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Research Method

BBA (201)
ASSIGNMENT
WINTER 2014-2015
Manish Sharma (BBA 2)

Q1. Briefly describe the different steps involved in a


research process. What are the characteristics of good
research?
Ans: Research
In simple words research means ‘search of knowledge’ .It is a
kind of investigation or art of scientific investigation. It is derived
from the French word ‘recherche’. It is a model prose work
Steps in Research process

 The formulation of hypothesis or propositions may be


possible answers to research questions are an important
step in the research process of formulation the research
problem.
 The second step is to define concepts used in the
hypothesis. Some concepts represent facts: others like
attitude can only be inferred. But the definition of concepts
should be done in abstract terms to link the results of the
study to the existing body of knowledge.
 The third step is to establish working definitions relating to
the topic. This enables the researcher to translate the
concepts onto observable vents to carry out the enquiry.
 The fourth step is the data collection and analysis of data.
Once the topic has been decided his research tools – i.e.,
the appropriate methods of collecting data based o the
requirements.
 The method may be observations, surveys, interviews or
historical documentary methods.
 Finally, the results of the study have to be related to existing
theories or concepts either to confirm them in the light of the
study undertaken in the form of conclusions.
Characteristics of Good Research
a) systematic:
This means that research should be ordered. A good research will
follow the steps to be engaged in an orderly series according to
be set defined rules. Researchers always use scientific methods,
and therefore it called systematic.
a) logical
There should be logical reasoning in any research. This logical
process used could be induction and deduction. Induction is a
process of reasoning from the part to the whole.
b) empirical
Empirical means that realistic study is possible. Its authority can
be checked through trustworthy sources and evidence. Research
must be such that it can be validated. It should be possible to
interpret and explain the process.
c) should be replicable
It means the research conducted can be repeated by any amount
of times. A research can validate the results by repeating the
study and thereby bringing a sound decision-making framework.

Q2. (a) Explain the different types of research designs.


(b) Differentiate between Probability and Non-Probability
sampling method.
Ans: (a) Research Design
It is a systematic plan of what is to be done, how it will be done
and how the data will be analyzed. Research design basically
shows what the major topics in the research are and their details.
Types of Research Design
1. Philosophical/discursive
This may be cover a variety of approaches, but will be draw
primarily on existing literature, rather than new empirical data. A
discursive study could examine a particular issue, perhaps from
an alternative perspective.
2 Literature review
This may be attempt to summarise or comment on what is already
know about a particular topic. By collecting different sources
together, synthesising and analyzing critically, it essentially
creates new knowledge or perspectives. There are a number of
different forms a literature review might take.
3) Case study
This will involve collecting empirical data, generally from only one
or a small number of cases. It usually provides rich detail about
those causes, of a predominantly quantitative nature. There are a
number of different approaches to case study work and the
principles and methods followed should be made clear.
3) Survey
Where an empirical study involves collecting information from a
ledger number of cases, perhaps using questionnaires, it is
usually described as a survey. Alternatively, a survey might make
use of already available data, collected for another purpose. A
survey may be cross-sectional or longitudinal. Because of the
larger number of cases, a survey will generally involve some
quantitative analysis.
4) Evaluation
An evaluation can be formative or summative. Often an
evaluation will have elements of both. If an evaluation relates to a
situation in which the researcher is also a participant, it may be
described as ‘action research’. Evaluation will often make use of
case study methods and a summative evaluation will ideally also
be used as experiments.
(b) Meaning of Probability and Non-Probability sampling
methods

 Probability sampling methods


 There is an equal probability foe every item of the universe
being selected in the sample.
 This method is used particularly when various items of the
universe are homogeneous or identical to each other.
 This method is impartial and economical. A rate of response
can then be calculated by the number of responding units
divided by the number of eligible units selected.
 When samples are drawn from small finite populations, an
issue of statistical importance arises-whether a unit, once
selected, should remain in the population and be given
further chances of selection.
 Non-Probability sampling methods
 In non-probability sampling, the probability of selection
population elements is unknown. But in a situation when a
sampling frame is absent, one can easily go for non-
probability sampling methods to serve of the study.
 Additional reasons for choosing non-probability over
probability sampling are cost and time factors. Non-
probability samples that are unlimited are called
convenience samples.
Q3. The important task ahead of the researcher is to
document the entire work done in the form of a well-
structured research report. Explain the report writing steps.
What are the guidelines for writing step? What are the
guidelines for writing the research report?
Ans: Research Report
The purpose this chapter is to give guidance in preparing a
research report, which is simply the presentation of research
findings to a specific audience. The written research report and
the oral presentation typically provided for those who occupy
executive positions.
Report Writing Steps
1. Research and Brainstorm
Whether the topic has been allocated or you have
selected it yourself, the primary steps in writing a report is
research. Even though there is a vast wealth of
information obtained to you on the internet, nothing can
stop a trip to library. Take notes on the most important
facts about your topic. Continuously think about the
information .
2. Forming a Thesis
A thesis is a specific statement about what will you talk
about in the body of your report. The thesis requires to be
supported by your research and should guide you
throughout the writing process. Do not drift from your
thesis. Think about your various ways you can explain and
explore it.
3. Making an outline
Reflect your thesis. Think about how you want to order the
points in your paper. Write these ideas in a piece of paper,
which will serve as your outline. It should consists of
basic statement that capture the essence of what each
paragraph in the report will discuss. This is more or less
an action plan that will help keep your writing crisp and the
point.
4. Introduction, Body and Conclusion
It sets the stage for the whole paper and culminates with
the thesis statement. After the introduction, you will delve
into the body sentence, which supports your thesis, with
every sentence thereafter used to explain the main idea. It
should be a logical extension of the points you made in
your introduction .
5. Proofread and Edit
After you’ve finished writing the paper, wait a little while
before going back to proofread. When editing, fix all
typographical and grammatical errors while sharpening
the language. Add any new ideas that have come to mind
and let a friend or family member read it over.
Guidelines for Writing Research Reports
1. Consider the Audience:
The writer should consider the audienceTo make the comparison
of figures easier, use percentages, rounded off figures, ranks of
ratios; put the exact data within the text or in the appendix. Use
graphic aids wherever they help clarify the presentation of data.
Make the report clear.
2. Address the Information Needs:
Remember the research report is designed to communicate
information to decision makers. Make sure that it clearly relates
the research finding to the objectives of the management.
3. Be concise, Yet complete:
Research reports should be concie and should be complete.
Knowing what include and what to leave out is a difficult task. The
researcher, to take into account the information needs of the
decision maker when writing your report. Most managers will not
want to read about the details of a research report.
4. Be objective:
The findings may conflict with the decision maker’s experience
and judgement or they may reflect unfavorably on the wisdom of
previous decisions. In these circumstances, there is a strong
temptation to start the report by making the result more
acceptable to the management.

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