 +1 Fig. 4.24
= 4.93 ´ 10 - 8 J
TM

\ W = W1 + W2 + W3 = 13.35 nJ
Example 4.14.3
Solution : The potential V in terms of dipole moment is,
V =
p ar ×
4 p e0 r 2
Now Q (1, 2, - 4) and P ( 2, 3, 4)

\ r = ( 2 - 1) a x + ( 3 - 2) a y + [ 4 - ( -4)] a z = a x + a y + 8 a z
\ r = 1 + 1 + 64 = 66
r ax +ay + 8az
\ ar = =
r 66
(a x + a y + 8 a z )
\ ×
p ar = ( 3 a x - 5 a y + 10 a z )× 66
3 - 5 + 80 78
= = ´ 10 -9 as p in nCm
66 66
\ V = ×
p ar
=
78 / 66 ´ 10 -9
= 1.3074 V
4 p e0 r 2 ( )
2
4 p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´ 66
Example 4.14.4
Solution : i) The dipole moment is given by,
p = Qd where d = d a z
Here d = Distance between charges = 2 mm

\ p = 3 ´ 10 -6 ´ 2 ´ 10 -3 a z = 6 a z nCm
ii) In spherical system, E is given by,

Qd
E = [2 cos q a r + sin q a q ]
4p e 0 r 3
3 ´ 10 -6 ´ 2 ´ 10 -3
= [2 cos 40º a r + sin 40º a q ] = 10.3275 a r + 4.333 a q V m
4p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´ (2) 3
Example 4.14.5
Solution : The dipole is shown in the Fig. 4.25.
Given P (0.3, 0, 0.4) in cartesian co-ordinates.
\ x = 0.3, y = 0, z = 0.4
\ r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 0.5
TM

z
q = cos - 1 é ù = 36.8698º
z P(r, q, f)
êë r úû (0, 0, 0.1)
r1
y
f = tan - 1 = 0º q r r2
x
d = 0.2 m y
\ Vp =
x
(0, 0, – 0.1)
Fig. 4.25
Q é d cos q ù 1.5 ´ 10 - 9 é 0.2 ´ cos (36.8698º ) ù

ê ú = ê ú = 8.6282 V
4 p e0 ë r 2 û 4p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 - 12 êë (0.5) 2 úû
qqq
TM

5 Current and Conductors
Example 5.2.5
Solution : a) From the continuity equation of current
I = ò
S
×
J dS =
vol
×
ò (Ñ J) dv
As r = 3 m is constant, use surface integral.
dS = r 2 sin q dq df a r ... As J is in a r direction
\ ×
J dS =
100 cos q
( r2 +1 )
r 2 sin q dq df
×
2p p / 6
100 cos q
\ ò J dS = ò ò r 2 sin q dq df
S f= 0 q = 0 ( r2 +1 )
2p p / 6 2p p / 6
100 r 2 2 cos q sin q 100 r 2 sin 2q
\ I = ò ò 2
r +1
´
2
dq df = ò ò 2
r +1
´
2
dq df
f= 0 q= 0 f= 0 q = 0
p/6
é cos 2q ù
100 r 2
= ê - 2 úû [f]20 p and r = 3 m
(
2 r2 +1 ë ) 0
é p ù
50 ´ 9 ê - cos 2 ´ 6 - cos 0 ú
2 ú[ ]
= ´ - 2 p = 70.6858 A
10 ê 2
êë úû
... use radian mode to calculate cos

b) Now r = 10 m and limits for q are 0 to a,
2p a
100 r 2 sin 2q
\ I = ò ò dq df
f= 0 q = 0 (r 2 +1 ) 2
(5 - 1)
TM

Field Theory 5-2 Current and Conductors
a
50 r 2 é cos 2q ù
70.6858 = - [f]20 p ... Same I as before
r 2 + 1 êë 2 úû 0
50 ´ (10) 2 é - cos 2 a - cos 0 ù

2 úû [ ]
\ 70.6858 = ´ê - 2p
(101) ë 2
\ 0.4545 = - cos 2 a + 1 i.e. cos 2a = 0.5455

\ 2a = 56.9411° or 0.9938 rad i.e. a = 28.47° or 0.4969 rad
Example 5.2.6
Solution : From continuity equation,
I = ò
S
×
J dS
For y = 0 plane, the normal vector is a y and hence dS normal to a y is dx dz a y .
×
0.002 0.1 0.002 0.1
\ I = ò ò 10 2 | x| a y dx dz a y = ò ò 10 2 | x| dx dz
z = - 0.002 x = - 0.1 z = - 0.002 x = - 0.1
0.1 0.1
é| x |2 ù
= 10 2 [z] - 0.002 2 ò |x | dx = 2 ´ 100 ´ [0.002 - ( - 0.002) ]´ ê 2 ú
0.002
x= 0 ë û0
(0.1) 2
= 200 ´ 4 ´ 10 -3 ´ = 4 mA
2
Example 5.2.7
Solution : J = 10 r 2 z a r - 4 r cos 2 f a f
I = ò J · dS = ò (Ñ · J) dv
S vol
1 ¶ 1 ¶J f ¶ J z
Ñ· J = (r J r ) + + , J r = 10 r 2 z, J f = - 4r cos 2 f
r ¶r r ¶f ¶z
=
1 ¶
r ¶r
(10 r 3 z) +
1 ¶
r ¶f [ ]
- 4r cos 2 f = 30 r z + 8 sin f cos f
\ I = ò ( 30 r z + 8 sin f cos f) r dr df dz
vol
2. 8 2p 3
= ò ò
z = 2 f = 0 r= 0
ò [ 30 r 2
]
z + 4 r sin 2f dr df dz
2p 3
2. 8 é 30 r 3 z 4 r 2 sin 2f ù
= ò ò ê 3 +
ê 2 ú
ú
df dz
z= 2 f = 0 ë û r=0
TM

2. 8 2p
= ò ò [270 z + 18 sin 2f]df dz
z = 2f= 0
2. 8 2. 8 2. 8
2p é z2 ù
= ò [270 z f + 9 cos 2f] f=0
dz = ò [540 p z dz] = 540 p ê z ú
z =2 z= 2 ë ûz=2
= 3257.203 mA = 3.257 A
Example 5.2.8
Solution : a) J at r = 3, q = 0° and f = p is,
2
J = cos ( 0° ) a r + 20 e - 6 sin 0° a f - 2 sin 0° cos p a f = 0.222 a r A/m 2
( 9)
b) I = ò J · dS
S
dS in a r direction is r 2 sin q dq df a r
\ I = ò
S
[
J · r 2 sin q dq df a r ]= ò S
2
r2
[
cos q r 2 sin q dq df ] ... a r · a r = 1
aq · ar = af · ar = 0
2p 20°
= ò ò 2 cos q sin q dq df
f= 0 q= 0
2p 20° 20°
é - cos 2q ù
= ò ò sin 2 q dq df = êë 2 úû 0 [f]20 p = 0.735 A
f= 0 q= 0
Example 5.2.9
4
Solution : J = cos q a r + 20 e - 2r sin q a q - r sin q cos f a f
r2
Given r = 3, q=0 and f=p
4
\ J = cos 0 a r + 20 e - 2 ´ 3 sin 0 a q - 3 sin 0 cos p a f … sin 0 = 0
32
4 2
\ J = a A/m
9 r
Example 5.2.10
Solution : The current is given by,
I = ò
S
J dS×
Assuming J given in a z direction, dS = r dr df a z
TM

\ ×
J dS =
10 4
r
´ r dr df = 10 4 dr df
2p 4 ´ 10 - 3 -3
\ I = ò ò 10 4 dr df = 10 4 [r]40 ´ 10 [f]20 p
f= 0 r= 0
= 10 4 ´ 4 ´ 10 - 3 ´ 2 ´ p = 80 p A
Example 5.4.3
Solution : (
L = 2000 ft = 2000 ´ 30 ´ 10 -2 ) m = 600 m
V 1.2
E = = = 2 ´ 10 -3 V/m
L 600
a) J = s E = 3.82 ´ 107 ´ 2 ´ 10 -3 = 76.4 kA/m 2
p 2 p
( )
2
b) I = JS = J ´ d = 76.4 ´ 10 3 ´ ´ 20 ´ 10 -3 = 24 A
4 4
V2
c) P = power dissipated = VI = = I 2 R W = 1.2 ´ 24 = 28.802 W
R
Example 5.4.4
Solution : n = 10 29 electrons / m 3 , E = 10 mV/m, s = 5 ´ 107 S/m
i) J = sE = 5 ´ 107 ´ 10 ´ 10 –3 = 500 kA/m 2
p 2 p
ii) Area A = d = ´ (1 ´ 10 –3 ) 2 = 7.854 ´10 –7 m 2
4 4
I = J ´ A = 500 ´ 10 3 ´ 7.854 ´ 10 –7 = 0.3926 A
iii) r e = ne = 10 29 ´ (–1.6 ´ 10 –19 ) = –1.6 ´ 10 10 C/m 3 .
Note that e = Charge on one electron = –1.6 ´ 10 –19 C

Example 5.4.5
Solution : d = 0.8 mm, L = 2 cm, I = 20 A
I I 20
| J| = = = = 39.788 ´ 10 6 A/m 2
S p 2 p - 3 2
d ´ [0.8 ´ 10 ]
4 4
Now | J| = s|E|
|J| 39.788 ´ 10 6
\ | E| = = = 0.686 V/m
s 5.8 ´ 107
And V = EL = 0.686 ´ 2 ´ 10 -2 = 0.0137 V
V 0.0137
R = = = 6.86 ´ 10 -4 W
I 20
Example 5.4.6
Solution : The shells are shown in the Fig. 5.1.
TM

Let charge Q is placed on the inner shell. Hence E due

to Q between the shells is given by,
Q a
E = ar s
4p e 0 r 2
b
While the potential is given by, Fig. 5.1

a a
Q
Vab = - ò E · dL = – ò 4p e 0 r 2
dr …dL = dr a r
b b
a
Q é r -1 ù Q é1 - 1ù
= – =
4p e 0 ê -1 ú 4p e 0 êë a b úû
ë ûb
But voltage Vab = V given hence,
Q é1 1ù 4p e 0 V
\ V = - i.e. Q =
4p e 0 ëê a b ûú é1 - 1ù
êë a b úû
The total current flowing from one shell to other is given by,
I = ò J · dS but J = s E
2
\ I = ò s E · dS … ò dS = 4 p r t
\ Q sQ s 4p V
I = s´ ´ 4pr 2 = =
4p e o r 2 eo é1 - 1ù …Using Q
êë a b úû
The resistance between the shells is given by,

V V 1 æ1 1ö
\ R= = i.e. R= ç - ÷
I ì ü 4p s è a b ø
ïï 4p s V ïï
í ý
ï é 1 - 1 ùï
ïî ëê a b ûú ïþ
When b >> a, 1 1 1
<< i.e. R= … b >> a
b a 4p s a
Example 5.7.2
Solution :
i) M(4, –2, 1) is shown in the Fig. 5.2.
As point M is inside the conducter E = D = 0.
TM

ii) N(–3, 1, 4) is shown in the Fig. 5.2. It is located z

inside the dielectric.
Conductor N
D N = r S i.e. DN = r S a y = 4 a y nC/m 2 M Dielectric
er1 = 3
rS 4 ´ 10 –9 y
EN = = = 150.59 V/m
e 0 e r1 8.854 ´ 10 –12 ´ 3
E tan = D tan = 0
K As per boundary conditions
Fig. 5.2
\ E = EN = 150.59 a y V/m, D = DN = 4 a y nC/m 2
Example 5.7.3
Solution : E = 60 a x + 20 a y – 30 a z
[
D = e 0 E = 8.854 ´ 10 –12 60 a x + 20 a y – 30 a z ]
\ D = 0.531 a x + 0.177 a y – 0.265 a z nC/m 2
DN = D as Dtan = 0 as per boundary conditions
\ r S = DN = D = ( 0.531) 2 + ( 0.177 ) 2 + ( 0.265) 2 = 0.619 nC/m 2
qqq
TM

6 Dielectrics and Capacitance
Example 6.1.4
Solution : For a dielectric medium,
D = e0 eR E where e R = c e + 1 = 4.25 + 1 = 5.25
\ D = 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´ 5.25 ´ 0.15 ´ 10 -3 = 6.9725 ´ 10 -15 C / m 2
and P = c e e0 E
\ P = 4.25 ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´ 0.15 ´ 10 -3 = 5.644 ´ 10 -15 C m 2
Example 6.1.5
Solution : For the dielectric,
P = c e e0 E
Now eR = c e + 1 i.e. c e = e R - 1 = 2.8 – 1 = 1.8
And D = e0 eR E
D 3 ´ 10 -7
\ E = = = 12.101 ´ 10 3 V/m
e 0 e R 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´ 2.8
\ P = 1.8 ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´ 12.101 ´ 10 3 = 1.9285 ´ 10 -7 C / m 2
Example 6.1.6
Solution : c e = 0.12, D = 1.6 n C m 2
P = Polarisation = c e e 0 E
D
= c e e0 where eR = c e + 1
e0 eR
ce D 0.12 ´ 1.6 ´ 10 - 9
\ P = = = 0.1714 nC / m 2
ce +1 1.12
D 1.6 ´ 10 - 9
\ E = = = 161.3475 V/m
e0 eR 8.854 ´ 10 - 12 ´ 1.12
(6 - 1)
TM

Field Theory 6-2 Dielectrics and Capacitance
Example 6.2.5
Solution : The two media are separated by z = 0 plane and ± a z are the directions of
normal to the surface.
D1 = 2 a x + 5 a y - 3 a z nC/m 2
D1 = DN1 + Dtan 1
Normal direction to the surface is ± a z hence the part of D1 in the direction of ± a z is
DN1 .
\ DN1 = -3 a z nC/m 2
\ Dtan 1 = D - DN1 = 2 a x + 5 a y nC/m 2
According to boundary conditions,

DN1 = DN2 = - 3 a z
Dtan 1 e1 e 2ax +5ay 5
while = = r1 i.e. =
Dtan 2 e2 e r2 Dtan 2 2
\ Dtan 2 =
2
5 (2 a x + 5 a y ) = 0.8 a x + 2 a y nC/m 2
\ D2 = DN2 + Dtan 2 = 0.8 a x + 2 a y - 3 a z nC/m 2

z
D1
z>0
er1 = 5
Normal
q1 az
Surface z=0
plane
q2
–az
z<0
er2 = 2
D2
Fig. 6.1
2 2
1 D1 1 D1
Energy density WE1 = =
2 e1 2 e 0 e r1
2
( )
2
çæ ( 2) 2 + (5) 2 + ( -3) 2 ÷ö ´ 10 -9
1 è ø
= ´ = 0.4291 mJ/m 3
2 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´ 5
TM

2
é 0.8 2 + 2 2 + -3 2 ´ 10 -9 ù
2 ( ) ( ) ( )
1 D2 1 êë úû
and WE2 = = = 0.3851 mJ/m 3
2 e2 2 8.854 ´ 10 -12
´2
To find angle of D2 with z axis i.e. - a z is to be obtained by dot product.
\ D2 · ( - a z ) = D2 a z cos q 2
\ [0.8 a x + 2 a y - 3 a z ]· ( - a z ) = ( 0.8) 2 + ( 2) 2 + ( - 3) 2 cos q 2 ... a z = 1
\ + 3 = 3.6932 cos q 2 i.e. q 2 = 35.678°
D tan 2 ( 0.8) 2 + ( 2) 2
Alternatively, tan q 2 = = i.e. q 2 = 35.678°
D N2 3
Now D2 = ( 0.8) 2 + ( 2) 2 + ( - 3) 2 = 3.6932
D1 = ( 2) 2 + (5) 2 + ( -3) 2 = 6.1644

D2 3.6932
\ = = 0.599
D1 6.1644
D
P = c e e0 E = c e e0
( c e + 1) e 0
As D = ( c e + 1) e 0 E
(c e )
\ P = D But eR = c e + 1
( c e + 1)
( e R - 1)
\ P = D
eR
P2 e R2 - 1 e 1
\ = ´ D2 ´ R1 ´
P1 e R2 e R1 - 1 D
1
( 2 - 1) 5
= 0.599 ´ ´ = 0.3743
2 (5 - 1)
Example 6.2.6
Solution : E1 = 100 a x + 80 a y + 60 a z
At boundary, E1 = Etan 1 + EN1
Now EN1 is projection of E1 in the normal direction, given by the dot product.
\ EN1 = [ E1 ×a N12 ] a N 12
TM

é
(
= ê 100 a x + 80 a y + 60 a z
ë
)×æçè - 72 a x + 73 a y + 76 a z ö÷ø ùúû a N12 …
= ( - 28.57 + 34.285 + 51.428 ) a N12 = 57.143 a N12
\ EN1 = – 16.326 a x + 24.489 a y + 48.979 a z V/m
\ Etan 1 = E1 - EN1 = 116.326 a x + 55.511 a y + 11.021 a z V/m
EN1 e
At the boundary, Etan 2 = Etan 1 and = 2
EN2 e1
e1 3 e0
\ EN2 = EN1 = E = 1.5 EN1
e2 2e 0 N1
\ E2 = Etan 2 + EN2 = Etan 1 + 1.5 EN1 = 91.837 a x + 92.245 a y + 84.489 a z V/m

Example 6.2.7
Solution : The arrangement is shown in the Fig. 6.2. z
E1 = 5 a x – 2 a y + 3 a z kV/m
z>0
i) The normal directions to the plane z = 0 are ± a z . er1 = 4 az
a1
q1 E1 N1
E
\ EN1 = 3 a z , Etan 1 = 5 a x – 2 a y z=0
q2
z<0
From boundary conditions, E2 a2 EN2 Etan1
er2 = 3
Etan 1 = Etan 2 = 5 a x – 2 a y – az
Etan2
E N1 e 3 4
= r2 = i.e. EN2 = E = 4 az
E N2 e r1 4 3 N1
Fig. 6.2
\ E2 = EN2 + Etan 2
= 5 a x – 2 a y + 4 a z kV/m
E N1 3
ii) tan q 1 = = i.e. q 1 = 29.12º …with interface
E tan1 25 + 4
E N2 4
tan q 2 = = i.e. q 2 = 36.6º …with interface
E tan2 25 + 4
1 1
iii) WE1 = e 1| E1|2 = ´ 4 ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´ ( 25 + 4 + 9) 2 ´ 10 6
2 2
3
= 672.904 µJ/m
1 1
WE2 = e | E |2 = ´ 3 ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´ ( 25 + 4 + 16) 2 ´ 10 6
2 2 2 2
3
= 597.645 µJ/m
iv) Cube is at (3, 4, – 5) i.e. z = – 5 hence it is in the region z < 0 with e r1 = 3.
Volume of cube = 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 = 8 m3
\ Energy in cube = WE2 ´ volume = 597.645 ´ 8 = 4.781 mJ
TM

Example 6.2.8
Solution : The normal direction to the y = 0, plane is a y hence out of E 2 , 12 a y is the
normal component of E 2 .
\ E N2 = 12 a y V/m
E1
But E 2 = E tan 2 + E N2
\ E tan 2 = 5 a x + a z V m er1 = 4
y=0
At the boundary of perfect dielectrics, er2 = 1
E tan 1 = E tan 2 = 5 a x + a z V m
E N1 e E N1 1
and = r2 i.e. =
E N2 e r1 12 a y 4
E2 = 5ax + 12ay + az
\ E N1 = 3 a y
Fig. 6.3
\ E1 = E tan 1 + E N1
= 5 a x + 3 a y + a z V m.
Example 6.6.4
Solution : r S = 2 mC / m 2 , A = 1 m 2 , Gradient = 105 V/m, d = 1 mm
Q = r S ´ A = 2 ´ 10 –6 C
V V
Gradient = i.e. 105 = i.e. V = 100 V
d 1 ´ 10 –3
Q 2 ´ 10 –6
\ C = = = 20 nF
V 100
Example 6.6.5
The e r varies linearily from e r1 to e r2 . The equation
for this linear behaviour is, d
x=0 x=d
er = K x + A
At x = 0, e r = e r1 er varies
linearily
\ A = e r1
At x = d, e r = e r2 er1 er2
er 2 - er 1
\ e r2 = K d + e r1 i.e. K= Fig. 6.4
d
é e - er 1 ù
\ er = ê r 2 ú x + er 1
ë d û
Let the plate at x = 0 carries positive charge.
TM

+rS
\ E1 = ax ... Due to plate at x = 0
2e
-rS
while E2 = (- a x ) ... Due to plate at x = d
2e
rS
\ E = E1 + E2 = a ... Between the plates
e x
× × dx a
+ x= 0
rS
V = - ò E dL = - ò a ... e = e 0 e r
e x x
- x= d
x = 0
= -
x = d
ò
rS
é æ e r2 - e r1 ö ù
x + e r1 ú e 0
dx ... a x ×a x =1
ê çè d ÷
ø
ë û
x= 0
rS ì æ e - e r1 ö ü d
= - ln í ç r2 ÷ x + e r1 ý ´
e0 îè d ø þx = d ( e r2 - e r1 )
rS d
e 0 ( e r2 - e r1 ) [
= - ln {e r1} - ln {e r2 - e r1 + e r1} ]
-rS d ée ù rS d ée ù
= ln r1 = ln ê r2 ú
e 0 [e r2 - e r1 ] êë e r2 úû e 0 ( e r2 - e r1 ) ë e r1 û
And Q = rS A
Q rS A e 0 ( e r2 - e r1 ) A
\ C= = i.e. C = F
V rS d æe ö æe ö
ln ç r2 ÷ d ln ç r2 ÷
e 0 ( e r2 - e r1 ) è e r1 ø è e r1 ø
Example 6.6.6
The e r varies linearily from 4 to 8, along x direction. er1 = 4 er2 = 8
The equation for linear behaviour is,
er = K x + C
+ E –
At x = 0, e r = e r1 = 4 + –
\ 4 = 0+C + –
x
+
\ C = 4 –
At x = 0.01, e r = e r2 = 8
1 cm
\ 8 = 0.01 K + 4 z x=0 x = 1 cm
x = 0.01 cm
\ K = 400
Fig. 6.5
TM

