Manager:

 is an individual who achieve goals through other people in an organization.

 make decisions, allocate resources and direct the activities of others to attain goals
 is a person who manages or is charge of something.
 can control departments in organization or guide the people who work for the organization.
 is a person responsible for controlling or administering an organization or group of staff

Organization:
 is a consciously coordinated social unit comprising of two or more people that will function on
relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or a set of goals.
 in other words it is a social unit of people that is structured and managed to meet a need or to pursue
collective goals.

Functions of Managers / Managerial Functions:

Henri Fayol was the first to describe the 4 managerial functions when he was the CEO of a large
mining company in the later 1800's. The four functions of managers are diagrammatically illustrated
and explained below:

1) Planning:
- Planning is the function of manager, that involves setting objectives and determining a
course of action for achieving those objectives.
- requires that managers be aware of environmental conditions facing their organization and forecast
future conditions based on critical contingencies facing their organization in terms of economic conditions,
their competitors and their customers.
- requires that managers be good decision makers and more pro-active than reactive.

2) Organizing:
- functions of management that involves developing an organizational structure and allocating human
resources to ensure the accomplishment of objectives.
- includes determining what tasks are to be done, who is to do them, how the tasks are to be grouped, who
reports to whom and where decisions are to be made.

3) Leading:
- A manager needs to do more than just plan, organize, and staff his/her team to achieve a goal. The manager
must also lead. Leading involves motivating, communicating, guiding, and encouraging. It requires the
manager to coach, assist, and resolve conflicts with employees.

4) Controlling:
- After the other elements are in place, a manager's job is not finished. He needs to continuously check results
against goals and take any corrective actions necessary to make sure that his area's plans remain on track.
- This monitoring, comparing and potential correcting is the controlling function.

All managers at all levels of every organization perform these functions, but the amount of time a manager spends on each one
depends on both the level of management and the specific organization.