Life Science Journal 2018;15(3) http://www.lifesciencesite.

com

Effects of the Leptin and Insulin Hormones on Health, Body Fat Percentage of the Endurance Athletes

Kursat Karacabey 1, Faruk Yamaner 2, Ozcan Saygin 3, Recep Ozmerdivenli 1, Yetkin Utku Kamuk 4
1.
High School of Physical Education and Sport, Duzce University.
2
High School of Physical Education and Sport, Hitit University.
3
High School of Physical Education and Sport, Mugla University.
4
Turkish Army Sports School and Training Centre Command, Ankara.
yukamuk@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study was conducted to compare the effects of leptin and insulin hormones on health, body fat tissue
of both cyclists and sedentary people. The study was conducted on 37 professional cyclists and 45 controls who
were aged 21-28 and 19-26, respectively. Blood samples were taken from the subjects in the morning of the first day
of camping and 3-5 days before any training to eliminate any possible influence of acute exercising on the
hormones. In the study conducted, there was a statistically significant (p<.05) decrease on the body fat percentage,
leptin and insulin levels of the cyclists who were endurance athletes, and a significant difference (p<.05) was found
between the glucose and insulin values of the cyclists and the control group when the pre- and post-test results were
compared. It was found that the body fat percentage and leptin values of the sedentary group were high (p<.05) but
high density lipoprotein value was low (p<.05). As a result of this study, it may be told that leptin levels of
endurance athletes would get low due to a decrease in adipose tissue caused by chronic exercise.
[Kursat Karacabey, Faruk Yamaner, Ozcan Saygin, Recep Ozmerdivenli, Yetkin Utku Kamuk. Effects of the
Leptin and Insulin Hormones on Health, Body Fat Percentage of the Endurance Athletes. Life Sci J
2018;15(3):92-99]. ISSN: 1097-8135 (Print) / ISSN: 2372-613X (Online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 14.
doi:10.7537/marslsj150318.14.

Keywords: Cyclists, insulin, leptin, body fat percentage, exercise.

1. Introduction C), total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were

Cycling is one of the sports in which intensive
endurance training is required and the conditions
change constantly (Helou et al, 2010). There are many
internal and external factors affecting cycling
performance. Weather, the environment, emerging
technologies, aerodynamic equipment, development in
sport sciences (i.e. exercise science, nutrition,
pharmacology) are examples of external factors. The
psychological, physiological, genetic and
anthropometric structure of the athlete, training
techniques and racing strategies are among the
internal factors (Jeukendrup and Martin, 2001; Faria et
al, 2005).
Endurance is the ability of the organism to resist
fatigue and sustain high intensity exercises for a
prolonged period of time (Sevim, 2006). A person's
level of endurance can be improved via aerobic
exercises. The dose of the aerobic exercise contributes
to the effects of the aerobic training and expressed in
terms of intensity, time and frequency, in general
(Zorba, 2001).
A large number of studies, in which the effects
of aerobic exercise on blood lipids were investigated,
are available in the literature (Kelley et al, 2011;
Morencos et al, 2012; Saygin and Ozturk, 2011;
Hunter et al, 2010). In most of these studies, increased
high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C),
decreased low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-
observed as a result of aerobic exercises (Wooten et
al, 2009; Ozhan et al, 2000; Colakoglu and Senel,
2002; Koc and Tamer, 2008; Tsai et al, 2008).
It was reported that the people who exercised
had lower triglyceride and LDL but higher HDL-C
values than did the sedentary people (Thompson and
Cullinane, 1991).
Hormones are chemical compounds produced by
the endocrine glands and released into the
bloodstream in order to affect the target cells. Follicle
stimulating hormone (FSH) (Hackney and Viru, 2008)
regulates the maturation of sperm cells and production
of the sex hormones by acting on the gonads.
Luteinising hormone (LH) stimulates ovulation
in females and secretion of the hormone testosterone
in men (Hackney and Viru, 2008). Insulin and
glucagon hormones have opposite effects (Haidar et
al, 2013). Insulin controls the entrance of glucose into
the cell, prevents hepatic glucose release, and
decreases the release of free fatty acids from adipose
tissue (Bates and Myers, 2003).
The leptin cycle is similar to those of thyroid
stimulating hormone (TSH), LH, estroidol, and free
fatty acids but shows an inverse relationship with
cortisol. The causes of the increase in leptin levels at
night were thought to be the decrease in physical
activity, sleeping, the levels of glucose, insulin and
growth hormone (GH) increased during night sleep