\ e r = 400 x + 4 … (1)
Now let plate at x = 0 carries positive charge.
+rS
\ E1 = a ... Due to plate at x = 0
2e x
-rS
And E2 =
2e
(- a x ) ... Due to plate at x = 0.01
rS
\ E = E1 + E2 = a ... Between the plates
e x
+ 0
rS
\ V = - ò E · dL = - ò a · dx a x
e x
- x = 0.01
and e = e 0 e r = e 0 [400 x + 4] ... From (1)

0 0
rS r 1
\ V = - ò e 0 ( 400 x + 4)
dx = - S
e0 ò 400 x + 4
dx
x = 0.01 x = 0.01
= -
rS [ln 400 x + 4]00.01 = -rS
ln é ù
4
e0 400 400 e 0 êë 8 ûú
- r S ( - 0.6931)
= = 195.715 ´ 10 6 r S V
-12
400 ´ 8.854 ´ 10
And Q = rS A
Q rS A
\ C = = ... A = 12 cm 2
V 195.715 ´ 10 6 r
S
12 ´ 10 -4
= = 6.1313 pF
195.715 ´ 10 6
Example 6.6.7
Solution : er = 2.55, E = 10 kV/m, d = 1.5 mm
– 12 3
i) D = e 0 e r E = 8.854 × 10 × 2.55 × 10 × 10
–7 2
= 2.2577 × 10 C/m
–7 2
\ r S = D = 2.2577 × 10 C/m
V 3 V
ii) E = i.e. 10 × 10 =
d 1.5 ´ 10 -3
\ V = 15 V
Example 6.6.8
A = 100 cm , d = 2 mm, C = 2 ´ 10 -4 mF, V = 20 kV
2
Solution :
Q Q
a) C = i.e. 2 ´ 10 -4 ´ 10 -6 =
V 20 ´ 10 3
TM

\ Q = 4 mC
The flux is same as the charge
\ y = Q = 4 mC
V 20 ´ 10 3 10 ´ 10 3 kV
b) E = = = 10 ´ 10 6 V/m = = 100 kV/cm
d 2 ´ 10 -3 100 cm
e0 er A 8.854 ´ 10 -12 e r ´ 100 ´ 10 -4

c) C = i.e. 2 ´ 10 -4 ´ 10 -6 =
d 2 ´ 10 -3
\ e r = 4.5177
Q 4 ´ 10 -6
= 4 ´ 10 -4 C/m
2
d) D = rS = =
A 100 ´ 10 -4
Example 6.6.9
Solution : A = 1 cm 2 = 1 ´ 10 - 4 m 2 , d = 1 cm = 1 ´ 10 - 2 m, e r = 6, e 0 = 8.854 ´ 10 - 12
For parallel plate capacitor,

eA e e A 6 ´ 8.854 ´ 10 - 12 ´ 1 ´ 10 - 4
C = = r 0 = = 0.5312 pF
d d 1 ´ 10 - 2
Example 6.7.2
Solution : The D field between the plates in cylindrical co-ordinates is of the form
D = D f a f where D f depends only on r.
Let plate at f = 0º is V = 0 and plate at f = aº is V = Vo.
a
æ Df ö
Vo = – ò E · d L = – ò ç a f ÷ · (rdf a f )
è e ø
f= 0
–D f r a –D f ra
=
e ò df = e
Where e = e 0 e r
f= 0
eVo
\ Df = –
ra
The charge density on the plate f = a is
eVo
r S = D n = –D f =
ra
The total charge on the plate is,
L r2
e Vo eVo L r2
Q = ò r S ds = ò ò ra
dr dz =
a
ln
r1
z = 0 r = r1
Q e L r2
\ C = = ln
Vo a r1
TM

Example 6.8.4 – –
er µ1
–r
Solution : The arrangement is shown in the Fig. 6.6. +
1 – +
As e r µ , the standard formula for spherical capacitor +
r –
5 cm
can not be used. + +
In spherical conductor E at a radial distance r is given – –
+ +
by, 10 cm
Q – –
E = ar V m
4 p er2 Fig. 6.6
+
\ V = - ò E · dL
-
r = 5 cm
Q
= - ò 4 p er2
a r · dr a r ... Note e = e 0 e r
r = 10 cm
r = 0.05 0.05
Q 1 Q 10
= -
4 p e0 ò é 0.1 ù r2
dr = -
4 p e0 ò r
dr
r = 0.1 r = 0.1
êë r úû
10 Q 10 Q
ln é
0.05 ù
= -
4 p e0 {ln [r]}0.05
0.1
= -
4 p e 0 êë 0.1 ûú
... Q = 1 mC
= 62.298 kV
Q 1 ´ 10 -6
And C = = = 16.051 pF
V 62.298 ´ 10 3
Example 6.8.5
Solution : i) The capacitance of a single isolated sphere is,
1.5
C = 4pea ... e = e 0 , a = = 0.75 m
2
= 4 p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 - 12 ´ 0.75 = 83.447 pF
ii) For co-axial cable,
2p e L
C = where, L = 1.5 m, e r = 2.26, a = 0.6 mm, b = 3.5 mm
ln é bù
êë a úû
2p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 - 12 ´ 2.26 ´ 1.5 b = 1.5 mm

C = = 106.935 pF
ln é 3.5 ù
êë 0.6 úû
iii) Consider the cylindrical conductor suspended above the h = 15 m
conducting plane as shown in the Fig. 6.7.

Plane
Fig. 6.7
TM

Field Theory 6 - 10 Dielectrics and Capacitance
The capacitance of this arrangement is given by,
C 2pe
=
L
cosh -1 æç ö÷
h
è bø
e = e 0 , h = 15 m, b = 1.5 ´ 10 - 3 m
C 2p ´ 8.854 ´ 10 - 12
\ = = 5.6173 pF m
L æ 15 ö
cosh - 1 ç ÷
è 1.5 ´ 10 - 3 ø
Example 6.9.4 Kept this unsolved example for students practice.
Example 6.9.5 W W
2 2 L
Solution : The equivalent arrangement is two
capacitors connected in parallel, as shown in
the Fig. 6.8.
W
For C 1 , A 1 = ´L C1 C2
2
W
e 1A 1 e1 L
C1 = = 2
d d
W Fig. 6.8
For C 2 , A 2 = ´L
2
W
e2 A 2 e2 L
C2 = = 2
d d
e WL e 2 WL
\ C eq = C 1 + C 2 = 1 + … Parallel capacitors
2d 2d
WL
\ C eq = (e + e 2 ) … Required capacitance
2d 1
Example 6.9.6
Solution : Area A = W ´ L is common to both
the capaciters. The equivalent arrangement is
two capacitors in series as shown in the Fig. 6.9. A=W´L
e A e A
C1 = 1 while C 2 = 2 d e1 C1
d d
where A = W´L
d e2 C2
The equivalent capacitance of the
e 1A e 2 A
C1C2 ´ Fig. 6.9
C eq = = d d
C1 + C2 e 1A e 2 A
+
d d
TM

A
e 1e 2
= d
e1 + e2
æç A ö÷
è dø
\ C eq = … Required capacitance
é1 1 ù
êë e 1 + e 2 úû
Example 6.9.7
Solution : For Fig. 6.9.7 (a) there are two capacitors in series.
e 1A e2 A
C1 = and C2 =
( d 2) ( d 2)
Where A = S = 20 cm2, d = 2 mm, e r 1 = 4, e r2 = 6
4 ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12
\ C1 = ´ 20 ´ 10 -4 = 70.832 pF
æ 2 ´ 10 -3 ö
ç ÷
è 2 ø
6 ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12
\ C2 = ´ 20 ´ 10 -4 = 106.248 pF
æ 2 ´ 10 -3 ö
ç ÷
è 2 ø
C1C2
\ Ceq = = 42.5 pF
C1 + C2
For Fig. 6.9.7 (b) there are two capacitors in parallel. The area of plates becomes half for
each i.e. S 2 = 10 cm 2 . S/2
S/2
e 1 ( S 2) 4 ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´ 10 ´ 10 -4
\ C1 = = = 17.708 pF
d ( 2 ´ 10 -3 ) C1 C2
e 2 ( S 2) 6 ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´ 10 ´ 10 -4
d
\ C2 = = = 26.562 PF
d ( 2 ´ 10 -3 )
w/2 w/2
\ Ceq = C 1 + C 2 = 44.27 PF Fig. 6.10
Example 6.9.8
Solution : a) The arrangement is three capacitors in series.
3 ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´ 20 ´ 10 -4
C3 =
0.4 ´ 10 -3
= 132.81 pF
2 ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´ 20 ´ 10 -4
C2 = = 118.053 pF
0.3 ´ 10 -3
TM

1 ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´ 20 ´ 10 -4
C1 = = 88.54 pF
0.2 ´ 10 -3
C3 = eR3 e0 A/d3
1 1 1 1
\ = + + hence Ceq = 36.6372 pF
C eq C1 C2 C 3
C2 = eR2 e0 A/d2
b) Let the supply voltage be V.
1
\ ET = Total energy = C V2
2 eq C1 = eR1 e0 A/d1
1 1 1
E1 = C V2, E2 = C 2 V22 , E3 = C 3 V 32
2 1 1 2 2
For capacitors in series, Q = C1 V1 = C2 V2 = C3 V3 = Ceq V Fig. 6.11
1 Q2 1Q2 1 Q2 1 Q2
\ ET = , E1 = , E2 = , E3 =
2 C eq 2 C1 2 C2 2 C3
C eq
% Energy stored in region 1 = ´ 100 = 41.3792 %
C1
C eq
C2
C eq
C3
Example 6.9.9
er2 = 6
Fig. 6.12. Wood
d 2 = 0.002 m d2
Air
d = d 1 + d 2 = 0.01 m d1
\ d 1 = 0.01 – 0.002 = 0.008 m

er1 = 1
e r2 = 6 e r1 = 6 Fig. 6.12
A = 1 m2
e1 A e2 A
C1 = and C2 = and two are in series.
d1 d2
e 0 e r1 A 8.854 ´ 10 - 12 ´ 1 ´ 1
\ C1 = = = 1.1067 ´ 10 - 9 F
d1 0.008
e 0 e r2 A 8.854 ´ 10 - 12 ´ 6 ´ 1
\ C2 = = = 26.562 ´ 10 - 9 F
d2 0.002
C1 C2 1.1067 ´ 10 - 9 ´ 26.562 ´ 10 - 9
\ C eq = =
C1 + C2 1.1067 ´ 10 - 9 + 26.562 ´ 10 - 9
= 1.0624 ´ 10 - 9 F = 1.0624 nF
TM

Example 6.10.5
Solution : The arrangement is shown in the +
C1 C2 Veq = Voltage
Fig. 6.13. –
between
Initially when C 1 is charged to 100 V d.c., the the plates
energy stored is,
1 1 Fig. 6.13
E = C V 2 = ´ 4 ´ 10 - 3 ´ 100 2 = 20 J
2 1 2
This energy must remain same while voltage across the two must be same as Veq . So total
energy in the new arrangement is,
1 1 1 2 + 1 ´ 10 - 3 ´ V 2
E = C V2 + C V2 i.e 20 = ´ 4 ´ 10 - 3 Veq
2 1 eq 2 2 eq 2 2 eq
2
\ Veq = 6666.6667 i.e. Veq = 81.6496 V ... Potential between the plates
Example 6.10.6
Solution : The capacitor is shown in the Fig. 6.14.
x
w
d L–x er C1 C2
Dielectric
L slab
(a) (b)
Fig. 6.14
There are two capacitors in parallel.

e A e (L – x)W e e A e e xW
C1 = 0 1 = 0 , C2 = 0 r 2 = 0 r
d d d d
e 0 (L – x)W e 0 e r xW e 0 W
d [
\ C eq = C 1 + C 2 = + = L+ x( e r – 1) ]
d d
1
U = Energy stored in capacitor = CV 2
2
1 e0 W
d [
\ U = ´ L+ x( e r – 1) ]V 2 … V = Voltage
2
V
But E = i.e. V = Ed
d
1 e0 W 2 2
\ U = E d [ L+ x( e r – 1) ]
2 d
dU
|F| = Force acting on the dielectric =
dx
d ì1 e0 W 2 2 ü
E D [ L+ x( e r – 1) ]ý
dx íî 2 d
=
þ
1
= e WE 2 d( e r – 1) … Proved.
2 0
TM

Example 6.10.7
Solution : V = 100 V, 44.21 mJ/unit area is energy.
For a parallel plate capacitor,
e A 1
C = 0 and E= C V2
d 2
1 e0 A 2 E 1 e0
\ E = V i.e. = V2
2 d A 2 d
E
But = Energy per unit area
A
1 8.854 ´ 10 - 12
\ 44.21 ´ 10 - 6 = ´ ´ (100) 2
2 d
\ d = 1.0013 mm ... Seperation between plates
Example 6.10.8
2
Solution : A = 50 ´ 50 cm , V = 250 V, d 1 = 1 mm, e r = 1
e0 A 8.854 ´ 10 –12 ´ 50 ´ 50 ´ 10 –4
\ C1 = = = 2.2135 ´ 10 –9 F
d1 1 ´ 10 –3
\ Q = C 1 V = 2.2135 ´ 10 –9 ´ 250 = 5.5337 ´ 10 –7 C
1
E 1 = Energy stored = C V 2 = 6.9171 ´ 10 –5 J
2 1
When separation is increased to 3 mm i.e. d2 = 3 mm
e0 A 8.854 ´ 10 –12 ´ 50 ´ 50 ´ 10 –4
\ C2 = = = 7.3783 ´ 10 –10 F
d2 3 ´ 10 –3
The charge remains same

Q 5.5337 ´ 10 –7
\ V¢ = = = 750 V
C2 7.3783 ´ 10 –10
1
E 2 = energy stored = C ( V 1 ) 2 = 2.075 ´ 10 –4 J
2 2
\ Work done = E 2 – E 1 = 1.3834 ´ 10 –4 J = 138.34 mJ
Example 6.10.9
2
Solution : d = 5 mm, S = 80 cm , e r = 10
e S 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´ 10 ´ 80 ´ 10 -4
i) C = = = 141.664 pF
d 5 ´ 10 -3
Q – 12
ii) C = i.e. Q = CV = 141.664 ´ 10 ´ 50 = 7.0832 nC
V
V 50 2
E = = = 10 kV/m, D = e 0 e r E = 0.8854 µC/m
d 5 ´ 10 -3
TM

1 1
WE = CV2 = ´ 141.664 ´ 10– 12 ´ (50)2 = 0.17708 µJ
2 2
iii) Though source is disconnected and the dielectric is removed, Q on the surface remains
same
Q 7.0832 ´ 10 -9 2
\ Q = 7.0832 nC, D = r S = = = 0.8854 µC/m
S 80 ´ 10 - 4
D 0.8854 ´ 10 -6
E = = = 100 kV/m … e r = 1 as dielectric removed
e0 8.854 ´ 10 -12
Q 2 1 Q2
CV2 = C é ù =
1 1
WE =
2 2 êë C úû 2 C
e 0 S 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´ 80 ´ 10 -4
But C = = = 14.1664 pF
d 5 ´ 10 -3
1 (7.0832 ´ 10 -9 ) 2
\ WE = = 1.7708 µJ
2 14.1664 ´ 10 -12
Q 7.0832 ´ 10 -9
iv) V = = = 500 V
C 14.1664 ´ 10 -12
Example 6.10.10
Solution : A = 1 m 2 , d = 1 mm, e r = 25, V = 1000 V
eA e e A 8.854 ´ 10 - 12 ´ 25 ´ 1
C = = 0 r = = 221.35 nF
d d 1 ´ 10 - 3
\ Q = CV = 221.35 ´ 10 - 9 ´ 1000 = 2.2135 ´ 10 - 4 C
eA
For the plate separation 'x', the capacitor is C = .
x
For the fixed voltage V across the plates,
¶Q ¶(CV) ¶C
V = V = V2
¶x ¶x ¶x
1
While the energy stored in a capacitor WE = CV 2
2
¶WE ¶ é 1 CV 2 ù = 1 V 2 ¶C
\ =
¶x ¶x êë 2 úû 2 ¶x
The force between the plates is given by,

¶WE ¶Q 1 ¶C ¶C
F = - + V = - V2 + V2
¶x ¶x 2 ¶x ¶x
1 2 ¶C eA
= V but C =
2 ¶x x
¶C - eA
\ =
¶x x2
TM

1 2 eA
\ F = - V
2 x2
(1000) 2 ´ 8.854 ´ 10 - 12 ´ 25 ´ 1
\ F = - = – 110.675 N ... x = d = 1 mm
2 ´ (1 ´ 10 - 3 ) 2
Example 6.10.11
Solution : The four cases are shown in the Fig. 6.15.
C1, V1
100 mF V1 V2
50 mF
C1 C2 C1 C2
C2, V2
+ – + 1000 V –
1000 V
+ – + –
1000 V 1000 V
C 1 C2 V is same for both
Ceq = C1 = 100 mF Ceq = C2 = 50 mF Ceq = = 33.33 mF
C1 + C2
\ V1 = V2 = 1000 V
1 2 1 2
E= C V = 50 kJ E= C V = 25 kJ Q = Ceq V = 33.333 C
2 1 2 2 Ceq = C1 + C2 = 150 mF
Q
V1 = = 333.333 V 1 2
C1 E= Ceq V
2
Q
V2 = = 666.666 V = 75 kJ
C2
1 2
E= Ceq V
2
= 16.666 kJ
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Fig. 6.15
Example 6.10.12
Fig. 6.16.
+
Initially when C 1 is charged to 100 V d.c., the C1 C2 Veq = Voltage
–
energy stored is, between
the plates
1 1
E = C V 2 = ´ 4 ´ 10 - 3 ´ 100 2 = 20 J Fig. 6.16
2 1 2
This energy must remain same while voltage across the two must be same as Veq . So total
energy in the new arrangement is,
1 1
E = C V2 + C V2
2 1 eq 2 2 eq
1 2 + 1 ´ 10 - 3 ´ V 2
\ 20 = ´ 4 ´ 10 - 3 Veq eq
2 2
2 =6666.6667
\ Veq
\ Veq =81.6496 V ... Potential between the plates
qqq
TM

7 Poisson’s and
Laplace’s Equations
Example 7.2.4
2 3
Solution : V = 2 xy z
\ VP = 2 × 1 × (3)2 × (– 1)3 = – 18 V
The Laplace's equation is Ñ 2 V = 0
¶2V ¶2V ¶2V ¶ ¶ ¶
Ñ2V = + + = [2y 2 z 3 ] + [4xyz 3 ] + [6xy 2 z 2 ]
¶x 2 ¶y 2 ¶z 2 ¶x ¶y ¶z
3 2
= 0 + 12 xz + 12 xy z
As Ñ 2 V ¹ 0, the given V does not satisfy Laplace's equation.
Example 7.2.5
Solution : Find Ñ 2 V
1 ¶ é 2 ¶ Vù 1 ¶ é ¶ Vù 1 ¶2V
Ñ2V = ê r + sin q +
r2 ¶ r ë ¶ r úû r 2 sin q ¶ q êë ¶ q úû r 2 sin 2 q ¶ f 2
1 ¶ é 2 ( -2) ù 1 ¶ é 50 ù
= ê r ´ 50 sin q ú+ 2 ê sin q ´ 2 ´ cos q ú + 0
r 2 ¶ r ë 3
r û r sin q ¶ q ë r û
1 ¶ é -100 sin q ù 1 ¶ é 50 sin q cos q ù
= +
2 ê
r ¶r ë r û r sin q ¶ q êë
ú 2
r2
ú
û
æ 1 ö 1 ¶ é 50
´ sin 2q ù
1 1
= ( -100 sin q) ç - ÷ + ´
r2 è r 2 ø r 2 sin q r 2 ¶ q êë 2 úû
+100 sin q 1 100 sin q 1

= + ´ 25 ´ 2 cos 2q = + ´ 50 [1 - 2 sin 2 q]
r4 r4 sin q r4 r4 sin q
100 sin q 50 100 sin q 50
= + - = ¹0
4 4 4
r r sin q r r4 sin q
Hence given potential field does not satisfy Laplace’s equation.
(7 - 1) TM

Field Theory 7-2 Poisson's and Laplace's Equations
Example 7.2.6
Solution : The potential due to dipole is given by,
Q d cos q K cos q Qd
V = = …K= = Constant
4pe 0 r 2 r2 4pe 0
According to Laplace's equation in spherical system,

1 ¶ æ 2 2 ö 1 ¶ æ K ö
Ñ2V = ç r ´ K cos q ´ - 3 ÷ + 2 ç sin q ´ 2 ´ sin q ÷ + 0
r ¶r è
2 r ø r sin q ¶q è r ø
1 ¶ é - 2 K cos q ù 1 ¶ æ K sin 2 q ö
= ê ú + ç ÷
r2 ¶r ë r û r 2 sin q ¶q è r 2 ø
1 1 1 K
= ´ - 2 K cos q ´ - + ´ ´ 2 sin q ( - cos q)
r2 r2 r 2 sin q r2
2 K cos q 2 K cos q
= - = 0
r4 r4
This shows that potential due to electric dipole satisfies Laplace's equation.
Example 7.2.7
Solution : In cartesian system let the vector A is,
A = A x ax + A y ay + A z az
Ñ2A = Ñ2A x a x + Ñ2A y a y + Ñ2A z a z
\ ( ) [
L.H.S. = Ñ · Ñ 2 A = Ñ · Ñ 2 A x a x + Ñ 2 A y a y + Ñ 2 A z a z ]
¶ Ñ2 A x ¶Ñ 2 A y ¶ Ñ2 A z
= + +
¶x ¶y ¶z
¶ é¶ A y ù
2
¶ é ¶2A x ù ¶ é ¶2A z ù
= ê ú + ê ú + ê ú
¶x êë ¶x 2 úû ¶y ê ¶y 2 ú ¶z êë ¶z 2 úû
ë û
é ¶A x ¶A y ¶A z ù
(
R.H.S. = Ñ 2 Ñ · A = Ñ 2 ê ) + +
¶z úû
ë ¶x ¶y
¶ 2 é ¶A x ù ¶ 2 é ¶A y ù ¶ 2 é ¶A z ù
= ê ú + ê ú + ê ú
¶x 2 ë ¶x û ¶y 2 ë ¶y û ¶z 2 ë ¶z û
¶ é¶ A y ù
2
¶ é ¶2A x ù ¶ é ¶2A z ù
= ê ú + ê ú + ê ú = L.H.S. ... Proved
¶x êë ¶x 2 úû ¶y ê ¶y 2 ú ¶z êë ¶z 2 úû
ë û
Example 7.4.9
Solution : The spherical shells are shown in the Fig. 7.1.
The E is in radial direction and hence V is also the function of r alone and independent of
q and f.
TM

