D.

Clauses
A clauses is a group of words that contains a verb and its subject and is
used as a part of sentence.

Goals:
1. In order to make sentences more effective and more organized
2. Clauses to show why somebody does something

a. Main Clauses
A main (or independent) clauses expresses a completed thought and can
stand by itself as a sentence.
Examples: ANTAM is a vertically integrated, export-oriented, diversified mining
and metals company
Main clauses are frequently joined by coordinating conjunctions (and, but,
or, nor, for).
Examples: In 1999, ANTAM listed its shares in Australia as a foreign exempt
entity and then in 2002 augmented its status to the more stringent ASX Listing.
When the subject of the two clauses is the same, we can often leave it out,
especially after and and or.
Examples: ANTAM's precious metals refinery has a capacity of 60 tons of
internationally accredited gold per year and 275 tons of silver.

b. Subordinate Clauses & Relative Clauses

A Subordinate (or dependent) clause does not express a completed
thought and cannot stand alone. A Subordinate clause depend upon a main
clause to make the meaning complete.
Examples: Coal shipments are received and moved to coal barges before being
unloaded at our coal jetty and stored in the coal barn
A relative clause in one introduced by a relative pronoun (who, whom,
whose, which, and that) which relates to another word or idea in the sentence.
Examples:
 Silver is a soft, bright white, lustrous metal that has long been valued as
precious metal used to make ornaments, jewellery, high-value tableware
and utensils and currency coins.
 Gold is a highly sought-after precious metal which for many centuries,
has been used as money, a store of value and in jewellery.
A relative clause introduced by who, whom, whose, which, is called as wh-
clause, where as a relative clause introduced by that, sometimes it’s called as
that-clause.
According to the functions, relative clauses can be divided into:

1. Noun Clauses
A noun clause is a subordinate clause used as a noun and usually
introduced by that, what, whatever, whoever, whom, and whomever.
Examples: We continue to perform longer-term analysis to optimize
design of Grasberg open-pit mining that would affect Grasberg underground
block cave development timing.

2. Adjective Clauses
An adjective clause is a subordinate clause used as an adjective to
modify a noun or a pronoun. An adjective clause is usually introduced by a
relative pronoun that is placed very close to the word that the clause modifies.
Examples: Grasberg is located in the heart of a region which is very
abundant mineral, where exploration activities are ongoing opportunities to
continue to increase our reserves are long-lived.

3. Adverb Clauses
An adverb clause is a subordinate clause used as an adverb.
Examples: Block caving is a highly resource-efficient method of underground
mining, in which large underground ore blocks are cut from beneath, so that
the ore to collapsed under its own weight.

I. Clauses of time
Examples: Some pushbacks require years to remove overburden
before ore is exposed.
 II. Clauses of reason
We use adverb clause of time to modify verb in main clause and to
tell the time that an action takes place
Examples: In 1990 the Government merged Perum Tambang
Batubara with the Company for develop coal industry in Indonesia

III. Clauses of purpose

Examples: Mining engineers optimize mines so that removing
resources in the most efficient manner possible
IV. Clauses of place
Examples: This is a list of areas open to the public where you can
search for valuable minerals in the United States and elsewhere.
V. Clauses of contrast
Examples: However, the strong acids used to dissolve the ore body
commonly dissolve metals in the host rock as well
VI. Clauses of manner
Examples: As a good corporate citizen, we continually strive to make
positive contributions to the community in the location of our
operations
VII. Clauses of condition (conditionals)
Examples: Taking canaries into the mine. If the canary died, there
was gas and the miners needed to leave the pit

C. Finite/Non Finite Clauses

1. Finite Clauses
Finite clauses must contain a verb which shows tense. They can be
main clauses or subordinate clauses.
Examples: The worker operated this machine

2. Non Finite Clauses

Non-finite clauses contain a verb which does not show tense.
Examples: Improving the classification status of ore reserves and resources
estimations and arrangement of required licenses
d. Clause Combinations
Combination clause is a combine clause between 2 or more types of
clauses.
Examples: Ore is placed into crushing machines and conveyed to an ore mill
for processing

e. Indirect Speechs
Indirect Speech also known as reported speech or indirect discourse, is a
means of expressing the content of statements, questions or other utterances,
without quoting them explicitly as is done in direct speech.
Examples: ANTAM’s Operations Director Agus Zamzam Jamaluddin said that
ANTAM is committed in serving its gold customers.

Exercises:
1. You put the books somewhere. Show me the place you put it.
(Show me the place where you put the books)
2. That is the girl. She works at university as an administration staff
(That is the girl who works at university as an administration staff)
3. Phone her now. That is what you have to do now
(What you have to do is phone her now)
4. Is he going to stay or leave now? I don’t care
(I don’t care whether he is going to stay or leave now)
5. He wanted to know whether I had finished my homework
(“Have you finished your homework?” he asked)

References:
 http://www.environmentalscience.org/career/mining-engineer
 http://www.detectorprospector.com/gold-prospecting-public-
sites/sites/public-mining-site-list.htm
 http://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/factmine/mines.htm
 http://web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2016/finalwebsite/problem
s/mining.html
 http://www.ptba.co.id/
 http://www.antam.com/index.php?lang=en
 http://ptfi.co.id/en
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_speech