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and diurnal body temperatures. Leptin secreted in
circadian rhythms is affected by the abnormalities of
the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis (Sinha et
al,1999; Slyper, 1998; Considine et al, 1996).
Pulsatile release of leptin shows 2 to 7 surges in 12
hours and the physiological importance of the
pulsatile oscillation is known (Sinha et al, 1999;
Slyper, 1998; Considine et al, 1996).
Leptin shows positive correlation with the body
weight, body mass index (BMI), fat mass, and body
fat percentage (%BF). This explains the leptin
increase in obesity as a result of excessive production
of the ob gene (Zorba et al, 2011).
Insulin is one of the hormones involved in
carbohydrate metabolism. While the level of blood
insulin decreases during exercise, the level of glucose
does not change (Karacabey, 2009). Normally, the
decrease in the blood glucose and insulin levels occur
simultaneously. The reason for the decrease in the
blood insulin during exercise is not the decrease in
blood glucose but the decrease in insulin secretion.
This, in turn, depends on the alpha-adrenergic
stimulation. Exercise in itself increases glucose intake
into the muscles and as a result of this, the working
muscle increases the oxidation of glucose. This effect
appears to be independent of insulin. Increased
glucose utilization during exercise was observed in
the diabetic patients (Fahey et al, 2012; Torjman et al,
1999). Increased glucose tolerance during exercise -
and even at rest- was reported (Manabe et al, 2013;
Yamaner et al, 2011). Therefore, the glucose given to
trained people will cause less insulin secretion when
compared to the normal response.
This study is conducted to compare the serum
leptin and insulin hormones of the cyclists and
sedentary people.
2. Material and Methods
Experimental Approach to the Problem
The primary purpose of this study was to
investigate gonadal function in male cyclists. The
secondary purpose was to determine the possible
effects of leptin and insulin on gonadal function.
Blood samples were taken from the subjects in the
morning of the first day of camping and 3-5 days
before any training to eliminate any possible
influences of acute exercising on the hormones.
Subjects
A total of 37 professional cyclists, aged 21–28,
and 45 control subjects, aged 19–26, were included in
this study. Control subjects, who were sedentary male
students and who did not engage in regular sports or
physical activities were recruited from Karaelmas
University, Zonguldak. All cyclists reported a
minimum of 1.8 h/day and 6 day/week of riding. The
exercising terrain was rugged and undulating.
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None of the cyclists had a history of biking
related head or urogenital trauma that required
medical treatment. However, 6 of them described arm,
leg, and facial injuries that required only self-
treatment. All cyclists used helmets during their
sporting activities and were apparently healthy. None
were taking medications that would alter gonadal
function. Although only one of the subjects had
previously fathered children, none had a history of
fertility problems. Testicular volume (with each of the
testicles having.15 mL volume as measured by
orchidometry) and consistency were within normal
limits. All cyclists were professional cycling
competitors licensed by the Turkish Cycling
Federation.
The study was approved by the local Ethics
Committee of the Medical School of the University of
Karaelmas. Written consent, drawn in accordance
with the University’s institutional review board
policies, was obtained from all subjects after they
were informed of all procedures involved including
the potential risks of venipuncture.
Statistical Analyses
Data are presented as the mean±SD. Mann-
Whitney U test was used to compare the
nonparametric data (according to the results of the test
of homogeneity of variances, each of the following
independent variables are considered to be
nonparametric data: age, fasting plasma glucose,
insulin and leptin).
t-test was used to compare the parametric data
(according to the results of the test of homogeneity of
variances, each of the following independent variables
%BF, LH, FSH are considered to be parametric data).
Statistical evaluation of the data was done by using
the paired-samples t-test (via SPSS 13.0 software for
statistics). A value of p<.05 was considered
significant in this study.
Laboratory Analyses
The measurement of the total cholesterol, HDL,
LDL levels were carried out in a ROCHE Modular
system. Autoanalyzer and the enzymatic colorimetric
method employing a ROCHE model kit while insulin
levels were measured by Electrochemiluminescence
Immunoassay in a Roche Cobas device (Roche
Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) model hormone
analyser using chemiluminescence method. Serum
FSH and LH levels were measured by
Chemiluminescent Microparticle Immunoassay
(Architect System, Abbott Laboratories, Abbot Park,
IL, USA).
The detection limits of both assays were.05
and.07 IU/L, respectively. Serum leptin was measured
by an enzyme-linked immunesorbent assay. For all
hormonal parameters, the intra- and interassay
 Life Science Journal 2018;15(3) http://www.lifesciencesite.com