1 ¶ æ 2 ¶V ö
\Ñ2V = çr ÷ = 0 ... Laplace's equation r = 0.2m
r 2 ¶r è ¶r ø
¶ æ 2 ¶V ö
\ çr ÷ = 0 r = 0.1m
¶r è ¶r ø e0
¶V
Integrating, r2
¶r
= ò 0 + C1 = C1 ... (1) V = 100 V
¶V C
\ = 1 Fig. 7.1
¶r r2
C1 C1
Integrating, V = ò r2
dr + C 2 = -
r
+ C 2 ... (2)
At r = 0.1 m, V = 0 and r = 0.2 m, V = 100 V

C1 C1
\ 0 = - + C2 and 100 = - + C2
0.1 0.2
Solving, C1 = 20, C2 = 200
20
\ V = - + 200 V
r
¶V ¶ ì æ 1 öü
a r = - é- + 200ù a r -í -20 ç - ÷ý a r
20
Hence E = -ÑV = -
¶r ê
¶r ë r ú
û î è r 2 øþ
20
\ E = - a r V/m
r2
- 20 e 0 - 177.08
\ D = e0 E = a r pC/m 2
ar =
r 2 r2
Note that as outer shell is at higher potential, E is directed from outer to inner shell and
hence in - a r direction.
Example 7.4.10
Solution : The potential is changing with respect to y only hence,
¶2V
Ñ2 V = =0 ... Laplace's equation
¶ y2
Integrating twice, V = C 1 y + C 2
é¶ V ¶V ¶V ù
\ E = -Ñ V = - ê ax + ay + a z ú = - C1 a y
ë ¶ x ¶ y ¶ z û
2
\ D = e 0 E = - C 1 e 0 a y C/m
253 ´ 10 -9 = - C 1 e 0
2
But given D = 253 a y N C/m i.e
TM

253 ´ 10 - 9
\ C1 = - = - 28.574 ´ 10 -3
- 12
8.854 ´ 10
At y = 0.01 m, V = 0 i.e. 0 = - 28.574 ´ 10 3 ´ 0.01 + C 2
\ C 2 = 285.746
\ V = - 28.574 ´ 10 3 y + 285.746
So voltage at y = 0 m is, V = 285.746 V
and voltage at y = 0.02 m is, V = – 285.746 V
Example 7.4.11
Solution : Q
V = …Spherical system
4per
V is the function of r only hence derivatives with respect to f and q are zero.
1 ¶ é 2 ¶V ù
\ Ñ2V = r …Other terms are zero
r 2 ¶r êë ¶r úû
1 ¶ é 2 ¶ æ Q öù 1 ¶ é 2 -Q ù 1 ¶ é-Qù
= ê r ç ÷ ú = ê r ´ ú= 2 =0
r 2 ¶r ë ¶r è 4 p er ø û r 2 ¶r êë 4p er úû r ¶r êë 4p e úû
2
\ Ñ2V = 0 … (1)
¶V ¶ é Q ù é -Q ù
Now, E = –ÑV=- ar = - ê a = – ê ú ar
¶r ¶r ë 4p er úû r 2
êë 4p er úû
Q
\ E = ar
4p e r 2
Q Q
\ D = eE= ar …D r =
4p r 2 4p r 2
Now, ×
Ñ D = rv i.e. ×
Ñ D=
1 ¶ 2
r 2 ¶r
(r D r )
1 ¶ é 2 Q ù 1 ¶ é Qù
\ rv = êr ´ ú = 2 =0 … (2)
r ¶r êë
2 2
4p r úû r ¶r êë 4p úû
r
Now Poisson's equation is Ñ 2 V = – v but r v = 0 hence it reduces to Ñ 2 V = 0.
e
This matches with the equation (1) obtained above. This proves that potential for a point
charge satisfies Poisson's equation.
Example 7.4.12
Solution : V is a function of f only and not the function r and z.
TM

1 ¶2V
\ Ñ2V = =0 ... Laplace's equation
r 2 ¶f 2
¶V
Integrating,
¶f
= ò 0 df + C 1 = C 1
Integrating, V = ò C 1 df + C 2 = C 1 f + C 2
At f = 10°, V = 50 V while at f = 30°, V = 20 V
\ 50 = 10 C 1 + C 2 and 20 = 30 C 1 + C 2
Subtracting, 30 = – 20 C 1
\ C 1 = – 1.5 and C 2 = 65
\ V = – 1.5 f + 65 V ... Use f in degrees.
Now at P (2, 1, 3), x = 2, y = 1, z = 3

y 1
\ tan f = =
x 2
\ f = 26.56°
\ VP = – 1.5 ´ 26.56° + 65 = 25.152 V
Example 7.4.13
Solution : V is a function of q only and not the function of r and f .
1 ¶ æ ¶V ö
\ Ñ2V = ç sin q ÷=0 ... Laplace's equation
2
r sin q ¶q è ¶q ø
¶é ¶V ù
\ êë sin q ¶q úû = 0
¶q
Integrating,
¶V ¶V C1
sin q = ò 0 dq + C 1 = C 1 I.e. = = C 1 cosec q
¶q ¶q sin q
q
Integrating, V = ò C 1 cosec q dq + C 2 = C 1 ln é tan ù + C 2
êë 2 úû
At q = 30°, V = 50 V and at q = 50°, V = 20 V

30° ù 50° ù
\ 50 = C 1 ln é tan + C2 and 20 = C 1 ln é tan + C2
êë 2 úû êë 2 úû
i.e. 50 = – 1.3169 C 1 + C 2 and 20 = – 0.7629 C 1 + C 2

Subtracting, 30 = – 0.5539 C 1
\ C 1 = – 54.152, C 2 = – 21.3125
TM

q
\ V = - 54.152 ln é tan ù - 21.3125 V ... Use q in degrees.
êë 2 úû
For P (2, 1, 3), x = 2, y = 1, z = 3
z z æ 3 ö
\ q = cos -1 = cos -1 = cos -1 çç ÷÷ = 36.6692°
r è 14 ø
x2 + y 2 + z2
36.6992° ù
\ VP = - 54.152 ln é tan - 21.3125 = 38.4489 V
êë 2 úû
Example 7.4.14
Solution : At origin, V(0, 0) = f(0) = 0
æ ¶V ¶V ¶V ö éé ¶f( x) ù ù
E = -ÑV = - ç ax + ay + a z ÷ = - ê ê15x 2 + ú a x - 4y a y + 0 a z ú
è ¶x ¶y ¶z ø ëë ¶x û û
é ¶f(x) ù
\ E x = – ê15x 2 +
ë ¶x úû
¶f(x)
At origin, E x = 0 hence = 0 at origin
¶x
For a charge free region, Ñ 2 V = 0
¶2V ¶2V ¶2V

\ + + = 0
¶x 2 ¶y 2 ¶z 2
¶V ¶f( x) ¶V ¶V
\ = 15x 2 + , = – 4y, =0
¶x ¶x ¶y ¶z
¶2V ¶ 2 f( x) ¶2V ¶2V

\ = 30x + , = – 4, =0
¶x 2 ¶x 2 ¶y ¶z 2
¶ 2 f( x) ¶ 2 f(x)
\ 30 x + - 4+ 0 = 0 i.e. = 4 – 30x
¶x 2 ¶x 2
¶f(x) 30x 2
Integrate,
¶x
= ò (4 - 30 x)dx + A 1 = 4x -
2
+ A1
¶f(x)
But at origin, = 0 i.e. 0 = A 1
¶x
æ 30x 2 ö 4x 2 30x 3
Integrate, f(x) = ò ç 4x -
è 2 ø
÷ dx + A 2 =
2
-
6
+ A2
But f(x) = 0 at origin hence 0 = A 2

4x 2 30x 3
\ f(x) = - = 2x 2 - 5x 3
2 6
TM

z
Example 7.4.15
Solution : The plates are shown in the Plate 1
Fig. 7.2. V1 = 0 V
Consider cylindrical co-ordinate system.

f 1 = 0º for plate 1 and
Insulated
hinge
f 2 = a = 10º for plate 2
The potential is a function of f only and
constant with r and z. Hence Laplace's
equation in cylindrical system is, Plate 2
V2 = Vo V
1 ¶2V f1 = 0º
=0 a
r ¶ f2
¶V f2 = 10º
¶f ò
Integrating, = 0 df + C 1 = C1
Fig. 7.2
Integrating, V = ò C1 df + C2 = C1 f + C 2 … (1)
At f 1 = 0º, V1 = 0 V i.e. 0 = C1 × 0 + C2, so C2 = 0

\ V = C1 f
Now V = V0 at f = f2 = a
V0
\ C1 =
a
V0
\ V = f V
a
V0
For a = 10º, V = f V … f must be in degrees.
10
Example 7.4.16
Solution : The two cones are shown in the Fig. 7.3.
The potential is constant with r and f and is the function of q only.
So Laplace's equation reduces to,
1 d é sinq dV ù = 0
r sin q q
2 d êë dq úû
dV
Integrating, sin q
dq
= ò0+A = A …(1)
dV A
Integrating ò dq = ò sin q dq + B = ò A cosecq + B
TM

q2
q1
p
q1 = —
10
p
q2 = —
V1 = 0 V 6
V2 = 50 V
Fig. 7.3
é q ù
\ V = A ln ê tan æç ö÷ ú + B
ë è 2 øû
p
For q 1 = , V1 = 0 V
10
é p / 10 ö ù
\ 0 = A ln ê tan æç ÷ +B i.e. 0 = – 1.8427 A + B …(2)
ë è 2 ø úû
p
For q 2 = , V2 = 50 V
6
é p / 6 öù
\ 50 = A ln ê tan æç ÷ + B i.e. 50 = – 1.3169 A + B …(3)
ë è 2 ø úû
Solving equations (6.4.10) and (6.4.11), A = 95.09319, B = 175.2282
é q ù
V = 95.09319 ln ê tan æç ö÷ ú + 175.2282
ë è 2 øû
1 dV
E = –ÑV=– a …Other terms are zero
r dq q
1 d ì é æq ö ùü
= –
r dq íî
95.09319 ln êë tan çè 2 ÷ø + 175.2282úû ýþ a q
ì ü
1 ïï 1 æç ö÷ ´ ï a
q 1 ï
= – í 95.09319 ´ ´ sec 2
r æ q ö è 2 ø 2ý q
ï tan ç ÷ ï
ïî è 2ø ïþ
TM

q
cos æç ö÷
95.09319 è 2ø 1
= – ´ ´ aq
r qö q
æ
2sin ç ÷ cos æç ö÷
2
è 2ø è 2ø
95.09319 1
= – ´ aq
r q q
2sin æç ö÷ cos æç ö÷
è 2ø è 2ø
95.09319
= – a q V/m
r sin q
Example 7.5.4
Solution : The spherical shells are shown in the Fig. 7.4.
The E is in radial direction and hence V is also the function of r alone and independent of
q and f .
1 ¶ æ 2 ¶V ö
\ Ñ2V = çr ÷=0 ... Laplace's equation
r 2 ¶r è ¶r ø
¶ æ 2 ¶V ö
\ çr ÷ = 0 r = 0.2 m
¶r è ¶r ø
¶V
Integrating, r2 = ò 0 + C1 = C1 ... (1)
¶r r = 0.1 m
e0
¶V C1
\ =
¶r r2 V = 100 V
C1 C
Integrating, V = ò dr + C 2 = - 1 + C 2 ... (2)
r 2 r
Fig. 7.4
At r = 0.1 m, V = 0and r = 0.2 m, V = 100 V
C1 C
\ 0 = - + C 2 and 100 = - 1 + C 2
0.1 0.2
C æ C ö
\ – 100 = - 1 - ç - 1 ÷
0.1 è (0.2) ø
– 100 = – 10 C1 + 5 C1 i.e. C1 = 20
\ C 2 = 200
20
\ V = - + 200 V
r
¶V ¶ é 20 ì æ 1 öü
Hence E = - ÑV = - a =- - + 200ù a r - í -20 ç - ÷ý a r
¶r r ¶r ëê r ûú î è r 2 øþ
20
\ E = - a r V/m
r2
- 20 e 0 - 177.08
\ D = e0 E = ar = a r pC/m 2
2
r r2
TM

Field Theory 7 - 10 Poisson's and Laplace's Equations
Key Point Note that as outer shell is at higher potential, E is directed from outer to inner
shell and hence in - a r direction.
Example 7.5.5
Solution : Assume that the plates are placed parallel to x-y plane as shown in the Fig. 7.5.
z z=d
V=f
Upper plate
er
a
x
z=0
Lower plate
V=0
y
Fig. 7.5
The space between the plates is filled with two dielectrics,

1. For thickness 'a' with e r
2. For thickness 'd – a' with air e 0
Using Laplace's equation in cartesian form

¶2V ¶2V ¶2V
Ñ2V = + + =0
¶x 2 ¶y 2 ¶z 2
But V = f(z) only and not the functions of x and y.

¶2V
\ = 0
¶z 2
¶V
Integrating,
¶z
= ò0+A = A
Integrating, V = ò A dz + B = Az + B
Let the potential for z < a, V1 = A1z + B1 …z < a …(1)
Let the potential for z > a, V2 = A2z + B2 …z > a …(2)
At z = 0, V=0 hence B1 = 0 …From equation (1)
TM

Field Theory 7 - 11 Poisson's and Laplace's Equations
At z = d, V=f hence B 2 = f – A 2d …From equation (2)

At z = a, V1 = V 2
A 2 (a - d) + f
\ A1 a = A2a + B2 = A2 a + f – A2d i.e. A1 = …(3)
a
At the boundary, at z = a there are two perfect dielectrics giving,
DN1 = DN2 i.e. e 1 E N1 = e 2 E N2 where e 1 = e 0 e r and e2 = e0
dV1 dV2
\ e r EN1 = EN2 i.e. e r =
dz dz
d d
\ er [A1z] = [A2z + B2] i.e. e r A1 = A 2 …(4)
dz dz
Solving equations (3) and (4),
A2 A 2 (a - d) + f
= i.e. aA2 = A2 e r (a – d) + e r f
er a
er f f
\ A2 = and A1 =
a (1 - e r ) + e r d a (1 - e r ) + e r d
e r fd a (1 - e r ) f + f e r d - e r f d a (1 - e r ) f
\ B2 = f - = =
a (1 - e r ) + e r d a (1 - e r ) + e r d a (1 - e r ) + e r d
f er f a (1 - e r ) f
\ V1 = z, V2 = z+
a (1 - e r ) + e r d a (1 - e r ) + e r d a (1 - e r ) + e r d
¶V1 f
E 1 = – Ñ V1 = – az = – az
¶z a (1 - e r ) + er d
f
E1 = a … Proved
a ( e r - 1) - e r d z
e 1A e0 A
C1 = and C2 =
a ( d - a)
Two capacitors are in series,

er e0 A e0 A
C1C2 ´ e 20 A 2 ( e r )
\ C = = a d- a =
C1 + C2 er e0 A e0 A e 0 A [e r (d - a) + a]
+
a d- a
e0 A é er
ù
er e0 A ê ú
= = d ê æ aö a ú …Proved
e r (d - a) + a
ê e r çè1 - d ÷ø + d ú
êë úû
qqq
TM

8 Steady Magnetic Field
Example 8.3.5
Solution : The points are shown in the
Fig. 8.1.
Point 1
The direction of dL is from A to B. So let A (1,2,4)
dL
us obtain unit vector in the direction from B (–2,–1,3)
A to B. aR12
RAB
a AB =
| RAB|
O y
( -2 - 1) a x + ( -1 - 2) a y + ( 3 - 4) a z R12
=
( -3) 2 + ( -3) 2 + ( -1) 2
x Point 2
-3 a x - 3 a y - a z C (3,1,–2)
=
19 Fig. 8.1
\ dL = dL a AB =
[
10 -4 -3 a x - 3 a y - a z ]
19
R12 ( 3 - 1) a x + (1 - 2) a y + ( -2 - 4) a z 2ax -ay - 6az

Now, a R12 = = = ... From A to C
R12 ( 2) 2 + ( -1) 2 + ( -6) 2 41
ax ay az
\ dL ´ a R12 = - 3 - 3 -1 = 17 a x - 20 a y + 9 a z
3 -1 -6
1 1
... (without considering and )
19 41
[
6 ´ 10 -4 17 a x - 20 a y + 9 a z ] = 2.1497 ´ 10 -5
\ I dL ´ a R12 =
19 ´ 41
[17 a x - 20 a y + 9 a z ]
(8 - 1)TM

Field Theory 8-2 Steady Magnetic Field
\ dH =
I dL ´ a R12
=
[
2.1497 ´ 10 -5 17 a x - 20 a y + 9 a z ]
2 2
4p (R 12 ) 4p ´ ( 41 )
[
= 4.172 ´ 10 -8 17 a x - 20 a y + 9 a z ]
= 0.7093 a x - 0.8344 a y + 0.3755 a z mA/m
Example 8.3.6
Solution : a) Wire of length L is formed into
circle.
L
\ 2pR = L i.e. R = = 0.1591 L O
2p
dL is tangential to the circle hence is
perpendicular to the radius R. R 90º
According to Biot-Savart law, aR
I dL
I dL ´ a R
dH = Fig. 8.2
4p R 2
dL ´ a R = |dL| |a R|sin q a N …By definition.

a N = Unit vector normal to the plane containing dL and a R .
sin q = 1 as q = 90°, angle between dL and a R .
|a R| = 1 and |dL| = dL
I dL a N I dL a N
\ dH = i.e. H = ò dH = ò
4p R 2 4p R 2
Now ò dL = Circumference of the circle = 2 p R
I ´ 2pR ´ a N I I
\ H = = a = a A/m.
4p R 2 2R N 0.3182L N
b) Wire of length L is formed into equilateral triangle let the triangle is placed in x-y plane
such that its centre is at the origin, as shown in the Fig. 8.3 (a).
Consider differential length dL at point P, which is at a distance x from D.
L L
l(AC) = , l(AD) = i.e. l(CD) = (AC) 2 - (AD) 2 = 0.2886 L
3 6
1
From the property of equilateral triangle, l(OD) = l(CD)
3
1
l(OD) = ´ 0.2886 L = 0.0962 L
3
R = - x a x + 0.0962L a y as shown in the Fig. 8.3 (b).
TM

C
O
I I R
0.0962 L
O
x
D
dx
R
x
P
A B
D
L/6 L/6
L/3
Fig. 8.3 (a) Fig. 8.3 (b)
- x a x + 0.0962L a y
|R| = x 2 + (0.0962L) 2 i.e. a R = and dL = dx a x
x 2 + (0.0962L) 2
ax ay az
0.0962 L dx a z
\ dL ´ a R = dx 0 0 =
-x 0.0962 L 0 x 2 + (0.0962L) 2
I dL ´ a R I 0.0962 L dx a z
dH = =
4p R 2 4p [x 2 + (0.0962 L) 2 ] 3 2
L L
x =+ L 6
6 6 dx a z
2 I 0.0962L
\ H = ò dH = 2 ò dH =
4p ò [x 2 + (0.0962L) 2 ] 3 2
x =-
L x =0 x= 0
6
2
Put x = 0.0962 L tan q, dx = 0.0962 L sec q dq
L
For x = 0, q 1 = 0° and x = , q2 = 60°
6
60°
I ´ 0.0962 L 0.0962 L sec 2 q dq a z
\ H =
2p ò (0.0962L) 3 sec 3 q
0°
I 0.866 I 1.432 I
= [sin q] 60° az = a = az
2p ´ 0.0962L 0 2p ´ 0.0962 L z L
All three sides are producing H in the same direction. Hence total H at the origin i.e.
centre is,
4.296 I
Htotal = 3H = a z A/m
L
TM

y
c) Wire of length L is formed into a square. Consider the
square in x-y plane, such that centre is at the origin. D C
Consider the differential length dx at P, at a distance of
x. Thus dL = dx a x I
L
\ R = - xa x + a y
8 x
O
\ R = - xa x + 0.125 L a y
L R
\ |R| = x 2 + (0.125 L) 2 8
I P
A B
- x a x + 0.125 L a y x dx
\ aR = L L
x 2 + (0.125 L) 2 8 8
L
ax ay az 4
0.125 L dx a z Fig. 8.4
\ dL ´ a R = dx 0 0 =
2 2
-x 0.125 L 0 x + (0.125 L)
I dL ´ a R I 0.125 L dx a z
dH = =
2
4p R 4p [x 2 + (0.125 L) 2 ] 3 2
L L
x =+ L 8
8 8 2 I ´ 0.125 L dx a z
\ H = ò dH = 2 ò dH =
4p ò [x 2 + (0.125 L) 2 ] 3 2
x =-
L x =0 x= 0
8
2
Put x = 0.125 L tan q, dx = 0.125 L sec q dq
L
For x = 0, q 1 = 0° and x = , q2 = 45°
8
45°
2I ´ 0.125 L 0.125 L sec 2 q dq a z
\ H =
4p ò (0.125 L) 3 sec 3 q
q = 0°
45°
2I 1.2732 I 0.9 I
=
4 p ´ ( 0.125 L) ò cos q dq a z =
L
[sin q] 45°
0
az =
L z
a
q= 0
All the sides produce H in the same direction. Hence total H at centre is,
3.6 I
Htotal = 4H = a A/m
L z
Example 8.3.7
Solution : The small wire is shown in the Fig.8.5.
RQP
a RQP =
| RQP|
RQP = (0 - 1) a x + (2 - 0) a y + (2 - 0) a z = - a x + 2 a y + 2 a z
TM

z
|RQP | = 1+4+4 = 3
-ax + 2ay + 2az
\ a RQP =
3
I dL = 2 a x P(0, 2, 2)
I dL ´ a RQP O
RQP
y
\ dH =
2
4p R ax
2A Q
ax ay az
(1, 0, 0)
I dL ´ a RQP =
4 4
2 0 0 = az - ay x
1 2 2 3 3
- Fig. 8.5
3 3 3
4 4
az - ay
\ dH = 3 3 = - 0. 0117 a y + 0 . 0117 a z A/m
4 p ´ ( 3) 2
Example 8.3.8 y
L/2
Solution : A square loop in cartesian system is shown in
Fig. 8.6.
By the symmetry, each half side contributes same amount of O
x
H at the centre O of a square loop of length L. For the half –L/2 L/2
R
side, 0 £ x £ L 2 , y = - L 2
According to Biot-Savart law, the field at the origin is given
–L/2 dx
by,
(I dx a x ) ´ é - x a x + a y ù
L
Fig. 8.6 (a)
êë 2 úû
dH =
3/ 2
é L 2ù
4p ê x 2 + æç ö÷ ú
è2ø ú
ëê û L R
æ Lö + ay
I dx ç ÷ a z 2
è2ø
=
3/ 2
é 2 æ Lö 2 ù –xax
4p ê x + ç ÷ ú
êë è2ø ú Fig. 8.6 (b)
û
There are 8 half sides and all contribute H in same direction.
I dx æç ö÷ a z
L
L 2 L 2
è2ø 2 2I 2 2I
\ H = 8´ ò H = 8´ ò = az = aN
3/ 2 p L pL
é 2 ù
4p ê x 2 + æç ö÷ ú
0 0 L
êë è 2ø ú
û
where a N = Unit vector normal to the plane in which loop is kept.
TM

Example 8.3.9
Solution : R12 = -3 a x - 4 a y - 5 a z IdL
-3 a x - 4 a y - 5 a z R12 P(3,4,5)
R12
\ a R12 = =
|R12| 32 + 42 +52
O
= - 0.4242 a x - 0.5656 a y - 0.7071 a z (0,0,0)
I 1 dL1 ´ a R12
\ dH2 =
2
4p R 12 Fig. 8.7
I 1 dL1 = I 1 dL(given) = 3p (a x + 2a y + 3a z ) mAm

ax ay az
I 1 dL1 ´ a R12 = 3p 6p 9p
-0.4242 -0.5656 -0.7071
= -13.328 a x - 12 a y - 5.33 a z + 8 a z + 6.664 a y + 16 a x

= 2.672 a x - 5.336 a y + 2.67 a z
2.672 a x - 5.336 a y + 2.67 a z
\ dH2 = = 4.252 a x - 8.4925 a y + 4.252 a z nA m
4p ´ ( 50 ) 2
Example 8.5.5
Solution : i) P (2, 2, 0) : Consider the four sides separately as shown in the Fig. 8.8.
I I
4pr1 [
sin a 2 – sin a 1 ] +
4pr2 [
\ HP = sin a 2 – sin a 1 ]
I I
4pr 3 [
sin a 2 – sin a 1 ] +
4pr4 [
+ sin a 1 – sin a 2 ]
I I I
Hp = [sin a 2 – sin a 1 ] + [sin a 2 – sin a 1 ] + [sin a 2 – sin a 1 ]
4pr1 4pr2 4pr 3
I
+ [sin a 1 – sin a 2 ]
4pr4
10 ì sin 45 – sin ( –45) sin 45 – sin ( –71.56)

+
4p íî
=
2 2
sin (18.43) – sin ( –18.43) sin (71.56) – sin ( –45)ü
+ + ý
6 2 þ
10
=
4p
{0.7071 + 0.8278 + 0.1053 + 0.8278} = 1.964 a z A m
Use the above procedure for the remaining points and verify the answers :
ii) 1.78 a z A m iii) –0.1178 a z A m

iv) –0.3457 a x – 0.3165 a y + 0.1798 a z A m
TM

r1 = 2 r2 = 2
P(2,2,0)
2
a1
I = 10 A 2 a2 P(2,2,0)
a2
a1
2 2 6
I = 10 A
a2 = 45º a2 = 45º
a1 = –45º 6
a1 = –tan–1 –— = –71.56º
2
(a) (b)
r3 = 6 I = 10 A 2 I = 10 A 6
2
a1
P(2,2,0) a2 a1
6 r4 = 2 a2
2
P(2,2,0)
2 6
a2 = tan–1 –— = 18.43º a2 = tan–1 –— = 71.56º
6 2
2 –1 2
a1 = –tan–1 –— = –18.43º a1 = –tan –— = – 45º
6 2
(c) (d)
Fig. 8.8
Example 8.5.6
Solution : For a conductor in the form of regular polygon of n sides inscribed in a circle
of radius R, the flux density B at the centre is given by,
m nI p
B = 0 tan æç ö÷ … Refer Ex. 8.5.3
2pR ènø
For given conductor, n = 6, R = 1 m, I = 5 A
4p ´ 10 -7 ´ 6 ´ 5 p
\ B = tan æç ö÷ = 3.4641 mWb m 2
2p ´ 1 è6ø
Example 8.5.7
Solution : Consider the various sections of the
circuits. B
Section I : Section AB is shown in the Fig. 8.9 (a) ,
x 2.5
PM is the perpendicular on AB. 5m
a2
\ r = l (PM) 3m M P
r=2 m
The triangle ABC is right angled triangle. a1 2.5
4
\ x = tan -1 = 53.13°
3 C
A 4m
\ a 2 = 90 - x = 36.8698° Fig. 8.9 (a)
TM

From the symmetry of the circuit,

a 1 = a 2 = 36.8698°
But as A is below point P, a 1 = - 36.8698°
r = l (PM) = BP cos a 2 = 25 cos (36.8698°) = 2 m
I
4p r[
\ H1 = sin a 2 - sin a 1 ] a N
10
4 p ´ 2[
= sin 36.86°- sin ( - 36.86° ) ] a N
= 0.4774 a N A/m B R=2.5

Section II : Section B to C along a semicircle as shown in
the Fig. 8.9 (b). P
The H at the centre of circular conductor is given by
(I/2R) a N . C
\ Due to semicircular portion, Fig. 8.9 (b)
1 I
H2 = ´ a
2 2R N B
10
= a = a N A/m
4 ´ 2.5 N 2.5
P
Section III : Section C to A is shown in the Fig. 8.9 (c).
3m
PM is perpendicular on AC. 2.5
a2 a1
As triangle ABC is right angled triangle, x
A C
3 2m M 2m
x = tan -1 = 36.8698°
4 4m
\ a 1 = 90 – x = 53.13° Fig. 8.9 (c)
From the symmetry of the circuit,

a 2 = a 1 = 53.13°
But a 1 is negative as point C is below point P, a 1 = – 53.13°
r = l (PM) = PC cos a 1 = 2.5 cos (53.13°) = 1.5
I 10
4p r[
sin a 2 - sin a 1 ] a N =
4 p ´ 1.5 [
\ H3 = sin 53.13°- sin ( - 53.13° ) ] a N
= 0.8488 a N A/m
Hence total H at point P is,
H = H1 + H2 + H3 = 2. 3262 a N A/m
TM

Example 8.5.8
B
Solution : Consider the sections of given loop to M
x
calculate H at P.
Section I : The portion AB of the circuit, as shown in r a2 0.5 m
the Fig. 8.10 (a), PM is the perpendicular on AB from a1
P. Note that a 1 and a 2 are to be measured from A

1m P
perpendicular line from P to the conductor.
And r = l (PM) Fig. 8.10 (a)
The triangle ABP is a right angled triangle hence,
AP 1
x = tan -1 = tan -1 = 63.43° ... from D ABP
PB 0.5
\ a 2 = 90 - x = 26.565° ... from D PMB
And a 1 = 90 - a 2 = 63.43°
But a 1 is negative as point A is below point P.
r = l (PM) = BP cos a 2 = 0.5 cos (26.565°) = 0.4472 m
I
4p r[
\ H1 = sin a 2 - sin a 1 ] a N
5
4 p ´0.4472 [
= sin 26.565 - sin ( - 63.43° ) ] a N B
= 1.1936 a N A/m
where a N = Unit vector normal to the plane is which R=0.5 m

P I
the circuit is placed
Section II : The semicircle B to C.
The H at the centre of circular conductor is (I/2R) a N where R is
radius of the conductor. C
Hence H2 due to semicircular loop is, Fig. 8.10 (b)
1 I 5
H2 = a = a = 2.5 a N A/m
2 2R N 4 ´ 0.5 N
Section III : The portion C to A is shown in the 1m P
A
x
Fig. 8.10 (c). a1
PM is perpendicular on AC. r a2 0.5 m
0.5 90º
x = tan -1 = 26.565° M
1 C
as triangle APC is right angled triangle Fig. 8.10 (c)
TM

Field Theory 8 - 10 Steady Magnetic Field
\ a 2 = 90 – x = 63.43°
And a 1 = 90 – a 2 = 26.565°
But a 1 is negative as point C is below point P.
r = l (PM) = PC cos a 1 = 0.5 cos (26.565°) = 0.4472 m
I
4p r[
\ H3 = sin a 2 - sin a 1 ] a N
5
4 p ´0.4472 [
= sin 63.43°- sin ( - 26.565° ) ] a N L a 1 = –26. 56º
= 1.1936 a N A/m
Hence the total H at point P is
H = H1 + H2 + H3 = [1.1936 + 2.5 + 1.1936] a N = 4.8873 a N A/m
Example 8.5.9
Solution : Consider the arrangement as shown in the Fig. 8.11 (a).
2
a 1 = 0 and a 2 = - tan -1 = –21.801°
5
z
I
H = [sin a 2 - sin a 1 ] a N
4p r
P
(0, 0, 5)
where aN = ay
a 1 and a 2 are negative as both the ends of the a2
r=5
conductors are below point P.
x
10 0 I = 10 A 2
\ H = [sin( -21.801° ) - sin(0° )] (a y )
4p ´ 5
= – 0.0591 a y A/m Side 1
Fig. 8.11 (a)
Example 8.5.10
Solution : The arrangements are shown in the Fig. 8.12.
Case a : It is infinitely long straight conductor.
I
H = a , P (1, 2, 3), I = 10 A
2pr f
y
Now r = x2 + y 2 = 1 + 4 = 5 m and f = tan -1 = tan -1 2 = 63.43º
x
10
\ H = a f = 0.7117 a f A/m
2p´ 5
To find x component, take dot product with a x .

\ H x = H · a x = 0.7117 a f · a x = – 0.7117 sin f
Similarly H y = H · a y = 0.7117 a f · a y = + 0.7117 cos f and a f · a z = 0
TM

z z
¥
5m
a2
¥ a 5m
r 2
3m a P(1,2,3) a1
P 1
3m r P(1,2,3)
y y y
O
x
x
x
z = –¥
(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 8.12
\ H x = – 0.6365, H y = 0.3183
\ H = – 0.6365 a x + 0.3183 a y A/m
Case b : It is a finite length conductor with z 1 = 0 and z 2 = 5 m. [Refer Fig. 8.12 (b)]
y
r = x 2 + y 2 = 1 + 4 = 5 m , f = tan -1 = 63.43º at point P
x
3
a 1 = tan -1 = 53.3° but negative as that end is below point P.
5
2
\ a 1 = – 53.3° and a 2 = tan -1 = 41.81°
5
I 10
4pr [
H= sin a 2 - sin a 1 ] a f = [sin 41.81°- sin ( - 53.3° )]a f = 0.5225 a f
4p´ 5
\ H x = H · a x = 0.5225 ( a f · a x ) = 0.5225 ( - sin f)

and H y = H · a y = 0.5225 ( a f · a y ) = 0.5225 ( cos f) ... f = 63.43º
\ H x = – 0.4673, H y = 0.2337 i.e. H = – 0.4673 a x + 0.2337 a y A/m
Case c : It is a conductor from z = 5 to z = ¥. [Refer Fig. 8.12 (c)]
r = x 2 + y 2 = 1 + 4 = 5 m, f = 63.43º
2 2 ¥
a 1 = tan -1 = tan -1 = 41.81° and a 2 = tan -1 = 90°
r 5 r
Both a 1 and a 2 are positive as above point P.
I 10
4pr [
\ H= sin a 2 - sin a 1 ]a f = [sin 90 - sin 41.81] a f = 0.1186 a f
4p´ 5
\ H x = H · a x = 0.1186 a f · a x ( ) = 0.1186 ( - sin f)

and H y = H · a y = 0.1186 a f · a y ( ) = 0.1186 ( cos f)
\ H x = – 0.106, H y = 0.053 i.e. H = – 0.106 a x + 0.053 a y A/m
TM

Example 8.7.2
Solution : Refer section 8.7 for H on the axis of a circular loop given by,
I r2
H = a z A/m
2 (r 2 + z 2 ) 3 2
In this example, r = 3 from x 2 + y 2 = (3) 2 , I = 10 A, z = ± 5.
For (0, 0, 5), H = 0.227 a z A/m

For (0, 0, – 5), H = – 0.227 a z A/m
Example 8.7.3
Solution : Refer the procedure discussed in the section 8.7.
Ir 2
H = a z A/m
2 (r 2 + z 2 ) 3/ 2
In this example, r = 5 cm and I = 50 mA. The ring is in z = 1 plane and point P (0, 0, – 1)
hence z = 2 cm.
50 ´ 10 -3 ´ (5 ´ 10 -2 ) 2
\ H = a z = 0.4 a z A/m
2[(5 ´ 10 -2 ) 2 + ( 2 ´ 10 -2 ) 2 ] 3 / 2
Example 8.7.4
Coil 1
Solution : The coils are shown in the Fig. 8.3.
r1 = 1 m
Assuming direction of I1 and I2 same, according
to right hand rule H1 and H2 at P due to coil z = 5 plane
1 and coil 2 are in same direction i.e. a z I1 = 10 A
z1 = 2.5 m
direction.
P (0,0,2.5)
I 1 r12 z2 = 2.5 m r2 = 0.5 m
H1 = az
3
(
2 r12 + z 21 ) 2 z = 0 plane
I2 = 20 A
10 ´ (1) 2 Coil 2
= az
3
[
2 1 2 + 2 .5 2 ] 2
Fig. 8.13
= 0.2561 a z
20 ´ ( 0 . 5)
2
I 2 r22
and H2 = az = a z = 0.1508 a z
3 3
(
2 r22 + z 22 ) 2
[
2 0 .5 2 + 2 .5 2 ] 2
\ H = H1 + H2 = 0.2561 a z + 0.1508 a z = 0.4069 a z A/m
TM

Example 8.7.5
z
Solution : The coil is shown in the Fig. 8.14
placed in xy plane with z-axis as its axis.
z = 100 m at which H is to be obtained.
P
d
r = radius of coil = = 25 m
2
I = 28 ´ 10 4 A z = 100 m
Hence H at the point on the axis of a d = 50 m
circular loop is,
O
I r2 y
H = az
( )
3/ 2
2 r 2 + z2 4
I = 2.8×10 A
28 ´ 10 4 ´ ( 25) 2 x
= az
[ ]
3/ 2
2
2 25 + 100 2 Fig. 8.14
= 79.894 a z A/m
Example 8.9.6
Solution : Due to infinite long conductor along z-axis.
I 20p ´ 10 -3 10 ´ 10 -3
H1 = af = af = a f A/m
2p r 2p r r
At r = 0.5 cm, no current sheet is enclosed.
10 ´ 10 -3
\ H = H1 = a f = 2 a f A/m
0.5 ´ 10 -2
At r = 1.5 cm, current sheet at r1 = 1 cm is getting enclosed. It carries current in z direction.
\ K1 = 400 ´ 10 - 3 a z A/m
I enc = K1 ´ 2p r1 = 400 ´ 10 -3 ´ 2p ´ 1 ´ 10 -2 = 0.02513 A ... r1 = 1 cm for sheet
According to Ampere's circuital law,
×
2p
ò H d L = I enc i.e. ò H f r df = I enc ... H = H f a f and dL = r df a f
f= 0
I enc 0.02513
\ H f (2pr) = I enc i.e. Hf = =
2pr 2pr
4 ´ 10 -3 10 ´ 10 -3
\ H2 = a f A/m and H1 = a f A/m
r r
TM

14 ´ 10 -3
So at r = 1.5 cm, H = H1 + H2 = a f = 0.933 a f A/m
1.5 ´ 10 - 2
At r = 2.5 cm, second sheet also gets enclosed for which,
K2 = - 250 ´ 10 -3 a z A/m
\ I enc = K2 ´ 2 p r2 = - 250 ´ 10 -3 ´ 2p ´ 2 ´ 10 -2 = – 0.03141 A ... r2 = 2 cm for sheet
According to Ampere's circuital law,
×
2p
ò H dL = I enc i.e. ò H f r df = I enc
f= 0
I enc - 0.03141 - 5 ´ 10 -3
\ Hf = = i.e. H3 = a f A/m
2pr 2pr r
H = H1 + H2 + H3 = æç + - ö÷ ´ 10 -3 a f
4 10 5
So at r = 2.5 cm,
è r r rø
9 9 ´ 10 -3
= ´ 10 -3 a f = a f = 0.36 a f A/m
r 2.5 ´10 -2
Example 8.9.7
Q z
Solution : The planes are shown in the Fig. 8.15. (0,–3,10) K = +10 ax z=4
i) P(1, 1, 1)
For z = 0 plane, a N = +a z at P
1 1 P(1,1,1)
\ H1 = K ´ a N = [( –10 a x ) ´ a z ] y
2 2
=
–10
2 [ ]
– a y = +5 a y A/m
For z = 4 plane, a N = – a z at P as P is below z = 4 x K = –10 ax z = 0

plane.
1 1 Fig. 8.15
\ H2 = K ´ a N = [( –10 a x ) ´ ( –a z )]
2 2
=
10
2[ ( )] = +5 a
– –a y y A/m
\ H = H1 + H2 = 10 a y A/m at P(1, 1, 1)
ii) Q(0, –3, 10)
For z = 0 plane, a N = +a z at Q hence H1 = +5 a y A/m.
For z = 4 plane, a N = +a z at Q as Q is above the plane
1 1
\ H2 = K ´ a N = [(10 a x ) ´ a z ]K a x ´ a z = –a y
2 2
TM

=
10
2 [ ]
– a y = –5 a y A/m
\ H = H1 + H2 = 0 A/m at Q (0, –3, 10)

Example 8.9.8
z
Solution : The sheet is located at y = 1 on which
K is in a z direction. The sheet is infinite and is y=1
plane
The H will be in x direction.
a) Point A ( 0, 0, 0)
a N = - a y normal to current sheet at point A y
\ H =
1
2
K´ aN =
1
2 [
40 a z ´ - a y ] K = 40 az
x
Now az ´ ay = -ax
Fig. 8.16
1
2[
\ H = + 40] a x = 20 a x A/m
b) Point B (1, 5, - 2)
This is to the right of the plane as y = 5 for B.
\ a N = a y normal to sheet at point B
\ H =
1
2
K áN =
1
2 [
40 a z ´ a y ] = - 20 a x A/m
Example 8.9.9
r = 0.5 cm r = 0.5 cm
P
A B
P
0.5 m 0.5 m
1m Right hand rule
(a) (b)
Fig. 8.17
The current carrying conductors are seperated by 1 m. The two currents are in opposite
directions hence according to right hand thumb rule, the field produced at P is in the
same direction due to both the conductors as shown in the Fig. 8.17 (b).
I1 I
\ H at P = H1 + H2 = a + 2 a
2p d 1 f 2p d 2 f
TM

Now d1 = d2 = 0.5 m, I1 = I2 = 100 A

2 ´ 100
\ H at P = a = 63.6619 a f A/m
2p ´ 0 . 5 f
Now at the surface of conductor A,

I
H1 = a where r = Radius of conductor
2p r f
I
H2 = a f is due to other conductor
2p ´ (1 - 0 . 5 ´ 10 -2 )
é 100 100 ù
\ HA = ê +
2p ´ 0 . 995 úú f
a = 3199.09 a f A/m
-2
êë 2p ´ 0 . 5 ´ 10 û
Same is the value of H on the surface of conductor B but in opposite direction.
\ HB = – 3199.09 a f A/m
Example 8.9.10
Solution : Consider the conductor as shown
in the Fig. 8.18 along z-axis. Consider a z
closed path of radius r. The current
r0
enclosed by the path is part of the total
current. The total current I is uniformly r
distributed in area pr02 while the closed
I
path encloses the area pr 2 .
p r 2 Ir 2
\ I enc = I = Closed path
p r02 r02
Fig. 8.18
1é 1 r ù
Now Hf = sin ar - cos ar ú
r êë a 2 a û
dL = r df in a f direction
According to Ampere's circuit law,
ò H · dL = I enc
2p
I r2 I r2
i.e. ò H f r df =
r02
i.e. 2p H f r =
r02
f= 0
I r2 Ir 1é 1 r ù Ir
\ Hf = = i.e. sin ar - cos ar ú =
2p r r02 2p r02 r êë a 2 a û 2p r02
é ù
ê ú
1ê 1 ép r ù r é p r ùú Ir p
\ sin ê ú - cos ê ú = …a = given
rê 2 2
ë 0ûr æ p ö 2
ë 0ûr ú 2p r02
ê æç p ö÷
2 r0
ç 2r ÷ ú
êë è 2r0 ø è 0ø úû
TM