coefficients of variation ranged between 2-6% and 3- As shown in the table, the control group was
9%, respectively. heavier (82.66±8.99) than were the road cyclists
(69.97±5.66) with a mean BMI of 27.6.
3. Results Mean height values of the road cyclists and
The descriptive statistics of the subjects were control group were 1.76±0.05 and 1.73±0.06,
given in Table 1. respectively. Mean age values of both groups were
similar (23.56±1.95 and 23.80±2.39).

Table 1. Physical Characteristics of the Subjects.

Groups N Mean SD
Road cyclists 37 23.56 1.95
Age (yr)
Control 45 23.80 2.39
Road cyclists 37 1.76 0.05
Height (m)
Control 45 1.73 0.06
Road cyclists 37 69.97 5.66
Weight (kg)
Control 45 82.66 8.99

Table 2. Blood Lipid Levels and %BF Values of the Subjects.

Groups N Mean SD Sig. (2 -tailed) p
HDL Road cyclists 37 60.02 5.75 .003
p.01*
(mg/dL) Control 45 54.53 8.10
Triglyceride Road cyclists 37 98.43 29.49 .473
p>.05
(mg/dL) Control 45 103.11 29.04
LDL Road cyclists 37 92.22 26.49
.627 p>.05
(mg/dL) Control 45 94.88 22.84
Road cyclists 37 158.50 21.28 .911
Total Cholesterol p>.05
Control 45 157.97 21.27
Road cyclists 37 8.73 .95 .000
%BF p<.01*
Control 45 20.68 2.71
* Significant at p<.01 level.

Table 3. Hormone Levels of the Subjects.

Groups N Mean SD Sig. (2 -tailed) p
Glucose Road cyclists 37 92.78 7.86 .001
p<.01*
(mg/dL) Control 45 87.52 5.59
Insulin Road cyclists 37 5.15 2.53 .006
p<.01*
(mIU/mL) Control 45 3.90 1.42
LH Road cyclists 37 4.34 1.71 .211
p>.05
(mIU/mL) Control 45 3.93 1.24
FSH Road cyclists 37 4.41 1.45 .186
p>.05
(mIU/mL) Control 45 3.88 2.03
Leptin Road cyclists 37 1.71 1.25 .283
p>.05
(ng/mL) Control 45 2.10 1.58
* Significant at p<.01 level.

Blood lipid levels and %BF values of the
subjects were given in Table 2. HDL mean values of
the road cyclists was significantly higher (p=0.003)
than the control group’s values (60.02±5.75 and
54.53±8.10, respectively). There were no significant
differences between triglyceride, LDL, and total
cholesterol values of the two groups (p>0.05). The
biggest difference was between the body fat
percentage values of the road cyclists and control
groups (8.73 and 20.68, respectively). While the body
fat percentage mean value of the road cyclists was in
the healthy body fat range, the control group’s mean
value was a bit higher than the upper limit of the
healthy body fat percentage recommended (8-22%)
for sedentary men (Heyward and Wagner, 2004).