But if the closed path selected, has to enclose the total current I, then r = r0
é ù
ê ú
1 ê 1 p r0 pú I
\ sin - cos =
r0 ê 2 2 æ p ö 2ú 2 p r0
ê æç p ö÷ ç 2r ÷ ú
êë è 2r0 ø è 0ø úû
p
Now cos = 0 and r0 = 1 cm = 1 ´ 10 -2 m
2
\
1
0.01 [
4.052 ´ 10 -5 ] = 2p Í0.01
\ I = 2p ´ 4.052 ´ 10 -5 = 2.5464 ´ 10 -4 A
Example 8.10.5
Solution : From the point form of Ampere's circuital law,
Ñ´H = J
In the cartesian system,
ax ay az
¶ ¶ ¶
Ñ´H =
¶x ¶y ¶z
y cos (a x) 0 y + ex
é ¶ ù
é ¶ y cos (a x) ¶ y + e x ( )ùú a é ¶ ù
=ê
ë¶y
(
y+ e úax + ê
x
û ê
) ¶z
-
¶x ú
y + ê-
ë ¶y
y cos (a x) ú a z
û
ë û
( )
= (1) a x + 0 - e x a y + ( - cos a x) a z
On yz plane, x = 0
\ J on yz plane = a x - e 0 a y - cos 0 a z = a x - a y - a z A / m 2
Example 8.10.6
Solution : In cylindrical co-ordinates Ñ ´ A is given by,
é1 ¶ A z ¶ A f ù é¶A r ¶A z ù é 1 ¶ (r A f ) 1 ¶ A r ù
Ñ Á = ê - ú ar + ê - ú af + ê - úa
ë r ¶f ¶z û ë ¶z ¶r û êë r ¶r r ¶f ú z
û
Now A r = 0, A f = sin 2f and A z = 0
é ¶ sin 2f ù é 1 ¶ ( r sin 2f) ù
\ Ñ ´ A = ê0 - ú a r + [0 - 0] a f + ê r - 0ú a z
ë ¶ z û ë ¶ r û
sin 2f sin 2f
= [0 - 0] a r + 0 af +
r
az =
r
az
p p
At æç 2, , 0ö÷ , r = 2, f= , z=0
è 4 ø 4
TM

p p
sin æç 2 ´ ö÷ sin æç ö÷
è 4ø è2ø
\ Ñ Á = az = a z = 0.5 a z
2 2
Example 8.10.7
Solution : In the spherical co-ordinates, curl H is given by,
1 é ¶ sin q H f ¶ H q ù 1 é 1 ¶ H r ¶ (r H f ) ù
Ñ´H = ê - ú ar + ê - úa
r sin q ë ¶q ¶f û r ê sin q ¶ f ¶r ú q
ë û
1 é ¶ (r Hq ) ¶ Hr ù
+ - a
r ê ¶r ¶ q úû f
ë
Now H r = 0, H q = 2.5, Hf = 5
1 é ¶ 5 sin q ¶ 2.5 ù 1 é ¶ (5 r ) ù 1 é ¶ ( r 2.5) ù
\ Ñ´H = ê - ú a r + ê0 - ú aq + ê - 0ú a f
r sin q ë ¶ q ¶f û r ë ¶r û r ë ¶r û
1 1 1
r sin q [
= 5 cos q - 0] a r + [-5] a q + [2.5] a f
r r
5 5 2.5
= cot q a r - a q + af
r r r
p p
At æç 2, , 0ö÷ , r = 2, q = , f = 0°
è 6 ø 6
5 p 5 2.5
\ Ñ´H = cot a - aq + a = 4.33 a r - 2.5 a q + 1.25 a f
2 6 r 2 2 f
Example 8.11.3
0.1p
Solution : According to Stoke’s Path1
r=4
theorem,
×
f = 0º
( )×
ò H dL = ò Ñ ´ H d S dL = rdq aq
L S
Path3 r = 4,
In spherical system, r=4 f = 0.3p
dL = rdq aq
dL = dr a r + r dq a q + r sin q df a f
The closed path forming its f = 0º
perimeter is composed of 3 paths
as shown in the Fig. 8.19.
For all the three paths r = 4 m, 0.3p ,f = 0.3p
For arc 1, r = 4, f = 0° and q is

changed from 0 to 0.1 p. Path 2
dL = r sinq df af
For arc 2, r = 4, q = 0.1 p and f is
q = 0.1p, r = 4
changed from 0 to 0.3 p.
Fig. 8.19
TM

For arc 3, r = 4, f = 0.3 p and q is changed from 0.1 p to 0 to complete the closed path.
\ ò ×
H dL = ò ×
H dL + ò ×
H dL + ò ×
H dL
L path 1 path 2 path 3
Now H r = 6r sin f, H q = 0, H f = 18 r sin q cos f

For path 1, dL = r dq a q and H q = 0 so ò ×
H dL = 0
path 1
For path 2, dL = r sin q df a f and H f = 18 r sin q cos f

0.3 p
\ ò ×
H dL = ò 18 r 2 sin 2 q cos f df = 18 r 2 sin 2 q [sin f]0.3
0
p
path 2 f= 0
= 18 r 2 sin 2 q ´ 0.8090 = 22.2487 ... r = 4, q = 0.1 p
For path 3, dL = r dq a q and H q = 0 so ò H × dL = 0

path 3
\ ò ×
H dL = 22.2487 A
Let us find ò (Ñ ´ H)× d S

S
1 é ¶ H f sin q ¶ H q ù 1 é 1 ¶ H r d (r H f ) ù
Ñ´H = ê - ú ar + ê - úa
r sin q ë ¶q ¶f û r ê sin q ¶ f ¶r ú q
ë û
1 é ¶ (r Hq ) ¶ Hr ù
+ - a
r ê ¶r ¶ q úû f
ë
[36 r cos f sin q cos q - 0] a r + r éê sin q 6r cos f - 36 r sin q cos fùú a q + r [0]
1 1 1 1
=
r sin q ë û
Now dS = r 2 sin q dq df a r ... In + a r direction
\ (Ñ ´ H)× d S (
= ( 36 cos q cos f) r 2 sin q dq df ) ... r = 4
0. 3 p 0. 1 p
\ ò (Ñ ´ H)× d S = ò ò 36 ´ r 2 ´ sin q cos q cos f d q df
S f= 0 q= 0
0. 3 p 0.1 p
= 18 r 2 ò cos f df ò sin 2q dq ... 2 sin q cos q = sin 2 q
f= 0 q= 0
0.1 p
p é cos 2q ù
= 18 r 2 [sin f]0.3 - ... r = 4
0 êë 2 úû 0
TM

1
= 18 ´ 16 ´ 0.8090 ´
2
[- cos 36°+1] = 22.2487 A
Thus Stoke’s theorem is verified.
Example 8.11.4
Solution : According to stoke's theorem, Z
ò H · dL = ò ( Ñ ´ H) · d S r=2
Path 3
L s
In cylindrical system, Path 2
dL = dr a r + r d f a f + dz a z Path 4 Path 1
The closed path forming its perimeter is composed of
four paths as shown in the Fig. 8.20.
p p
Path 1 : r = 2, z =1, <f<
4 2
Path 2 : r = 2, f = p / 2, 1< z < 1.5 Fig. 8.20
p p
Path 3 : r = 2, < f < , z = 1.5
4 2
Path 4 : r = 2, f = p / 4, 1< z < 1.5
Evaluate ò H · d L over these paths.
ò H · dL = ò H · dL + ò H · dL + ò H · dL + ò H · dL
Path 1 Path 2 Path 3 Path 4
H r = 0, H f = 2r 2 (z + 1) sin f, H z = 0
H · dL = H f r df
For path 2 and 4, f is constant hence ò H · d L is zero.
Path 2
f= p/ 2 p/ 4
\ ò H · dL = ò 2r 2 (z + 1) sin f r df + ò 2r 2 (z + 1) sin f r df
f = p/ 4 f = p/ 2
z= 1 z = 1.5
r= 2 r = 2
p/ 2 p/ 4
= 2 ´ (2) 3 ´ (2) ò sin f df + 2 ´ (2) 3 ´ (2.5) ò sin f df
f= p/ 4 f= p/ 2
p/ 2 p/ 4
= 25 [- cos f] p / 4 + 2 4 ´ 2.5 [- cos f ] p / 2
p p
= 25 é - cos + cos ù + 2 4 ´ 2.5 [- cos p 4 + cos p 2]
êë 2 4 úû
= 22.6274 - 28.2842 = - 5.6568 A
TM

Now Ñ ´ H in cylindrical co-ordinates is,

é 1 ¶H z ¶H f ù é ¶H r ¶H z ù é 1 ¶(rH f ) 1 ¶H r ù
Ñ´H = ê - ú ar + ê - af + ê - a
ër ¶f ¶z û ë ¶z ¶r ûú
ër ¶r r ¶f úû z
- ¶H f 1 ¶(rH f )
= ar + az
¶z r ¶r
¶H f ¶
= [2r 2 (z + 1) sin f] = 2r 2 sin f
¶z ¶z
¶ (rH f ) ¶
= [2r 3 (z + 1) sin f] = 6r 2 (z+ 1) sin f
¶r ¶r
\ Ñ ´ H = - 2r 2 sinf a r + 6r (z + 1) sin f a z
Let the surface is in a r direction.

\ dS = r df dz a r
\ ( Ñ ´ H) · d S = - 2r 3 df dz sinf
1.5 f = p / 2
\ ò
S
×
( Ñ ´ H) d S = ò
z= 1
ò
p
- 2r 3 sinf df dz ... r = 2
f=
4
p/ 2 1.5
= -2 ´ (2) 3 [- cos f] p / 4 [z] 1
= -2 4 ´ [ - cos p 2 + cos p 4] [1.5 - 1]
= - 5.6568A …Thus stoke's theorem is verified.

Example 8.11.5
Solution : From Stoke's theorem,
òF
L
×dL = ò (Ñ ´ F)
S
×dS
Divide the given path L into three sections.
Section I : r varies from 0 to 3, f = 0º and z = 0
\ dl = dr a r … Along radial direction
3 3
2 2
\ ò F· dl = ò (r cos f a r + z sin f a z ) · dr a r = ò r cos f dr
I r= 0 r= 0
… ar · ar = 1, az · ar = 0
3
ér 3 ù
= ê ú cos 0º = é ù [1] = 9
27
3 êë 3 úû
ë û0
Section II : r is constant 3, f varies from 0 to 45º, z = 0
TM

\ dl = df a f … Along f direction
45º
2
\ ò F· dl = ò (r cos f a r + z sin f a z ) · df a f
II f= 0
= 0 … ar · af = az · af = 0
Section III : r varies from 3 to 0, f = 45º and z = 0
dl = dr a r
Note that dl is always positive, limits of integration from r = 3 to 0 taking care of
direction.
0
2
\ ò F· dl = ò (r cos f a r + z sin f a z ) · dr a r
III r= 3
0
2
= ò r cos f dr … a r · a r = 1, a z · a r = 0
r= 3
0
ér 3 ù -27 ù
= cos 45º ê ú = 0.7071 é = – 6.3639
3 êë 3 ûú
ë û3
\ ò F· dl = 9 + 0 – 6.3639 = 2.636
L
To evaluate R.H.S., find Ñ ´ F

é 1 ¶ Fz ¶ Ff ù é ¶ Fr ¶ Fz ù é 1 ¶ ( r Ff ) 1 ¶ Fr ù
Ñ´F = ê - ú ar + ê - af + ê - a
ë r ¶f ¶z û ë ¶z ¶r ûú
ër ¶r r ¶f úû z
2
Fr = r cos f, Ff = 0, Fz = z sin f
Ñ ´ F = é ´ 0 - 0ù a r + [0 – 0] a f + é ( 0) - ( r) 2 ( - sin f) ù a z
1 1 1
\
êë r úû êë r r úû
= r sin f a z
dS = r dr df az as surface is in x-y plane i.e. z = 0 plane for which normal direction is az.
3
× dS = ò (r sin f a )×(r dr df) a

45 º 3
ér 3 ù
ò (Ñ ´ F) ò ò r2 sin f dr df = ê ú [- cos f] 45
\ = º
z z 3 0
S S f= 0 r = 0 ë û0
= [9] [– 0.707 – (– 1)] = 9 × 0.2928 = 2.636

Thus Stoke's theorem is verified.
Example 8.11.6
Solution : i) The path of L is shown in the Fig. 8.21.
TM

y
ò F · dL = ò + ò + ò F · dL
L ab bc ca
ò ò
2
F · dL = (x y a x - y a y ) · dx a x (c)
1
ab ab
0 L
= ò x2 y dx and y = 0 for path ab
x=2
O x
(b) 1 2 (a)
\ ò F · dL = 0
Fig. 8.21
ab
ò F · dL = ò (x 2 ya x - y a y ) · (dx a x + dy a y ) = ò x 2 y dx - y dy
bc bc bc
Equation of path bc is y = x i.e. dy = dx
1 1
1 1
é x4 ù éy2 ù 1 1 1
\ ò F · dL = ò x 3 dx - ò y dy = ê 4 ú - ê 2 ú = 4- 2 =- 4
bc x= 0 y= 0 ë û 0 ëê úû 0
ò F · dL = ò (x 2 y a x - y a y ) · [dx a x + dy a y ] = ò x 2 y dx - y dy
ca ca ca
Equation of path ca is y = mx + c where m = –1 slope and y = 1 for x = 1

\ 1 = –1 + c i.e. c = 2 i.e. y=–x+2
x= 2 0
\ ò x 2 y dx - y dy = ò x 2 [- x+ 2] dx - ò y dy
ca x= 1 y= 1
2 0
é x 4 2x 3 ù éy2 ù 1 16 2 1
= ê- + ú -ê ú = -4 + 4 + 3 - 3 + 2 = 1.4166
4 3 2
ë û 1 êë úû 1
1
\ ò F · dL = 0 -
4
+ 1.4166 = 1.1667
L
ii) For Stoke's theorem, find ò ( Ñ ´ F) · d S
S
ax ay az
¶ ¶ ¶
Ñ´F = = a x (0 - 0) - a y (0 - 0) + a z (0 - x 2 ) = -x 2 a z
¶x ¶y ¶z
x 2 y -y 0
\ ò ( Ñ ´ F) · d S = ò ( - x 2 a z ) · dx dy a z = ò - x 2 dx dy
S S S
Now split the area in two triangles. For the first triangle the equation of line is y = x
hence use dy = x. And x varies from 1 to 0. For the second triangle, the equation of line is
y = – x + 2 hence used dy = – x + 2 and x varies from 2 to 1.
TM

0 1
\ ò ( Ñ ´ F) · d S = ò - x 2 ´ x ´ dx + ò - x 2 ( - x + 2) dx
S x= 1 x= 2
0 1 0 1 1
é x4 ù é x4 ù é 2x 3 ù
ò - x 3 dx + ò ( + x - 2x ) dx = ê - 4 ú + ê 4 ú - ê 3 ú
= 3 2
x= 1 x= 2 ë û1 ë û2 ë û2
1 1 2 16 3 + 3 - 48 - 8 + 64 14
= 0+ + -4- + = = = 1.1667
4 4 3 3 12 12
Thus Stoke's theorem is verified
z
Example 8.11.7
Solution : The path L is shown in the Fig. 8.22. A D
x=–a
ò F· dL = ò + ò + ò + ò F· dL
AB BC CD DA
y
ò[(x ) ] y=0
ò F· dL
2
= + y 2 i – 2xy j · dx i y=b
AB AB x=+a
a B C
a
éx3
ù x
ò (x
2
= + y 2 )dx = ê + y 2 xú
3
x = –a ë ûx = –a Fig. 8.22
2a 3
= … y = 0 for AB
3
b
ò F· dL = ò[(x + y )i – 2xy j]· dy j = ò –2xy dy
2 2
BC BC y= 0
b
é 2xy 2 ù
= ê– = – ab 2
2 úú
… x = + a for BC
êë ûy = 0
–a
ò F· dL = ò[( )
x 2 + y 2 i – 2xy j · dx i = ] ò (x
2 + y 2 ) dx
CD CD x= a
–a
éx3 ù é a3 a3 ù
= ê + y 2 xú = ê– – ab 2 – – ab 2 ú
3 3 3
ë ûx = +a ë û
2a 3
= – – 2ab 2 … y = + b for CD
3
0
ò F· dL = ò[(x + y )i – 2xy j]· dy j = ò –2xy dy
2 2
DA DA y= b
TM

0
é 2xy 2 ù
= ê– = – ab 2
2 úú
… x = – a for DA
êë ûy = b
2a 3 2a 3
\ ò F· dL =
3
– ab 2 –
3
– 2ab 2 – ab 2 = – 4ab 2 … L.H.S.
i j k
¶ ¶ ¶
Ñ´F = = (– 2y – 2y) k = – 4yk
¶x ¶y ¶z
x2 + y 2 -2xy 0
b +a
ò ( Ñ ´ F) · dS = ò – 4y k · ( dxdy) k = ò ò – 4y dxdy
S S y = 0 x = –a
b
b éy2 ù
= ò [– 4x]+a
x= –a ydy = –4[x]+a
–a ê 2 ú = – 4ab
2
y= 0 êë úû 0
… Stoke's theorem is verified
Example 8.12.4
Solution : The portion of the cylinder is z=1
shown in the Fig. 8.23. The flux crossing the
given surface is given by,
f = ò B · dS
S dS
1m
dS normal to a r direction is,
dS = r df dz a r
\ f = ò m 0 H · dS ... B = m 0 H z=0
S
1 p/4
= m0 ò ò 2.39 ´ 10 6 cos f df dz f=0 f = p/4
z = 0 f= 0 Fig. 8.23
p/4
= 2.39 ´ 10 6 m 0 [ sin f] 0 [z]10
p
\ f = 2.39 ´ 10 6 ´ 4 p ´ 10 -7 ´ é sin - sin 0ù [1 - 0] = 2.1236 Wb
êë 4 úû
Example 8.12.5
Solution : The arrangement is shown in the Fig. 8.24
TM

2.239 ´ 10 6 ´ 4p ´ 10 -7 z
B = m0 H = cos f a r
r
2.8136
= cos f a r Wb m 2
r
dS
f = ò B · dS
s
p 4 1
2.8136
= ò ò r
cos f ´ r df dz
f= - p 4 z= 0
p 4 – p/4
= 2.8136 [sin f] - p 4
´ [z] 10 p/4
Fig. 8.24
= 2.8136 ´ [0.7071 - ( - 0.7071)] = 3.9789 Wb
Example 8.12.6
Solution : Consider the cross-section of the solenoid as shown in the Fig. 8.25 with its axis
along z direction.
x
L >> a
a
sin q =
dz
Öa 2
+z
2
a
a q1 tan q =
q z
q2
z
P z
Fig. 8.25 Cross-section of solenoid

The solenoid is made up of turns which are arranged in circular loops. Thus a circular
loop at dz produces a magnetic field at point P which is at a distance z on its axis. Let
current through solenoid is I amperes.
Ia 2 dl
dH = … (1)
2[a 2 + z 2 ] 3 2
Use the result of section 8.7 for obtaining H on the axis of a circular loop with r = a.
N
Let = Number of turns per unit length.
L
N
\ dl = ´ dz … (2)
L
Ia 2 Ndz
\ dH = … (3)
2L[a 2 + z 2 ] 3 2
TM

a a
From Fig. 8.25, tan q = i.e. z = = a cot q
z tan q
a – a sin q
\ dz = – a cosec 2 q dq = – dq = dq
2 sin 3 q
sin q
a a3
But sin q = i.e. sin 3 q =
a 2 + z2 (a 2 + z 2 ) 3 2
– a sin q (a 2 + z 2 ) 3 2
– (a 2 + z 2 ) 3 2
sin q dq
\ dz = dq = … (4)
a 3 a2
Using equation (4) in (3),
Ia 2 N – (a 2 + z 2 ) 3 2 sin q dq IN
dH = ´ =– sin q dq
2L 2
a (a 2 + 2 3 2
z ) 2L
q2
NI NI q
\ H = –
2L ò sin q dq = –
2L
[– cos q] q 2
1
q1
NI
\ H = [cos q 2 – cos q 1 ] a z
2L
mNI
\ B = [cos q 2 – cos q 1 ] a z
2L
At the center of the solenoid, for L >> a, q 2 » 0°, q 1 » 180°

mNI mNI
\ B = [cos 0° – cos 180° ] a z = a z Wb m 2 … At center
2L L
While if P is at any end, q 2 » 90°, q 1 » 180°

mNI mNI
\ B = [cos 90° – cos 180° ] a z = a Wb m 2 … At one end
2L 2L z
The variation B along the axis is shown in the B
Fig. 8.26.
mNI
It can be seen that the field strength at the end of L
the long solenoid is one half of that at the center. mNI
2L
z
Example 8.12.7 0 0.5 L L
Solution : The flux is given by, Fig. 8.26

f = ò B · dS , dS = dx dy a z
S
TM

2 ¥
é 2.5 sin px e -2y a ù · dx dy a px -2y
= ò êë z ú ( z) = ò ò 2.5 sin e dx dy
S
2 û x= 0 y = 0
2
Separating the variables,

2
é - cos px ù -2y ù
¥ é ù -¥
2 ú ée ê - cos p - ( - cos 0) ú é e - e ù
0
f = 2.5 ê ê ú = 2.5
ê p ú -2 ê p ú - 2 - 2ú
ê
êë ú ë û0 ê úû ë û
2 û0 ë 2
2.5 ´ 2 2.5 ´ 2
´ [ - ( -1) - ( -1) ] é 0 + ù =
1 1
= ´ 2 ´ = 1.5915 Wb
p êë 2 úû p 2
Example 8.13.3
Solution : Vector magnetic potential, A = 50 r 2 a z Wb/m
Now, B = ÑÁ
é 1 ¶A z ¶A f ù é ¶A r ¶A z ù 1 é ¶( rA f ) ¶A r ù
= ê - ú ar + ê - a + - a
ër ¶f ¶z û ë ¶z ¶ r úû f r êë ¶ r ¶ f úû z
Now A r = 0, A f = 0, A z = 50 r 2
é 1 ¶ (50 r 2 ) ù é ¶(50 r 2 ) ù 1
ú a f + r [0 - 0] a z = - 100 r a f Wb/m
2
\ B = ê - 0ú a r + ê 0 -
êë r ¶ f úû êë ¶ r úû
B - 100
\ H = = r a f A/m
m0 m0
Now J = Ñ´H
100 r
H r = 0, H f = - , Hz = 0
m0
é é æ - 100 r 2 ö ù
æ 100 r ö ù
ê ¶ -
ç m ÷ú ê¶ç m ÷ ú
è 0 ø 1ê è ø
- 0ú a z
0
\ Ñ ´ H = ê0 - ú a r + [0 - 0] a f +
ê ¶z ú rê ¶r ú
êë úû ê ú
êë úû
[0 - 0] a r + 0 a f + r éê - m
1 100 ù 200
= ú [2r] a z = - m a z A/m 2
ë 0 û 0
200
\ J = - a
m0 z
Now I = ò
S
×
J dS where d S = r dr df a z
TM

×
2p 1 2p 1
200 200
= ò ò -
m0 z
a r dr df a z = ò ò -
m0
r dr df
f= 0 r= 0 f= 0 r= 0
1
200 é r 2 ù - 200 1
= -
m0 ê 2 ú
[f]20 p = m éê 2 ùú [2p] = - 500 ´ 10 6 A
ë û0 0 ë û
So current is 500 MA and negative sign indicates the direction of current.

Example 8.13.4
Solution : The B from vector magnetic potential is given by,
ax ay az
¶ ¶ ¶
B = ÑÁ=
¶x ¶y ¶z
Ax Ay Az
ax ay az
¶ ¶ ¶
\ B = = a x [3 - 3] + a y [2 - 2] + a z [5 - 3] = 2 a z
¶x ¶y ¶z
4x + 3y + 2z 5x+ 6y + 3z 2x+ 3y + 5z
\ B = 2 a z Wb/m 2
Its magnitude is constant in the direction a z . It is a conservative field.
Example 8.13.5
10
Solution : A = ax
x2 + y2 + z2
ax ay az
¶ ¶ ¶
B = Ñ Á =
¶x ¶y ¶z
10
0 0
x2 + y 2 + z2
¶ é 10 ù ¶ é 10 ù
= ê 2 ú ay - ê úa
¶z ê x + y 2 + z 2 ú ¶y ê x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ú z
ë û ë û
- 20 z 20 y
= ay + az
(x 2 + y2 + z2)2 (x 2 + y2 + z2)
Example 8.13.6
Solution : The A is a vector magnetic potential.
¶A x ¶A y ¶A z
a) Ñ· A = + +
¶x ¶y ¶z
TM

¶ ¶ ¶
=
¶x
[ 3y - z] +
¶y
[ 2 xz] +
¶z
[0] = 0 ... Proved.
b) B = ÑÁ
ax ay az
¶ ¶ ¶
ÑÁ =
¶x ¶y ¶z
3y - z 2 xz 0
= a x [0 - 2x] + a y [ - 1 + 0] + a z [2z - 3]
\ B = Ñ ´ A = - 2x a x - a y + (2z - 3) a z
At P (2, – 1, 3), x = 2, y = – 1, z = 3
\ B = - 4 a x - a y + 3 a z Wb/m 2
A at P = - 6 a x + 12 a y Wb/m
H at P =
B
=
1
m0 m0 [- 4 a x - a y + 3 a z ] A/m
Now J = Ñ´H where
H =
1
m0 {- 2x a x - a y + (2z - 3) a z }
ax ay az
1 ¶ ¶ ¶
\ J =
m 0 ¶x ¶y ¶z
- 2x - 1 2z - 3
=
1
m0 {a x [0 - 0] + a y [0 - 0] + a z [0 - 0]}
= 0 A/m 2
Example 8.13.7
Solution : For a current sheet of current density K, the magnetic field intensity is given
by,
1
H = K áN
2
For the given sheet, a N = a z and K = Ky a y
ax ay az
\ KáN = 0 Ky 0 = Ky a x
0 0 1
1
\ H = K a x A/m
2 y
TM

m0
\ B = m0 H = K a Wb/m 2
2 y x
Now ÑÁ = B
But Ñ ´ A in cartesian system is,
ax ay az
¶ ¶ ¶
ÑÁ =
¶x ¶y ¶z
Ax Ay Az
As B has only a x component, consider a x of Ñ ´ A and equate.
é ¶A z ¶A y ù m 0 ¶A z ¶A y m
\ ax ê - ú = Ky a x i.e. - = 0 Ky
ë ¶y ¶z û
2 ¶y ¶z 2
¶A z
The vector magnetic potential A must be independent of x and y. Thus = 0.
¶y
¶A y m0
\ - = K ... As A y can be function of z.
¶z 2 y
m0 m
Integrating, A y = ò -
2
Ky dz + C 1 = - 0 Ky z + C 1
2
Let at z = z 0 , A y = 0
m0 m0
0 = - Ky z 0 + C 1 i.e. C1 = Ky z 0
2 2
m0
\ Ay =
2
Ky ( z 0 - z) … For z > 0
m0
\ A =
2
Ky ( z 0 - z) a y Wb/m
m0
But Ky a y = K hence A = K ( z 0 - z ) Wb/m
2
Example 8.13.8
Solution : The current sheet is shown in the Fig. 8.27.
The vector magnetic potential is, z
m 0 K dS P (0, 0, z)
dA =
4pR
dS = dx dy, R= x2 + y 2 + z2 K R y
K
R = (0 - x) a x + (0 - y) a y + (z - 0) a z
= -x a x - y a y + z a z .... z > 0 x dS at (x, y, 0)
m 0 Ky a y dx dy
\ dA = Fig. 8.27
4p (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 1 2
TM

dB = D ´ d A but dA x = dA z = 0,
¶ ¶ é m 0 Ky dx dy ù
\ dB = - (dA y )a x = - ê úa
¶z ¶z ê 4p (x + y + z ) ú x
2 2 2 1 2
ë û
m 0 Ky dx dy é 1 2z ù m 0 Ky z dx dy
= - ´ ê- ´ ú ax = ax
4p êë 2 (x 2 + y2 + z2) 3 2
úû 4p (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 3 2
For simplicity in integration, convert cartesian to cylindrical co-ordinates as

x 2 + y 2 = r 2 , z = z, dx dy = r dr df
x = 0, y = 0, r = r and x = ¥, y = ¥, r = ¥
2p ¥ m 0 Ky z r dr df
\ B = ò ò 4p (r 2 + z 2 ) 3 2
ax
f = 0r = 0
¥
r
Now I1 = ò 2 +z ) 2 3 2
dr can be solved by using r 2 + z 2 = u 2
r = 0 (r
\ 2 r dr = 2 u du, r dr = u du , u = r 2 + z2
¥ ¥ ¥
u du ¥ é ù
-2 é 1ù 1
\ I1 = ò (u 2 ) 3 2
= ò u du = ëê - u ûú r = 0 = - êê 2 2 úú
r=0 r= 0 ë r + z ûr =0
= – é - ù =+
1 1 1
êë ¥ z úû z
m 0 Ky z 1 1
\ B = [f] 20 p ´ a = m K a
4p z x 2 0 y x
B 1
\ H = = K a .... For z > 0
m0 2 y x
1
Similarly replacing z by –z , H = - K a … For z < 0
2 y x
qqq
TM

9 Magnetic Forces,
Materials and Inductance
Example 9.2.5
Solution : Q = Charge = 5 ´ 10 – 18 C
B = – 0. 4 a x + 0.2 a y – 0.1 a z T
v = (2 a x – 3 a y + 6 a z ) ´ 105 m / s
a) By definition,
F = Q ( E + v ´ B)
At t = 0, F= 0
\ 0 = 5 ´ 10 – 18 [E + (2 a x – 3 a y + 6 a z )105 ´ (– 0.4 a x + 0.2 a y – 0.1 a z )]
\ E = – [(2 a x – 3 a y + 6 a z )105 ´ (– 0.4 a x + 0.2 a y – 0.1 a z )]
ax ay az
\ E = – 105 2 –3 6
– 0.4 0.2 – 0.1
\ E = – 105 [(+0.3 – 1.2) a x – (– 0.2 + 2.4) a y + (0. 4 – 1.2) a z ]
\ E = 0.9 ´ 105 a x + 2.2 ´ 105 a y + 0.8 ´ 105 a z
\ E = (0.9 a x + 2.2 a y + 0.8 a z )10 5 V / m

b) Let E field be in x-direction only. Then we can write,
E = Ex a x
The force is given by,
F = Q ( E + v + B)
\ F = 5 ´ 10 – 18 [(E x a x ) + {(2 a x – 3 a y + 6 a z )105 ´ (– 0.4 a x + 0.2 a y – 0.1 a z }]
\ F = 5 ´ 10 – 18 [(E x a x – (0.9 ´ 105 a x + 2.2 ´ 105 a y + 0.8 ´ 105 a z )]
(9 - 1)
TM

Field Theory 9-2 Magnetic Forces, Materials and Inductance
\ F = 5 ´ 10 – 18 [(E x – 90000) a x – 22000 a y – 80000 a z ]
But|F| = 2 ´ 10 –12 N. Hence finding magnitudes on both the sides and equating,
\ 2 ´ 10 – 12 = 5 ´ 10 – 18 (E x – 90000) 2 + (– 220000) 2 + (– 80000) 2
\ (E x – 90000) 2 + (– 220000) 2 + (– 80000) 2 = (400000) 2
Solving for E x , we get

\ (E x – 90000) 2 = 1.052 ´ 10 11
\ Taking square root we get,

E x – 90000 = ± 324345.5
\ E x = 414. 355 ´ 103 V / m or E x = – 234.3955 V / m
Example 9.2.6
Solution :
Given : Q = 18 nC = 18 ´ 10 - 9 C
v = v a v = 5 ´ 10 6 [0.6 a x + 0.75 a y + 0.3 a z ] m/s
i) The electric force exerted by E on charge Q is given by,
Fe = Q E = 18 ´ 10 - 9 [( - 3 a x + 4 a y + 6 a z ) ´ 10 3 ]
= - 54 ´ 10 - 6 a x + 72 ´ 10 - 6 a y + 108 ´ 10 - 6 a z
= ( - 54 a x + 72 a y + 108 a z ) mN
The magnitude of the force exerted on the charge is given by,
| Fe| = ( -54 ´ 10 -6 ) 2 + (72 ´ 10 -6 ) 2 + (108 ´ 10 -6 ) 2 = 140.5844 mN » 140.6 mN
ii) The magnetic force exerted by B on the charge Q is given by
Fm = Q v ´ B = 18 ´ 10 - 9 [5 ´ 10 6 (0.6 a x + 0.75 a y + 0.3 a z )
´ (- 3 a x + 4 a y + 6 a z ) 10 - 3 ]
= [(0.054 a x + 0.0675 a y + 0.027) ´ ( - 3 a x + 4 a y + 6 a z ) ´ 10 - 3 )]
ax ay az
= 0.054 0.0675 0.027
- 3 ´ 10 - 3 4 ´ 10 - 3 6 ´ 10 - 3
= [( 405 - 108) ´ 10 - 6 ] a x - [( 324 + 81) ´ 10 - 6 ] a y + [(216 + 202.5) ´ 10 - 6 ] a z
= (297 a x - 405 a y + 418.5 a z ) ´ 10 - 6 N

Hence the magnitude of the force exerted on charge is given by,
TM

|Fm | = (297 ´ 10 - 6 ) 2 + ( - 405 ´ 10 - 6 ) 2 + (418.5 ´ 10 - 6 ) 2 = 653.74 mN

iii) Total force exerted on charge both B and E acting together is given by,
F = Fe + Fm
=
[- 54 ´ 10 - 6 a x + 72 ´ 10 - 6 a y + 108 ´ 10 - 6 a z ] + [297 ´ 10 - 6 a x - 405 ´ 10 - 6 a y + 418.5 ´ 10 - 6 a z ]
= (243 a x - 333 a y + 526.5 a z ) mN
Hence
|F| = (243 ´ 10 - 6 ) 2 + ( - 333 ´ 10 - 6 ) 2 + (526.5 ´ 10 - 6 ) 2 = 668.6855 mN ~ 668.7 mN
Example 9.2.7
Solution : i) Let the position of the charge is given by P(x, y, z).
The force exerted on charge by E is given by,
F = QE … (1)
According to Newton's second law,
dv d 2 z
F = ma =m = … (2)
dt dt 2
Equating equations (1) and (2) we can write,
d2 z
m = Q × E = (– 0.3 ´ 10 – 6 ´ 30 a z ) … (3)
dt 2
The initial velocity is constant and it is in x-direction so no force is applied in that
direction. Rewritting equation (3), we get,
d2 z QE
= … (4)
dt 2 m
Integrating once equation (4) by separating variables, we get
dz QE
= vz = t + k1 … (5)
dt m
where k1 is constant of integration.
To find k1 : At t = 0, initial velocity in z-direction is zero.
Substituting values in equation (5), we get
0 = 0 + k1 i.e. k1 = 0
Thus equation (5) becomes,
dz QE
v = = t …(6)
dt m
Integrating equation (6) with respect to corresponding variables we get,
Q E æt2 ö
z = ç ÷ + k2 … (7)
m è 2ø
where k2 constant of integration.

To find k2 : At t = 0, charge is at origin. Substituting values in equation (7) we get,
TM

Q E æ 0ö
0 = ç ÷ + k 2 i.e. k2 = 0
m è 2ø
Hence solution of the equation (3) is given by,
Q E 2 – 0.3 ´ 10 – 6 ´ 30 a z 2
z = t = t … (8)
2m 2 ´ 3 ´ 10 – 16
At t = 3 msec,
– 0.3 ´ 10 – 6 ´ 30
z = ´ ( 3 ´ 10 – 6 ) 2 = – 0.135 m
– 16
2 ´ 3 ´ 10
Let us consider initial constant velocity in x-direction, the charge attains x co-ordinate of,
x = vt = ( 3 ´ 105 )( 3 ´ 10 – 6 ) = 0.9 m
Hence at t = 3 msec, the position of charge is given by,

P(x, y, z) = (0.9, 0, – 0.135) m
ii) To find velocity at t = 3 m sec using equation (6), we get,
QE (– 0.3 ´ 10 – 6 ´ 30 a z )
v = t = ( 3 ´ 10 – 6 )
m 3 ´ 10 – 16
4
= – 9 ´ 10 a z m/sec
The actual velocity of charge can be obtained by including initial constant velocity in
x-direction as,
v = (3 ´ 10 5 a x – 9 ´ 10 4 a z ) m / sec
iii) The kinetic energy of the charge is given by,
1 1 2
K.E. = m |v|2 = ´ 3 ´ 10 – 16 ´ é ( 3 ´ 105 ) 2 + (–9 ´ 10 4 ) 2 ù
2 2 êë úû
\ K.E. = 1. 4715 ´ 10 – 5 J
Example 9.2.8
Solution : The magnitude of velocity is given as v = 6 ´ 10 6 m/s. The direction of this
velocity is specified by an unit vector. Thus we can write,
v = v a v = 6 ´ 10 6 [- 0.48 a x - 0.6 a y + 0.64 a z ] m/s
The force experience by a moving charge in a steady magnetic field B is given by,
F= Q v ´ B
= - 60 ´ 10 -9 [( 6 ´ 10 6 ) ( - 0.48 a x - 0.6 a y + 0.64 a z ) ´ ( 2 a x - 6 a y + 5 a z ) (1 ´ 10 -3 )]
ax ay az
-4
= ( - 3.6 ´ 10 ) - 0.48 - 0.6 0.64 = ( - 3.6 ´ 10 -4 ) [0.84 a x + 3.68 a y + 4.08 a z ]
2 -6 5
TM

= ( - 0.3024 a x - 1.3248 a y - 1.4688 a z ) ´ 10 -3 N
Thus the magnitude of the force on a moving charge is given by,
F = ( - 0.3024 ´ 10 -3 ) 2 + ( -1.3248 ´ 10 -3 ) 2 + ( - 1.4688 ´ 10 -3 ) 2 = 2.0009 mN
Example 9.2.9
0.01
Solution : Given : H = a A m, Q = 1 pC = 1 ´ 10 - 12 C, v = 10 6 a y m sec
m0 x
The magnetic force exerted on charge Q is given by,
Fm = Q v ´ B
But B = m H = m0 mr H = m0 H … assuming free space for which m r = 1
\ Fm = Q v ´ (m 0 H)
é æ 0.01 ö ù
\ Fm = Q v ´ êm 0 ç ÷ax ú
ë è 0 øm û
\ ( )
Fm = 1 ´ 10 - 12 10 6 a y ´ ( 0.01 a x )
\ Fm = 1 ´ 10 - 8 ( - a z ) N … (Q a y ´ a x = - a z )
Example 9.3.4
Solution : A force exerted on a current element in a magnetic field is given by,
F = I dL ´ B
But current element is 4 cm long i.e. 0.04 m long. It carriers current of 10 mA in
y-direction. The magnetic field is given by,
5
H = a A/m
m x
5
But B = m H = m é a x ù = 5 a x T.
êë m úû
Hence, force exerted is given by,

F = {10 ´ 10 -3 [0.04 a y ]} ´ {5 a x }
\ F = -2 ´ 10 -3 a z N = -2 a z mN
Example 9.3.5
Solution : A force exerted a current carrying conductor in the magnetic field B is given
by,
F = IdL ´ B ... (1)
From given data,
I = 10 A, dL = 4 a y and B = 0.05 a x T
TM

Substituting values in equation (1), we get,

F = [10 (4 a y ) ´ (0.05 a x )]
= [10 ´ 4 ´ 0.05) (a y ´ a x )
= 2 (– a z ) N … ay ´ ax = – az
Example 9.4.5
Solution : For air, m = m 0 m r = m 0 = 4p ´ 10 - 7 H/m
d = Distance of separation = 10 cm = 10 ´ 10 - 2 m
I 1 = I 2 = I = Current = 100 A
In general, the force between two parallel long wires is given by,
m I1 I2l m I I l
F = = 0 1 2
2p d 2p d
Hence force per meter length is given by,
F m I I 4 ´ p ´ 10 - 7 ´ 100 ´ 100
= 0 1 2 = = 0.02 N/m
l 2p d 2 ´ p ´ 10 ´ 10 - 2
As two parallel conductors carry equal current of 100 A but directions are opposite. Hence
they will repel each other. Thus the nature of the force is repulsive force.
Example 9.4.6
Solution : Force between two parallel conductors is given by,
mI1 I2 l
F =
2p d
For free space, m = m 0 m r = m 0 = 4 p ´ 10 -7 H/m
d = 10 cm = 10 ´ 10 -2 m
I 1 = I 2 = 10 A
Hence force per unit length is given by,
F 4p ´ 10 -7 ´ 10 ´ 10
= = 0.2 mN/m
l 2 ´ p ´ 10 ´ 10 -2
Example 9.4.7
Solution : Assume that parallel conductors are in air.
\ m = m 0 m r = m 0 = 4p ´ 10 –7 H/m
Two conductors are separated by distance d = 10 m.

The force between two infinitely long straight conductors is given by,
m I 1I 2 l m 0 I 1I 2
F = = l
2pd 2pd
TM

Hence force per meter is given by,

F 4p ´ 10 –7 ´ 10 ´ 10
\ = = 2 mN
l 2p ´ 10
Example 9.4.8
Solution : A rectangular loop with width a
Infinitely long wire Rectangular loop
and height b is placed parallel to infinitely
long conductor as shown in the Fig. 8.1. B C
Due to infinitely long wire the magnetic flux

density is given by I1 I2 b
m0 I1
B1 = a T
2p r 0 f
Force exerted on side AB is given by, O r0 A a D
F1 = - I 2 ò B 1 ´ d L2
b
é m 0I 1 ù
= -I2 òêë 2p r 0 a f úû ´ (dz a z ) Fig. 9.1
z=0
b
-m0 I1 I2
=
2 pr0 ò dz a r
z=0
... (Qa f ´ a z = + ar )
- m 0 I 1I 2 b
= ar N
2p r 0
Force exerted on side BC is given by,
r = r0 + a
é m 0I 1 ù
F2 = -I 2 ò B 1 ´ d L2 = -I 2 ò êë 2p r a f úû ´ (dr a r )
r =r0
r = r0 + a
-m 0 I 1I 2 dr
=
2p ò r
(- a z ) ... (Q a f ´ a r = -a z )
r =r0
m 0 I 1I 2 ì é 1 ù é 1 ùü
- ln ê ú ý a z N
2 p íî êë r 0 + a úû
= + ln
ër 0 û þ
Force exerted on side CD is given by

0
é m 0I 1 ù
F3 = -I 2 ò B 1 ´ d L2 = -I 2 ò êë 2p(r 0 + a) a f úû ´ [dz a z ]
z= b
0
-m0 I1 I2 - m 0 I 1I 2 + m 0 I 1I 2 b
=
2p (r 0 + a) ò dz a r =
2p (r 0 + a)
( - b) a r =
2p (r 0 + a) r
a N
b
TM

Force exerted on side DA is given by,

r0
é m 0I 1 ù
F4 = -I 2 ò B 1 ´ d L2 = -I 2 ò êë 2p r a f úû ´ [dr a r ]
r0 +a
r0
-m 0 I 1I 2 dr -m 0 I 1I 2 ì é 1 ù é 1 ùü
=
2p ò r
( -a z ) =
2p í ln ê r ú - ln ê r + a úý ( -a z )
î ë 0û ë 0 ûþ
r0 + a
-m 0 I 1I 2 ì é 1 ù é 1 ùü
=
2p í l n ê r + a ú - ln ê r ú ý a z N ... Adjusting negative sign
î ë 0 û ë 0 ûþ
Now total force on a loop is given by,

F = F1 + F2 + F3 + F4
m 0 I 1I 2 b m 0 I 1I 2 b
\ F = ar + a
2p r 0 2p (r 0 + a) r
-m 0 I 1I 2 b é 1 1 ù
\ F = ê - ar
2p ë r 0 + a r 0 úû
Rearrange terms inside bracket and taking negative sign out of it we get,
m 0I 2I 2 b é 1 1 ù
F = - ( -a r ) N
2p êë r 0 r 0 + a ûú
This indicates force of attraction and infinitely long wire tries to attract a rectangular loop
towards it.
Example 9.5.9
Solution : For N turns loop, the maximum value of magnetic torque is given by,
Tmax = N B I S, where S = Area of a square loop
Now for a square loop, each side is 15 cm i.e. 15 ´ 10– 2 m
–2 –2
\ Tmax = 200 ´ 1 ´ 5 (15 ´ 10 ´ 15 ´ 10 ) = 22.5 Nm
Example 9.5.10
Solution : Given I = 100 mA = 100 ´ 10 -3 A
B = 0.2 a x - 0.1 a y + 0.2 a z T
i) The force exerted on segment AB is given by,
FAB = IdL ´ B
Now, dL = 0.6 a x
\ FAB = (100 ´ 10 -3 ) 0.6 a x ´ (0.2 a x - 0.1 a y + 0.2 a z )
\ FAB = -12 a y - 6 a z mN
TM

ii) Now the torque on a loop is given by,

T = m ´ B = IS ´ B
Now area of triangle shaped loop placed in x-y plane can be written in vector form as,
1
S = [0.6 a x ´ (0.4 a x + a y )] = 0.3 a z
2
Hence T = 100 ´ 10 -3 (0.3 a z ) ´ (0.2 a x - 0.1 a y + 0.2 a z )
z
\ T = 3 a x + 6 a y mN. m
Example 9.5.11
Solution : Consider a circular loop in z = 0 plane as
r
O y
Current is in a f as shown in the Fig. 9.2. The given
magnetic field is uniform given by I
æa + a z ö
B = B0 ç x ÷ T x
è 2 ø B
The magnetic dipole moment of a planar circular loop is Fig. 9.2
given by,
m = (I S) a n
where S is the area of the circular loop.
Note that the loop is laying in z = 0 plane. Thus the direction of unit normal a n must be
decided by the right hand thumb rule. Let the fingures point in the direction of current (in
a f direction), then the right thumb gives the direction of a n which is clearly a z .
\ m = I p r2 ( ) a z = (p r 2I) a z
The total torque is given by
T = m ´ B
p r 2 B0 I
( )
B0
= p r 2I a z ´
2
(a x +az ) =
2
[a z ´ ( a x + a z ) ]
ax ay az
p r 2 B0 I p r 2 B0 I
=
2
0 0 1 =
2
[- (- a )]
y
1 0 1
æ p r 2 B0 Iö
= çç ÷ a y N-m
÷
è 2 ø
Example 9.5.12
Solution : a) The field is uniform and hence it will not produce any translation of the
loop.
TM