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Hormone levels of the subjects were summarized
in Table 3. Glucose and insulin levels of the road
cyclists were significantly higher than the control
group (p=.001 and p=.006, respectively) but there
were no significant difference between the groups on
LH, FSH and leptin levels. Although there was no
statistically significant difference between the leptin
levels of the groups, the road cyclists had a lower
leptin mean value (1.71 ng/mL) than the control group
did (2.10 ng/mL).
4. Discussions
It was thought that exercise affected leptin levels
via sympatho-adrenergic system (Karacabey, 2009).
One of the reasons for the high leptin levels in the
sedentary people may be the imbalance between the
blood leptin and the leptin-binding protein. High rate
of bound leptin may reduce the biological activity of
this hormone. It was shown that bound/free leptin
ratio in humans was correlated to the BMI and the
ratio was different in obese and underweight people
(Karacabey, 2009).
Yamaner et al. (2011) stated that mountain
bikers’ testosterone levels were lower than the control
group, insulin and leptin hormones had no activity at
these low levels. LH and FSH levels of the two groups
were also found to be similar (Yamaner et al, 2011).
Kraemer et al. (2002) indicated that exercising
shorter than 60 mins would cause no significant
difference on leptin concentration levels of males and
females. However, it was reported that there was a
decrease on the leptin level during the next 48 hours
following the prolonged aerobic and endurance
exercises (Kraemer et al, 2002).
In their study, Tutkun and Atan (2005) found
that the glucose taken at different times before
exercise would affect the blood glucose concentration
(Tutkun and Atan, 2005).
Yamaner et al. (2010), compared the leptin and
total cholesterol levels of wrestlers and sedentary
people, but found no significant difference between
the groups.
In their study, Izquierdo et al. (2004) compared
the muscle strength and power, muscle mass, and
endurance hormone sera of weight-lifters and road
cyclists. Weight-lifters showed higher power values
when compared to the road cyclists. The difference in
the maximal strength of the groups was not
significant. Road cyclists showed relatively lower
blood lactate levels at maximal loads when compared
to the wrestlers and the control group. Basal serum
total cholesterol and free cholesterol concentrations of
road cyclists were found to be lower than any of the
other groups. Anabolic hormones may affect a road
cycling performance. Further research may explain
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the reasons and the results of the changes in the
anabolic hormones (Izquierdo et al, 2004).
Norton et al. (2012) found in their study where
575 sedentary adults involved, attending physical
activities at moderate intensity for 30 mins a day for
40 days improved the fasting blood glucose level
(Norton et al, 2012).
Charmas et al. (2007) found that the aerobic
exercises accompanied by music performed for about
60 mins at an intensity of 70% HRmax decreased the
glucose concentration and caused an increase in fat
free acids. An increase in GH and a decrease in
insulin hormone were observed. No significant
difference was seen in cortisone, testosterone and
leptin concentrations between pre- and post-exercise
tests (Charmas et al, 2007).
It can be told that the reason of the decreased
leptin levels of road cyclists is the decrease in %BF.
Irregular and short-duration exercises will have no
effect on decreasing %BF, so it can be said that there
will be no change in serum leptin level because of
decreased %BF and the findings of this study are
compatible with the literature.
Johnson et al. (1985) examined 6 members of the
Irish Olympic Road Cycling Squad and the subjects
were exposed to a gradually increasing exercise
program (480-640 km/wk) in addition to their regular
exercise schedule for 1 year. The subjects were
reassessed at six-month intervals along with specific
medical and dietary programs. As a result of this
study, increased HDL and decreased triglyceride
values were found (Johnson et al, 1985).
Guilherme et al. (2011) conducted a study on 10
active adults who had concurrent strength training at
85% intensity with 2-3 reps and found significant
changes in leptin and cortisone levels but not in
amount of zinc (Rosa et al, 2011).
Hasbum et al. (2006) implemented an aerobic
exercise program for 2 months for 3 times/wk and 45-
50 mins per session and 12 healthy subjects (5
females, 7 males) aged 30-60 were involved. Post-test
results on BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, blood pressure,
lipids, free fatty acid and plasma leptin level were not
significant. However, decreased plasma glucose and
insulin values due to insulin sensitivity were found
(Hasbum et al, 2006).
In a study conducted by Miyatake et al. (2004),
participating into the aerobic exercises for one year
(approx. 90 mins/session, 50-65% HRmax) decreased
serum leptin levels of 110 overweight Japanese
subjects, aged 32-59, significantly (Miyatake et al,
2004).
Trapp et al. (2008) found that high intensity
interval training (approx. 40 mins) for 15 weeks
caused a decrease on fasting plasma insulin levels of