Field Theory 9 - 10 Magnetic Forces, Materials and Inductance
Hence we can write, the magnetic torque is given by,

T = I S´B
From the given Fig. 9.5.11, the square loop has sides of 4m each. Also it is placed in x - y
plane. Hence the area is given by,
dS = ( 4 a x ) ´ ( 4 a y ) = 16 a z m 2
Hence the magnetic torque at origin is given by,

T = 0.6(16 a z ) ´ (100 a y ) ´ 10 -3 = - 0.96 a x N × m
b) A(0, 0, 0) and B = 200 a x + 100 a y mT :

Again the field is uniform and hence it will not produce any translation of the loop.
Hence similar to part (a), we can write,
T = I S ´ B = 0.6(16 a z ) ´ ( 200 a x + 100 a y ) ´ 10 -3 … (Q a z ´ a x = +a y
a z ´ a y = –a x )
\ T = - 0.96 a x + 1.92 a y N × m
Example 9.7.4
Solution : i) The relative permeability m r can be obtained as,
m 1.8 ´ 10 –5
mr = = = 14.3239
m0 4 ´ p ´ 10 –7
The magnetic field intensity and magnetization are related to each other as,
M = cm ×H = (m r – 1) H
M 120
\ H = = = 9 A/m
mr – 1 14. 3239 – 1
ii) n = Number of atoms = 8. 3 ´ 10 28 atoms/m3

2
m = 4. 5 ´ 10 –27 A × m
The magnetization is given by,
(
M = (n) (m) = 8. 3 ´ 10 28 )(4.5 ´ 10 –27 ) = 373.5 A/m
Now the magnetic field intensity is given by,

M 373. 5
H = = = 17.7857 A/m
mr – 1 22 – 1
iii) The magnetic flux density is given by,

B = m H = m 0 m r H = m 0 (1 + c m ) H ... m r = ( c m + 1)
TM

B 300 ´ 10 –6
\ H = = = 14.9207 A/m
m 0 (1 + c m ) 4 ´ p ´ 10 –7 ´ (1 + 15)
Example 9.7.5
Solution : a) J = Ñ ´ H ... (1)
B B B
But H = = =
m m 0 m r m 0 ( c m + 1)
Putting value of H in equation (1)
\ J = Ñ´
B
=
1
m 0 ( c m + 1) m 0 ( c m + 1)
Ñ´B ( )
ax ay az
¶ ¶ ¶
\ Ñ´B =
¶x ¶y ¶z
0.005 y 2 0 0
é ¶ ù é ¶ ù
= [0 - 0] a x - ê0 -
¶ z
(0.005 y 2 ) ú a y + ê 0 -
¶ y
(0.005 y 2 ) ú a z
ë û ë û
= – (0.01 y) a z
1
\ J =
m 0 ( c m + 1)
[- 0.01 y a z ]
- 0.01 y
\ J = az
4 ´ p ´ 10 -7 ( 6 + 1)
Calculating value of J at y = 0.4 m.

\ J = – 454.7284 a z A/m 2
The magnitude of J is 454.7284 A/m 2
b) Jb = Ñ ´ M ... (2)
cm B cm B cm B
But M = cm H = = =
m m 0 m r m 0 ( c m + 1)
Putting value of M in equation (2)

cm B cm
\ Jb = Ñ ´ M = Ñ ´ =
m 0 ( c m + 1) m 0 ( c m + 1)
Ñ´B ( )
\ Ñ ´ B = – (0.01) y a z
6
\ Jb = ( - 0.01 y a z )
4 ´ p ´ 10 -7 ´ 7
Calculating value of J at y = 0.4 m.
TM

\ J b = – 2728.37 a z A/m 2
The magnitude of J b is 2728.37 A/m 2
B
c) JT = Ñ ´
m0
We can also write,

J T = J b + J = (– 2728.37 a z ) + (– 454.7284 a z ) = – 3183.09 a z A/m 2
Thus the magnitude of J T is 3183.09 A/m 2 .
Alternative method :
1
JT = Ñ ´
B
=
1
m0 m 0 [
Ñ´B = ]
4 ´ p ´ 10 -7
( - 0.01 y a z ) = – 7957.74 y a z A/m 2
Calculating value of J T at y = 0.4 m

\ J T = – 3183.09 a z A/m 2
Hence the magnitude of J T is 3183.09 A/m 2 .
Example 9.8.6
Solution : Let f (x, y) = 2x – 5y. Thus f (x, y) increases from region 2 to region 1 as
region 2 is defined by 2x – 5y < 0 while region 1 by 2x – 5y > 0. Now if we calculate
gradient of f (x, y) then it represents a vector with a magnitude and direction. The
direction of that vector is in the direction of increasing value of f(x,y).
¶f ¶f ¶f
Ñf = a + a + a
¶x x ¶y y ¶z z
But f = 2x – 5y
\ Ñf = 2 a x - 5 a y
Now the unit vector normal to the plane is given by,
Ñf 2ax -5ay 2ax -5ay
a n21 = = =
Ñf 4 + 25 29
\ a n21 = 0.3714 a x - 0.9284 a y

a) The magnitude of the normal component of B 1 is given by,
( )×(a n21 )]×a n12

B N1 = [ B 1
But B 1 = m 1 H 1 = m 0 m r1 H 1
= ( 4 ´ p ´ 10 -7 ´ 3) ( 30 a x )
= 113.0973 ´ 10 -6 a x T
TM

\ B1 = 113.0973 m T
b) × ×a
B N1 = ( B 1 a 21 ) 21
= [113.0973 ´ 10 -6
ax × (0.3714 a x )
- 0.9284 a y ]
(0.3714 a x - 0.9284 a y )
= 4.2 ´ 10 -5 ( 0.3714 a x - 0.9284 a y )
= 15.59 a x - 38.99 a y m T
\ B N1 = (15.59 ´ 10 -6 ) 2 + ( 38.99 ´ 10 -6 ) 2 = 41.99 m T
c) From the symmetry,

B 1 = B tan1 + B N1
\ B tan1 = B 1 - B N1
(
= [113.0973 a x - 15.59 a x - 38.99 a y ] ´ 10 -6 )
= 97.5073 a x + 38.99 a y m T
\ H tan1 =
B tan1
=
(97.5073 a x )
+ 38.99 a y ´ 10 -6
m 0 m r1 4 ´ p ´ 10 -7 ´3
\ H tan1 = 25.86 a x + 10.34 a y
\ H tan1 = ( 25.86) 2 + (10.34) 2 = 27.8505 A/m

d) According to the boundary conditions,
B N2 = B N1 = 15.59 a x - 38.99 a y m T
m2
B tan2 = B tan1
m1
4
\ B tan2 = [97.5073 a x + 38.99 a y ] ´ 10 -6
3
\ B tan2 = 130 a x + 51.98 a y m T
\ B 2 = B tan2 + B N2
B 2 = [(130 a x + 51.98 a y ) + (15.59 a x - 38.99 a y )] ´ 10 -6
\ B 2 = 145.59 a x + 12.99 a y m T
\ H2 =
B2
=
( )
145.59 a x + 12.99 a y ´ 10 -6
m 0 m r2 4 ´ p ´ 10 -7 ´ 4
TM

\ H 2 = 28.96 a x + 2.5842 a y
\ H2 = ( 28.96) 2 + ( 2.5842) 2 = 29.075 A/m

Example 9.8.7
1
Solution : Given : B 2 = 5 a x + 8 a z mWb m 2 , K= a mA m.
m0 y
Now the normal component of B 2 is along a z so that the normal component of B 1 is also
along a z being continuous at boundary.
By definition,
B 1n = B 2n = 8 a z i.e. Bz = 8
Now for a current at boundary,
(H1 – H2 ) ´ a n12 = K
æ B1 B2 ö 1
\ ç – ÷ áz = ay
m
è 1 m 2 ø m 0
æ B1 B2 ö 1
\ ç – ÷ áz = a
è m 0m 1 m 0m 2 ø m0 y
æ B1 B2 ö
\ ç – ÷ áz = ay
è m1 m2 ø
\ ê
(
é Bxa x + By a y + Bza z ) – (5a z + 8a z )ùú ´ a = ay
6 4 z
ê ú
ë û
éæ Bx 5 ö ù
\ ( ) æ Bz 8 ö
ê çè 6 – 4 ÷ø a x + B y – 0 a y + çè 6 – 4 ÷ø a z ú ´ a z = a y
ë û
\ ç
è 6 4ø
÷ (
æ B x – 5 ö –a
)
y + By a x = a y
Equation components, By = 0
Bx 5
– = –1
6 4
Bx 5 1
\ = –1 + =
6 4 4
6
\ Bx = = 1.5
4
Hence B1 = Bxa x + By a y + Bz a z
\ B 1 = 1.5 a x + 0 a y + 8 a z = (1.5 a x + 8 a z ) mWb m 2
TM

B1 1 1
m 0m 1 [
1.5 a x + 8 a z ] =
6 m0 [
But H1 = = 1.5 a x + 8 a z ]
m1
1
\ H1 =
m0
[0.25 a x + 1.333 a z ] mA m
Example 9.8.8
Solution : z-axis is normal to the boundary. The normal component is given by,
B N1 = ( B 1 × a N12 ) × a N12 K (1)
Here below z = 0, there exists medium 2 while above z = 0, medium 1 exists. The field
vector travels from medium 1 to 2.
\ a N12 = –a z
\ B N1 = [(2a x – 3a y + 2a z ) · (–a z )]· (–a z ) = [–2]( –a z )
= 2 a z MT K Because B 1 is expressed in militesla

The tangential component of B 1 is given by,
( )
B tan1 = B 1 – B N1 = 2 a x – 3 a y + 2 a z – ( 2 a z ) = 2 a x – 3 a y mT.
According to boundary conditions,

B N2 = B N1 = 2 a z mT
Now we can write
(Htan1 – Htan2 ) = a N12 ´ K K (2)
But Htan1 =
B tan1 B
= tan1 =
(
2 a x - 3 a y ´ 10 –3 )
m 0 mr1 m1 4 ´ 4p ´ 10 –7 ( )
\ (
Htan1 = 198.94 2 a x – 3 a y ) A/m
Putting value of Htan1 in equation (2), we get,
[198.94(2a x )
– 3a y – Htan2 ] = (–a z ) ´ ( 60 a x )
\ (397.88 a x – 596.82 a y ) – Htan2 = –60 a y
\ Htan2 = 397.88 a x – 536.82 a y A/m
But [
B tan2 = m 2 Htan2 = 7 ´ 4 ´ p ´ 10 –7 397.88 a x – 536.82 a y ]
\ B tan2 = 3.4999 ´ 10 –3 a x – 4.7222 ´ 10 –3 a y
\ B tan2 = 3.5 a x - 4.7222 a y mT
Thus B 2 = B tan2 + B N2 = {[3.5 a x ]

– 4.7222 a y + [2 a z ] } mT
TM

\ B 2 = 3.5 a x – 4.7222 a y + 2 a z MT
Example 9.8.9
Solution : The surface separating two regions can be defined as,
f(x, y, z) = 3x - 2y + 5z
The unit vector normal to the plane is given by,
Ñ f 3 ax - 2 ay +5 az 3 ax - 2 ay +5 az
an = = =
Ñf 9 + 4 + 25 38
Then the normal component of H is given by,
é æ 3 a x - 2 a y + 5 a z öù é 3 a x - 2 a y + 5 a z ù
H1n = ( H · a n ) a n = ê(4 a x + 6 a y - 3 a z ) ç ÷ú ê ú
ë è 38 øû ë 38 û
1
\ H1n =
38
[12 + 0 + 0 + 0 - 12 + 0 + 0 + 0 - 15][ 3 a x - 2 a y + 5 a z ]
-15
\ H1n = (3 a x - 2 a y + 5 a z )
38
\ H1n = ( - 0. 3947)(3 a x - 2 a y + 5 a z ) = - 1.1841 a x + 0.7894 a y - 1.9735 a z
But H1 = H1n + H1t
\ H1t = H1 - H1n = (4 a x + 6 a y - 3 a z ) - ( -1.1841 a x + 0.7894 a y - 1.9735 a z )
\ H1t = 5.1841 a x + 5.2106 a y - 1.0265 a z A m
Now H2t = H1t = 5.1841 a x + 5.210 a y - 1.0265 a z A m
Also B 2n = B 1n i.e. m 2 H2n = m 1 H1n
m1
\ H2n = H
m 2 1n
2m 0
= [-1.1841 a x + 0.7894 a y - 1.9735 a z ]
5m 0
= - 0.4736 a x + 0.3157 a y - 0.7894 a z

Now H2 = H2n + H2t
= ( - 0.4736 a x + 0.3157 a y - 0.7894 a z ) + 5.1841 a x + 5.2106 a y - 1.0265 a z )
H2 = 4.7105 a x + 5.5263 a y - 1.8159 a z A m
Now B 2 = m 2 H2 = 5 m 0 H2 = 5 ´ 4 ´ p ´ 10 -7 H2
\ B 2 = 20 p ´ 10 -7 (4.7105 a x + 5.5263 a y - 1.8159 a z )
\ B 2 = 29.5965 a x + 34.7222 a y - 11.4094 a z m Wb m 2
Example 9.9.5
Solution : The magnetic field intensity is given by,
TM

I I
H = = where C = Circumference
2pr C
0.3
\ H = =2 A m
15 ´ 10 - 2
But B = mH = m 0 m r H
\ B = 4 ´ p ´ 10 - 7 ´ 1500 ´ 2 = 3.7699 ´ 10 - 3 T
The flux induced in one turn of a iron ring is given by,
f = B×S where S = Area of cross-section of iron ring
= (3.7699 ´ 10 - 3 ) (3 ´ 10 -4 ) = 1.13097 ´ 10 - 6 Wb
Hence the total flux established in the ring is given by,

f Total = N× f where N = Number of turns
= 250 × (1.13097 ´ 10 - 6 )
= 0.2827 mWb
Example 9.9.6
Solution : The flux in air gap is also flux in core.
f 0.141 ´ 10 -3
Bi = = = 0.35 T
Si 4 ´ 10 -4
Bi Bi 0 . 35
Hence Hi = = = = 849.15 A/m
m m 0m r 4 ´ p ´ 10 -7 ´ 328
Then (Hi) (li) = (849.15) (0.44) = 373.626 A
For air gap, cross-sectional area is given by,
Sg = (0.02+0.002)2 = 4.84×10– 4 m2
f 0.141 ´ 10 -3
Hence Hg × lg = lg = ´ 2 ´ 10 -3 = 463.65 A
m 0 Sg -7
4 ´ p ´ 10 ´ 4.84 ´ 10 -4
Hence f = H i l i + Hg lg = 373.626 + 463.65 = 837.27 A

Hence f = N ×I
f 837.27
\ I = = = 2.0932 A
N 400
Example 9.10.11
Solution : For a given solenoid in air,
m = m 0 = 4p ´ 10 -7 Wb/A.m
N = 200
d
d = 6 cm = 6 ´ 10 -2 m hence r = = 3 ´ 10 -2 m
2
TM

l = 60 cm = 60 ´ 10 -2 m
The inductance of a solenoid is given by,

m N2 A
L =
l
( )
-7 2 -2 2
m 0 N 2 ( pr 2 ) 4 ´ p ´ 10 ´ ( 200) ´ p ´ 3 ´ 10
= =
l 60 ´ 10 -2
= 2.3687 ´ 10 -4 H = 0.2368 mH
Example 9.10.12
Solution : A solenoid is in air, hence m r = 1
Given N = 400, d = diameter = 10 cm = 10 ´ 10 -2 m, l = 50 cm = 50 ´ 10 -2 m
The inductance of a solenoid is given by
L =
m N 2 A (m 0 m r ) N p d 4
=
2 2
( )
l l
2 p d2
A = Area of cross-section = p r 2 = p æç ö÷
d
where =
è2ø 4
é
(10 ´ 10 - 2 ) ù
2
(4 ´ p ´ 10 -7
) 2ê
´ 1 ( 400) ê p
4
ú
ú
êë úû
\ L= = 3.1583 ´ 10 -3 H = 3.1583 mH
50 ´ 10 -2
Example 9.10.13
Solution : The inductance of the solenoid is given by,
mN 2 A
L = = 20 mH
l
where l = Length of the solenoid, A = Area = p r 2 , N = Number of turns
Now length is made 2l while the radius is made æç ö÷ . Then the inductance is given by
r
è 2ø
é r 2ù
m N 2 ê( p ) æç ö÷ ú
Lnew =
êë è 2 ø ú m N 2 pr 2
û = ( )
( )
2 l 8l
1 æ mN 2 A ö 1
\ Lnew = ç
8è l ø 8
÷= (
20 ´ 10 -3 ) = 2.5 mH
Example 9.10.14
Solutions : For inner solenoid : m r = 75, l = 50 cm = 50 ´ 10 - 2 m, N = 1500
TM

d = 2 cm, hence r = 1 cm = 1 ´ 10 - 2 m
So the inductance of solenoid is given by,
m N2 A m m N 2 (p r 2 ) 4 ´ p ´ 10 - 7 ´ 75 ´ (1500) 2 ´ ( p) ´ (1 ´ 10 - 2 )
L in = = 0 r =
l l 50 ´ 10 - 2
\ L in = 0.1332 H
For outer solenoid : m r = 1 (in air), l = 50 cm = 50 ´ 10 -2 m, N = 1200
d
d = 3 cm hence r = = 1.5 cm = 1.5 ´ 10 -2 m
2
So the inductance of outer solenoid is given by,
m N2 A m m N 2 (p r 2 ) 4 ´ p ´ 10 - 7 ´ (1200) 2 ´ p ´ (1.5 ´ 10 -2 ) 2
L out = = 0 r =
l l 50 ´ 10 -2
\ L out = 2.5582 mH
Example 9.10.15
Solution : N = 700, h = height = 1.5 cm = 1.5 ´ 10 - 2 m
r1 = Inner radius = 1 cm = 1 ´ 10 - 2 m, r2 = Outer radius = 2 cm = 2 ´ 10 - 2 m

1) In general, inductance of a toroid of square cross section is given by,
m 0 N2 h ær ö
L = ln ç 2 ÷
2p è r1 ø
4 ´ p ´ 10 -7 ´ (700) 2 ´ 1.5 ´ 10 -2 æ 2 ´ 10 -2 ö
= ln ç ÷ = 1.0189 mH
2 ´ p è 1 ´ 10 -2 ø
2) By general approximate formula for toroid, the inductance is given by,
m N2 A
L = 0
2p R
where A = Area of square cross-section = (1 cm) (1.5 cm) = 1.5 ´ 10 - 4 m 2
r = Mean radius = 1.5 cm = 1.5 ´ 10 -2 m
4 ´ p ´ 10 -7 ´ (700) 2 ´ (1.5 ´ 10 - 4 )
\ L = = 0.98 mH
2 ´ p ´ 1.5 ´ 10 -2
Thus for toroid, with radius larger than the cross-section, the inductance obtained by both
formulae are approximately same.
Example 9.10.16
Solution : For a solenoid with large length as compared to small cross section, the
magnetic field intensity inside the coil can be assumed to be constant and zero for points
just outside the solenoid.
Let the current flowing through the coil be I 1 .
TM

Then the magnetic field intensity is given by,

N1 I 1 ( 2000) I 1
H1 = = = ( 2000) I 1 A/m
l1 100 ´ 10 -2
The magnetic flux density is given by,
(
B 1 = m H 1 = m 0 m r H 1 = 4 ´ p ´ 10 -7 ) ( 2000 I 1) = (2.5132 ´ 10 -3 ) I 1 Wb / m 2
Total flux produced is given by,
( ) éêë p (2 ´ 10 -2 )
2ù
f1 = ( B1) ( A 1) = 2.5132 ´ 10 -3 ´ I 1 úû
\ f1 = (3.1582 ´ 10 -6 ) I 1 Wb
The flux calculated above can only link with the second coil as H 1 and B 1 are zero outside
the coil 1.
The mutual inductance between two coils is given by
M12 =
N2 f1
=
(
( 4000) 3.1582 ´ 10 -6 I 1 )
I1 I1
\ M12 = 12.633 mH
Example 9.12.3
Solution : Given : N = 1000, f = 10 mWb = 10 ´ 10 –3 Wb, R = 4 W, V = 40 V
The current in the coil at steady state is given by,
V 40
I = = = 10 A
R 4
Hence the self inductance of a coil is given by,
Nf 1000 ´ 10 ´ 10 –3
L = = =1H
I 10
Thus the energy stored in a magnetic field is given by,
1 2 1
Wm = LI = (1) (10) 2 = 50 W
2 2
Example 9.12.4
Solution : The inductance of toroid with N turns and A as area of a toroidal ring cross
section, is given by,
L=
mN 2 A (m 0 m r ) N pr
=
2 2
( )
, where R = Mean radius of a toroid, For air, m r = 1
2pR 2pR
TM

(4 ´ p ´ 10 -7 )( 400) 2 éêë p ´ (4 ´ 10 -3 )
2ù
úû
\ L = = 40.2123 mH
2 ´ p ´ (40 ´ 10 -3 )
The current flowing through an air core toroid is I = 10 A. Then the energy stored by
toroid is given by,
Wm =
1 2
2
LI =
1
2 ( )
40.2123 ´ 10 -6 (10) 2 = 2.0106 mW
Example 9.12.5
Solution : The energy density in free space in a magnetic field is given by,
1 1
wm = mH 2 = m 0 m r H 2
2 2
But for free space m r = 1
1 1
\ wm = m H 2 = ´ 4 ´ p ´ 10 - 7 ´ (1000) 2 = 0.6283 J m 3
2 0 2
qqq
TM

10 Time Varying Fields
and Maxwell’s Equations
Example 10.2.6
Solution : Here the magnetic flux is constant while the path is rotating with speed of
1500 r.p.m. The field intensity is given by,
E = v´B where v = Linear velocity
In one minute there are 1500 revolutions which corresponds to 25 revolutions in one
second. The distance covered in one second is ( 2pr ) meter. Hence in 25 revolutions the
distance travelled is (50pr ) meter. The conductor rotates in f-direction. Hence linear
velocity is given by,
( )
v = (50pr ) a f = 50p 25 ´ 10 -2 a f = 39.27 a f m/s
Hence the electric field intensity is given by,

E = v ´ B = ( 39.27 a f ) ´ ( 0.5 a r ) = 19.635 ( - a z ) ... a f ´ a r = - a z
Induced e.m.f. is given by,
e = ò E · dL
As the conductor is parallel to z axis, dL = (dz) a z
z= 1
\ e = ò 19.635(-a z )· ( dz) a z = -19.635 [z]10 = – 19.635 V
z= 0
Example 10.2.7
Solution : The circular loop conductor is in X-Y plane. B is in a z direction which is
perpendicular to X-Y plane.
Hence, we can write,
dS = ( r dr df) a z
Total flux is given by
f = ò B · dS
S
(10 - 1)
TM

Field Theory 10 - 2 Time Varying Fields and Maxwell's Equations
2p 0. 15
ò ò [(0.5 sin 10 ) ]
t a z · [( r dr df) a z ]
= 3
f = 0 r= 0
0.15
ér2 ù é 2 ù
= (0.5 sin 10 t) 3
[f]20 p ê 2 ú
ë û0
(
= 0.5 sin 10 3 t ) [2p] êê (0.15)
2 ú
úû
ë
= 35.3429 sin 10 3 t mWb

Now induced e.m.f. is given by,
e = -
df
dt
=-
d
dt [ 35.3429 ´ 10 -3
]
sin 10 3 t
(
= - 35.3429 ´ 10 -3 )(10 3 ) cos 10 3 t = – 35.3429 cos 10 3 t V
Hence current in the conductor is given by,

e - 35.3429 cos 10 3 t
i = = v = – 1.7671 cos 103 t A
R 20
Example 10.2.8
Solution : The induced e.m.f. is given by,
p
e = B l v sin q = (1.1) (0.5) (30) sin = 16.5 V
2
p
As field and direction of motion are perpendicular to each other, q =
2
Example 10.2.9
Solution : Here filamentary conductor is fixed and it is placed in z = 0 plane. It encloses
area of 0.65 m 2 .
\ dS = dS a z z
Induced e.m.f. according to Faraday's is law is given by,

¶B
e = -ò · dS B
¶t
S
dS y
¶ é æa y + a z öù
= -ò ê 0.05 cos 10
3
t çç ÷÷ ú · ( dS a z )
¶t ê è 2 ø úû
S ë x
= -ò
( )(- sin 10 3 t) dS
0.05 10 3 Fig. 10.1
S
2
é ù
= + 35.355 sin 10 3 t ê ò dSú ... a y · a z = 0
êë S ûú
az ·az = 1
TM

But ò dS is given as 0.65 m 2 .

S
\ e = 35.355 sin 10 3 t (0.65) = 22.98 sin 103 t V
Example 10.3.8
Solution : The conduction current density is given by
[ ]
J C = s E = 5 100 sin 10 10 t = 500 sin 10 10 t A/m 2
The displacement current density is given by

¶D ¶ ¶ ¶E
JD =
¶t
=
¶t
( e E) = ¶ t ( e 0 e r E) = e 0 e r ¶ t
= (8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´ 1) ¶¶t [100 sin 10 10 t]

= 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´ 10 10 ´ 100 ´ cos 10 10 t
= 8.854 cos 10 10 t A/m 2

For the two current densities, the condition for the equal magnitudes is given by
JC s
= =1
JD e w
s 5
\ w = = = 5.647 ´ 10 11
e 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´ 1
But w = 2p f
w 5.647 ´ 10 11
\ f = = = 89.877 GHz
2p 2p
Example 10.3.9
Solution : i) The condition for both the current densities to have equal magnitude is
JC s
= =1
JD we
s
\ w =
e
2 ´ 10 -8
\ w = = 226.194 rad/sec
10 -8
36 p
But w = 2p f
w 226.194
\ f = = = 36 Hz
2p 2p
ii) The displacement current density at f = 36 Hz is given by

TM

10 -8 é d
( 200 sin w t) ùú
d dE
JD = ( e E) = e =
36 p êë dt
dt dt û
10 -8 10 -8
= ´ 200 ´ w ´ cos w t = ´ 200 ´ ( 2 ´ p ´ 36) ´ cos ( 2 ´ p ´ 36) t
36 p 36 p
= 400 ´ 10 -8 cos 72 p t A/m 2 = 4 cos 72p t m A/m 2
dE
iii) J C = s E and J D = e
dt
So from the expressions of J C and J D it is clear that both are always at right angles to
each other. So the phase angle between the current densities is 90°.
Example 10.3.10
Solution : V
D = eE = e
d
Hence the displacement current density is given by,
¶D ¶ æ Vö e dV
JD = = çe ÷ =
¶t ¶t è d ø d dt
Hence the displacement current is given by

e dV ö
iD = JD × Area = æç ÷ (A) … Plate area = A
è d dt ø
eA dV dV
\ iD = =C
d dt dt
This current is same as conduction current.
dQ dD dE eA dV dV
\ iC = =A = eA = =C
dt dt dt d dt dt
Hence the conduction current and displacement current is same. The displacement current
is given by
eA dV ( 2 e 0 ) ( A ) dV 2 ´ 8 . 854 ´ 10 -12 ´ 5 ´ 10 -4 d
iD =
d dt
=
d dt
=
3 ´ 10 -3 dt
50 sin 10 3 t ( )
2 ´ 8.854 ´ 10 -12 ´ 5 ´ 10 -4 ´ 50 ´ 10 3
= cos 103t = 0.1475 cos 103t µA
3 ´ 10 -3
Example 10.3.11
2 –4 2
Solution : Area of plate = A = 10 cm = 10 × 10 m
–3
Distance of separation = d = 2 mm = 2 × 10 m
6
Dielectric is air \ e r = 1, Applied voltage V = 300 sin 10 t volts
Hence displacement current is given by,
TM

eA dV (e0 er )A dV
iD = =
d dt d dt
–12 –4
8.854 ´ 10 ´ 1 ´ 10 ´ 10 d
= 300 sin 10 6 t
2 ´ 10 –3 dt
8.854 ´ 10 –12 ´ 10 ´ 10 –4
6
= ´ 300 ´ 10 6 cos 10 6 t = 1.3281 cos 10 t mA
2 ´ 10 –3
Example 10.3.12
Solution : According to condition,
JC s
=
JD we
iC i
But JC = and J D = D
A A
iC A s
\ =
iD A w (e 0 e r )
w (e 0 e r ) i C 2pf( e 0 e r ) i C 2 ´ p ´ 1 ´ 10 9 ´ ( 8.854 ´ 10 -12 )( 3)

\ iD = = =
s s 5.8 ´ 107
\ iD = 2.87748 nA
Example 10.5.9
Solution : The point form of Maxwell's second equation is,
¶D
Ñ´H = J+
¶t
But as fields are time invariant, we can write,
¶D
= 0
¶t
\ Ñ´H = J
ax ay az
¶ ¶ ¶
\ J =
¶x ¶y ¶z
0 0 ( 3 x cos b + 6y sin a )
¶ ¶
\ J =
¶y
[ 3 x cos b + 6y sin a ] a x -
¶x
[ 3 x cos b + 6y sin a ] a y
\ J = 6 sin a a x - 3 cos b a y A / m 2
TM

Example 10.5.10
Solution : Consider Maxwell's equation for static fields,
ÑÉ = 0 ... (1)
Consider L.H.S. of equation (1),
ax ay az
[
L.H.S. = Ñ ´ E = Ñ ´ x a x + x a y 2
]= ¶/¶x ¶/¶y ¶/¶z
x2 x 0
é ¶
= ê
ë ¶ y ¶
¶
z
ù
û
é ¶
( 0) - ( x)ú a x - ê ( 0) -
ë ¶ x ¶
¶
z
ù
x2 ú a y + ê
û ë
( )
é ¶
¶ x
( x) -
¶
¶
y
ù
x2 ú a z
û
( )
= [0] - [0] + (1) a z = az
But R.H.S. = 0. That means L.H.S. ¹ R.H.S.
Thus we have Ñ ´ E ¹ 0 which indicates that the given electric field E is not static. But we
can have a static field only if the charge distribution is static. From above calculation it is
clear that E is not static implies this electric field cannot arise from static distribution of
charge.
Example 10.5.11
Solution : Given : E = 20 cos ( wt – 50x) a y V m, mr = er = 1 ...For free space
i) By definition,
D = eE = ( e 0 e r ) E = e 0 E
\ [
D = e 0 20 cos ( wt – 50x) a y ] = 20 e 0[cos ( wt – 50x) a y ] ...(1)
The current density J D is given by,
¶D ¶
JD = Jd =
¶t
=
¶t {
20 e 0 cos ( wt – 50x) a y } = 20 e 0 [ – sin ( wt – 50x)]( w) a y
\ J D = J d = –20 w e 0 sin ( wt – 50x ) a y A m 2 ...(2)

ii) By Maxwell's equation, for free space,
– ¶B
ÑÉ =
¶t
ax ay az
– ¶B
\ = ¶ ¶x ¶ ¶y ¶ ¶z
¶t
0 20 cos ( w t – 50x) 0
ì ¶ ü ì¶ ü
= í0 – 20cos ( wt – 50x)ýa x – {0 – 0} a y + í 20cos ( wt – 50x) – 0ýa z
î ¶z þ î ¶x þ
¶B
\ – = 20[ – sin ( wt – 50x)( –50)]a z = 1000 sin ( wt – 50x) a z
¶t
TM

¶B
\ – = –1000 sin ( wt – 50x) a z
¶t
Separating variables,
¶B = [ –1000 sin ( wt – 50x) a z ] dt
Integrating both sides
é cos ( wt – 50x) ù 1000
B = –1000 ê –
w ú a z = w cos ( wt – 50x) a z T ...(3)
ë û
By definition,
B B B 1000
H = = = = cos ( wt – 50x ) a z A m ...(4)
m m 0m r m0 wm 0
Now to find value of w, let us use Maxwell's equation as follows,
¶D
Ñ´H = = JD
¶t
ax ay az
¶D
Ñ ´ H = ¶ ¶x ¶ ¶y ¶ ¶z =
1000 ¶t
0 0 cos ( wt – 50x)
wm 0
é ¶ 1000 ù é ¶ ì 1000 ü ù ¶D
\ ê ¶y wm cos ( wt – 50x) – 0ú a x – ê ¶x í wm cos ( wt – 50x)ý – 0ú a y + [0 – 0] a z = ¶t
ë 0 û ë î 0 þ û
é 1000 ¶D
\ [0 – 0] a x –ê
wm {– sin( wt – 50x)}( –50) – 0ùú a y + [0] a z = ¶t
ë 0 û
–50000 ¶D
\ sin ( wt – 50x) a y = ...(5)
wm 0 ¶t
Comparing equations (2) and (5) as both are of same form and representing same quantity,
we can write,
–50000
–20 w e 0 =
w m0
2500
\ w m0 = ...(6)
w e0
Putting equation (6) in equation (4), we can represent H in another form as,
1000
H = cos ( wt – 50x) a z = 0.4 w e 0 cos ( wt – 50x ) a z A m ...(7)
æ 2500 ö
ç we ÷
è 0ø
Now rearranging equation (6)
2500 2500
w2 = = = 2.24694 ´ 10 20
m0 e0
(
4 ´ p ´ 10 -7
)(
8.854 ´ 10 -12 )
\ w = 1.4989 ´ 10 10 rad sec » 1.5 ´ 10 10 rad sec
TM

Thus representing values of J d and H by putting values of e 0 and w using equations (2)
and (7) as follows
( ) (
J d = 20 8.854 ´ 10 –12 cos 1.5 ´ 10 10 t – 50x a y )
\ ( )
J d = 1.7708 ´ 10 10 cos 1.5 ´ 10 10 t – 50x a y A m 2
Similarly,
(
H = 0.4 1.5 ´ 10 10 )(8.854 ´ 10 –12 ) cos ( wt – 50x) a z = 0.053124 cos ( wt – 50x ) a z A/m
Example 10.5.12
Solution : a) For time varying fields, we can write Maxwell's equation as,
¶B
ÑÉ = -
¶t
We can write,
ax ay az ax ay az
¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶
ÑÉ = =
¶x ¶y ¶z ¶x ¶y ¶z
Ex Ey Ez 0 [kx - 100 t] 0
¶ ¶
= -
¶z
[kx - 100 t] a x + ¶ x [kx - 100 t] a z
Again E is varying with respect to x and not with z.

¶ ¶B
\ ÑÉ = [kx - 100 t] a z = -
¶x ¶t
¶ ¶
\ k az = -
¶t
( )
m H = -m
¶t
[x + 20 t] a z = - 20 m a z ... B = m H
Comparing,
k = - 20m = - 20 (0.5) = – 5 V/m 2
b) Consider Maxwell's equation derived from Gauss's law for electric fields,
Ñ· D = rv
¶ Dx ¶ Dy ¶ Dz
\ + + = rv = 0 ... Given
¶x ¶y ¶z
From given expressions of D,

D x = 5x, D y = – 2y , D z = kx
Putting values of D x , D y and D z , we get,
¶ ¶ ¶
(5x) + ( -2y) + ( kx) = 0
¶x ¶y ¶z
TM

\ 5-2+k = 0
\ k = – 3 mC/m 3
Note that in part (a), k is unknown in the expression of E which is expressed in V/m. In
the expression k is multiplied with x which is expressed in metres (m). Hence accordingly
k is expressed in V/m 2 . While in part (b), k is the part of expression of D which is
expressed in m C/m 2 . k is multiplied by z which is expressed in m, in expression of D.
Hence k is expressed in mC/m 2 .
Example 10.5.13
Solution : Using Maxwell's equation,
¶D
Ñ´H = J +
¶t
In a free space, conduction current density is zero. So J = 0.
\ Ñ´H =
¶D ¶ eE
= =e
( )
¶E
¶t ¶t ¶t
As H has no component in a y and a z directions, H y = H z = 0

é ¶H z ¶H y ù é ¶ Hx ¶ Hz ù é ¶ Hy ¶ Hx ù
\ Ñ´H = ê - ú ax + ê - a + ê ¶x - ¶y úaz
ë ¶y ¶z û ë ¶z ¶ x úû y
ë û
¶ Hx ¶ Hx
= ay - az
¶z ¶y
Again H is varying with z only and not with y.

¶ Hx
\ = 0
¶y
¶ Hx ¶E
\ Ñ´H = ay = e
¶z ¶t
¶ ¶E
\ [H m e j (w t + b z) ] a y = e
¶z ¶t
¶E
\ H m × e j (w t + b z) × ( j b) a y = e
¶t
Separating variables,
æ jb ö
¶ E = ç ÷ H m e j (w t + b z) a y dt
èeø
Integrating both the sides with respect to corresponding variables,
TM

æ jb ö e j (w t + b z) b H m j (w t + b z)
E = ç ÷ × Hm × ay = e ay
èeø jw ew
Also e = e 0 e r . But for free space e r = 1

b × H m j (w t + b z )
\ E = e a y V/m
e0 w
Example 10.5.14
Solution : The displacement current density is given by,
¶D
JD =
¶t
But D = e0 er E = e0 E … For free space or air e r = 1

¶ ¶
\ JD = ( e E) = e 0 ( E)
¶t 0 ¶t
¶
\ J D = e0 [80 cos (6.277 ´ 10 8 t - 2.092 y) a z ]
¶t
\ J D = 8.854 ´ 10 12 ´ 80 ´ ( - 6.277 ´ 10 8 ) sin [6.277 ´ 10 8 t - 2.092 y] a z
\ J D = - 0.4446 sin (6.277 ´ 10 8 t - 2.092 y) a z A m 2
Hence the amplitude of displacement current density is

|J D| = 0.4446 A m 2
Example 10.5.15
Solution : According to ampere circuital law for free space,
¶D
Ñ´ H = = JD where J D is displacement current density.
¶t
ax ay az
Now Ñ ´ H = ¶ ¶x ¶ ¶y ¶ ¶z
0 10 6 cos (377 t + 1.2566 ´ 10 - 6 z) 0
é ¶ 6 -6 ù
= êë 0 - ¶ z {10 cos (377 t + 1.2566 ´ 10 z)} úû a z - [0 - 0] a y +
é¶ 6 -6 ù
êë ¶x {10 cos (377 t + 1.2566 ´ 10 z)} - 0ú a z
û
= - 10 6 {- 1.2566 ´ 10 - 6 sin (377 t + 1.2566 ´ 10 -6 z)} a x
= + 1.2566 sin (377 t + 1.2566 ´ 10 - 6 z) a x
But by definition, the displacement current density is given by,
TM

¶D
JD = = Ñ´H … For free space
¶t
\ J D = 1.2566 sin (377 t + 1.2566 ´ 10 - 6 z) a x A m 2
Hence the amplitude of the displacement current density is 1.2566 A m 2 .
Example 10.5.16
Solution : The magnitude of conduction current density is given by,
Magnitude of conduction current I C
JC = =
Area of cross - section A
2.5 ´ 10 -6
= ... (Q conductor has circular cross-section
p(2 ´ 10 -3 ) 2
and hence A = pr 2 )
Thus the magnitude of displacement current density is given by,
JC s
=
JD we
æ we ö æ we e ö
\ JD = Jc ç ÷ = Jc ç 0 r ÷
ès ø è s ø
é 5 ´ 10 8 ´ 8.8542 ´ 10 -12 ´ 1 ù
\ J D = 0.198943 ê ú
ë 35 ´ 10 6 û
\ J D = 25.164 pA m 2
qqq
TM

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1 Vector Analysis

Solutions of Examples for Practice

= 0.6396 a x – 0.6396 a y – 0.4264 a z

ii) RA = ( -1) 2 + ( -3) 2 + ( -4) 2 = 5.099

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

i) The vector from A to C is,

\ BA = ( 6) 2 + (1) 2 + ( -4) 2 = 7.2801

iii) For distance between B and C, obtain BC

The differential area normal to a r is,

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

Total surface area = S 1 + S 2 + S 3 = p R 2 + p R 2 + 2 p RL = 2 p R ( R + L).

In cylindrical system : r = x 2 + y 2 = 1 + 3 2 = 3.1622

In spherical system : r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 2 + 3 2 + 5 2 = 5.916

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

But A · B = |A| |B|cos q AB

(5) 2 ´ ( 4) 2 + (B y ) ´ cos 45° i.e.

(5) 2 ´ ( 4) 2 + (B y ) + ( B z ) 2 ´ cos 45°

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

R.H.S. = B(A · C) – C(A · B)

Similarly other two terms are also zero.

= 20 cos f - 10 ( - sin f) + 0 ... Refer Table 1.13.1

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\ cos f = 0.9284 and sin f = 0.3714

= (2.57115 - 2) 2 + ( -3.0641 - 3) 2 + [2 - ( -1)] 2 = 0.326212 + 36.77331 + 9

= r cos 2 f z cos f + r 2 cos 2 f r sin f z sin f = r z cos3 f + r 3 z sin 2 f cos 2 f

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

\ H x = r 4 sin 3 q cos q sin 2 f cos f

\ H y = r 4 sin 3 q cos q sin f cos 2 f

\ H z = r 4 sin 2 q cos 2 q sin f cos f

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

Using in equations (1), (2) and (3),

Using in equations (1.13.4), (1.13.5) and (1.13.6),

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\ G = G xax + G y ay + G zaz … Rectangular

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\ B = 2.467 a r + a f + 1.167 a z … In cylindrical

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Solutions of Examples for Practice

and R12 = ( -1) 2 + ( 2) 2 + ( -2) 2 = 3

\ F2 = ( -9.986) 2 + (19.9727 ) 2 + ( -19.9737 ) 2 = 24.4613 N

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

and F2 = Force on Q due to x

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

The diagonals AC = BD = 8 m l (AC) = 8 m

RAP = (2.828 - 0) a x + (2.828 - 0) a y + (3 - 0) a z = 2.828 a x + 2.828 a y + 3 a z

RCP = (2.828 - 5.656) a x + (2.828 - 5.656) a y + (3 - 0) a z = - 2.828 a x - 2.828 a y + 3 a z

RDP = (2.828 - 5.656) a x + (2.828 - 0) a y + (3 - 0) a z = - 2.828 a x + 2.828 a y + 3 a z

| RAP| =| RBP| = | RCP| = | RDP| = (2.828) 2 + (2.828) 2 + 3 2 = 5

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= 1031.603 a x + 736.859 a y + 589.487 a z N

R2 = -0.05 a x - 0.05 a y , R2 = ( 0.05) 2 + ( 0.05) 2 = 0.07071

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é - 0.05 a x - 0.05 a x - 0.05 a y - 0.05 a y ù

= 5.5825 a x - 6.9781 a y - 4.1868 a z V / m

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Solution : The arrangement is shown in the –2Q

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Similarly l (OB) = 2 m, l (OP) = 2 m Q Q

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But EAy is in - a y direction while EBy is in a y direction. From symmetry of the