30 female subjects. Leptin concentrations were also
 Life Science Journal 2018;15(3)
decreased and this was negatively correlated to the
decrease on total body mass and the increase in peak
VO2 (Trapp et al, 2008).
6 obese females (mean age 20) participated into
a study conducted by Rahmani et al. (2008). The
subjects participated in a resistance exercise protocol
(12 exercises, 4 sets × 15 repetitions at 60% of 1RM),
an aerobic exercise protocol (3 sets × 10 min exercise
at 60% of maximal heart rate with 5 min of rest
between sets), and a control session. In aerobic
exercise session, decreased leptin level was observed
and insulin level was lower than that of resistance
exercise session. There was no significant change in
serum leptin and insulin levels of the subjects when
participated into resistance session (Rahmani-nia et al,
2008).
Bijeh et al. (2011) found no significant changes
in body weight, BMI, serum leptin, cortisol, insulin
and glucose values of 19 middle-aged healthy
females, after participating 60 mins of aerobic
exercise at an intensity of 60-70% HRmax for 3
times/wk for 6 months (Bijeh et al, 2011).
In their study, Ramezankhany et al. (2011)
divided 40 female subjects into 4 groups (aerobic
exercise, pilates training, diet and control). The
aerobic and pilates groups exercised for 45 mins at an
intensity of 60-75% HRmax. Serum leptin
concentrations of both aerobic and pilates groups were
decreased. In none of the four groups, blood profiles
and lipoproteins changed significantly. HDL-C/LDL-
C ratio was increased in all groups except the control
group (Ramezankhany et al, 2011).
Azizi (2012) stated in his study that exercising
on treadmill at an intensity of 65-85% HRmax for 8
weeks, 3 days per week and 30 mins/session caused a
decrease in serum leptin levels of 24 sedentary
females. This reduction was correlated to body weight
loss (Azizi, 2011).
Salehzadeh et al. (2011) found that aerobic
exercise and volleyball training for one year did not
show any significant difference in leptin levels of 60
male and females who exercised at an intensity of
70% HRmax for 90 mins (Salehzadeh et al, 2011).
Khorshidi et al. (2012) found no significant
difference in insulin, glucose, cortisol, and GH levels
of 30 obese males, aged 30-45, who exercised 3
days/wk for 12 weeks. Regular aerobic exercise
increased serum testosterone but decreased serum
leptin level. The decrease in leptin level was not the
cause of the increase of serum testosterone level.
Exercise caused no significant difference in cortisol,
insulin resistance, and GH (Khorshidi et al, 2012).
In their study, Lippi et al. (2006) used 102
professional road cyclists, 40 professional cross-
country skiers and 60 healthy sedentary people as
subjects and concluded that regular aerobic exercise
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was correlated to low TC/HDL-C ratio in both cross-
country skiers and road cyclists. The researchers
concluded that regular aerobic exercises could help in
healing blood lipid abnormalities and reduce the risk
of cardiovascular diseases (Lippi et al, 2006).
Lucia et al. (2001) examined pre- and post-
exercise hormone levels of 9 cyclists who participated
in Tour of Spain which lasted for 3 days and 90 hours
of total cycling time. They found that the cyclists’
serum cortisone and testosterone levels were
decreased after the race (Lucia et al, 2001).
In a study by Reseland et al. (2001), 186 males
participated into an endurance program which was
consisted of aerobics, circuit training, jogging, and
fast walking for 3 times per week for 60 mins/session
and a restriction of fat intake was also applied. After
following the program for 1 year, it was shown that
plasma leptin concentration was reduced (Reseland et
al, 2001).
The hormone leptin regulates the energy balance
by increasing the energy expenditure during exercise
and thererby reducing the amount of total body fat23.
The effects of exercising on leptin levels are thought
to be elicited through the sympatho-adrenergic system
(Torjman, 2001). It is certain that the serum leptin
levels change with the intensity of exercise and
amount of the energy expended 48 when the roles of
glucose, fatty acids, sympathetic nervous system,
insulin, glucocorticoids, growth hormones, and
catecholamines (Ergun, 1999; Friedman and Halaas,
1998; Berneis et al, 1996) on the synthesis and
secretion of leptin are considered (Gomez-Merino et
al, 2002). At this stage, the available insulin serves as
a stimulating factor to break down muscle glucose
(Bao et al, 1996; Bell et al, 2007).
An increase in the secretion of the insulin
hormone and counter-insulinary system hormones was
seen during exercise. Exercise in itself increases
muscle glucose uptake and consequently the working
muscle increases glucose oxidation, too. This effect
appears to be independent of insulin (Zorba et al,
2011; Karacabey, 2009).
The results of the current study and literature
showed that leptin levels of endurance athletes were
decreased as a result of chronic exercise and
decreased adipose tissue.
Corresponding Author:
Dr. Yetkin Utku Kamuk
Turkish Army Sports School and Training Centre
Command
Ankara, Turkey
E-mail: yukamuk@yahoo.com
 Life Science Journal 2018;15(3)
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