Released - Internal Use Only: HSDPA Protocols, Physical Layer and UE Performance

HSDPA: Protocols, Physical Layer and UE Performance 80-W0424-1 Rev C
HSDPA Protocols, Physical

Layer and UE Performance
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HSDPA Protocols, Physical Layer and UE

Performance
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Released - Internal Use Only
Advanced Seminar
Notes
© 2006 QUALCOMM Incorporated 1

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QUALCOMM Incorporated
5775 Morehouse Drive
San Diego, CA 92121-1714
U.S.A.
This technology is controlled by the United States Government.

Diversion contrary to U.S. law prohibited.
HSDPA Protocols, Physical Layer and UE Performance

80-W0424-1
Revision C
June 08, 2006
Copyright © 2006 QUALCOMM Incorporated. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
Notes

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Material Use Restrictions

These written materials are to be used only in conjunction with the associated instructor-led
class. They are not intended to be used solely as reference material.
Notes

HSDPA Protocols and Physical Layer –

Course Overview
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1. HSDPA Concepts
2. HSDPA Channels and Physical Layer
3. HSDPA Protocols and Procedures
4. HSDPA Deployment
Notes

References
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3GPP Release 5 Specification References
25.101 User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception (FDD)

25.104 Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception (FDD)
25.211 Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical
channels (FDD)
25.212 Multiplexing and channel coding (FDD)
25.213 Spreading and modulation (FDD)
25.214 Physical layer procedures (FDD)
25.306 UE Radio Access Capabilities
25.308 HSDPA overall description stage 2
25.321 Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol specification

25.322 Radio Link Control (RLC) Protocol Specification
25.331 Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol specification
25.858 HSDPA physical layer aspects
34.121 Terminal conformance specification; Radio transmission and reception
(FDD)
Notes

Section 1:
HSDPA Concepts
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SECTION
1 HSDPA Concepts
Notes

Section Learning Objectives

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¾ Define the HSDPA protocol stack.

¾ Define the HSDPA channels.
¾ Illustrate theoretical maximum HSDPA data rate.
¾ Show how theoretical data rate is reduced to a practical
data rate in a real world scenario.
¾ Describe Node B enhancements to support HSDPA.
Notes

High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

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What are the drivers and motivations for migrating to HSDPA?

• Data Rate
– Demand for high data rate
multimedia services
– Demand for higher peak
data rates
• Throughput
– Cost per megabyte
• Capacity
– Improved Link Adaptation

dependent on Radio
Conditions
Data Services and High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

Data Services are expected to grow significantly within the next few years. Current 2.5G and
3G operators are already reporting that a significant proportion of usage is now due to data,
implying an increasing demand for high-data-rate, content-rich multimedia services. Although
current Release 99 WCDMA systems offer a maximum practical data rate of 384 kbps, the 3rd
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) have included in Release 5 of the specifications a new
high-speed, low-delay feature referred to as High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA).
HSDPA provides significant enhancements to the Downlink compared to WCDMA Release 99
in terms of peak data rate, cell throughput, and round trip delay. This is achieved through the
implementation of a fast channel control and allocation mechanism that employs such features
as Adaptive Modulation and Coding and fast Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ).
Shorter Physical Layer frames are also employed.

WCDMA Evolution
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Downlink Peak Data Rate Downlink Peak Data Rate

(Typical Deployment) (Theoretical Maximum)

GSM 9.6 kbps 9.6 kbps
GPRS 40kbps 171 kbps
EDGE 120 kbps 473 kbps
WCDMA Release 99 384 kbps 2.0 Mbps
HSDPA 10.0 Mbps 14.4 Mbps
WCDMA Evolution
WCDMA evolved from GSM/GPRS, inheriting much of the upper layer functionality directly
from those systems. The first commercial deployments of WCDMA are based on a version of
the standards called Release 99.
Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) is another system in the GSM/GPRS family
that some operators have deployed as an intermediate step before deploying WCDMA.
HSDPA was introduced in WCDMA Release 5 to offer higher speed Downlink data services.
Release 6 introduces the Enhanced Uplink (EUL) that will provide faster data services for the
Uplink.

Release 99 Packet Data

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Dedicated Channel Features (DCH)

• Maximum implemented Downlink of 384 kbps
• Macro diversity (soft handover)
• OVSF Codes assigned per user and limited to a small number for
high speed users
• Rate switching response to bursty throughput is slow
• Outer loop power control responds slowly to channel conditions
Common Channel Features (FACH)

• Common spreading code
• No soft handover
• User ID detected by MAC layer

• Only low data rates supported
• Good for bursty data applications
• Fixed transmit power
Release 99 Downlink Limitations

Although WCDMA Release 99 standard allows for maximum data rates of up to 2.0 Mbps, it
has only been widely implemented with a maximum data rate of 384 kbps. This data rate is
achieved by allocating a dedicated channel to each user. The use of dedicated resources can be
a limitation, especially for data applications with bursty characteristics.
Each dedicated channel uses an OVSF code. Shorter codes are used for higher data rates and
longer codes for lower data rates. When an OVSF of a particular length is used, all longer
OVSF codes derived from that code become unavailable. This limits the number of
simultaneous high speed data users in a given cell. The Release 99 standards provide support
for a Secondary Scrambling Code, which eases this limitation, but it has not been widely
implemented in commercial systems and will likely be removed from future versions of the
specification.
The data rate of a dedicated channel can be adjusted to accommodate varying requirements of
a data service application, but the procedure for doing so is slow and thus inefficient.
Capacity is controlled both by the maximum amount of PA power that is available and by the
power requirement of each data service. In dedicated mode, fast power control is used so that a
target Eb/No is achieved on the Downlink. However, the required Eb/No setpoint changes at a
much slower rate. This can result in wasted resources whereby a better than required Eb/No is
achieved for the required BLER.


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HS-
PDS
CH
Node B
• Set of high speed channels

• Channels are shared by multiple users
• Each user may be assigned all or part of the total
bandwidth every 2 ms.

In HSDPA, the Node B allocates a set of high speed channels. These channels are assigned to a
user using a fast scheduling algorithm that allocates the channels every 2 ms. All or part of the
channels may be assigned to a given user during any 2 ms period.
The rapid scheduling of HSDPA is well-suited to the bursty nature of packet data. During
periods of high activity, a given user may get a larger percentage of the channel bandwidth,
while it gets little or no bandwidth during periods of low activity.

UMTS Network Architecture with HSDPA

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UMTS Network Architecture with HSDPA

Adding HSDPA to an existing UMTS network requires no new network entities, but hardware
and/or software changes may be required for each entity. The changes are concentrated in the
UE, Node B, and RNC. Interface changes are concentrated on the Uu interface between UE
and
Node B and on the Iub interface between Node B and RNC.
• UE and Node B – Require hardware and software changes to support the new channels
and functionality of HSDPA.
• RNC – Requires software changes to support the new signaling messages used to
configure and manage HSDPA channels.
• Uu Interface – Requires new signaling messages exchanged over existing signaling
channels and new transport and physical channels to support high-speed operation.
• Iub Interface – Requires a new frame protocol for sending high-speed user data from
the RNC to the Node B.
No functional changes to the Iups are required, although there may be bandwidth issues to
support higher data rates to multiple users.

HSDPA Channels
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New HSDPA Channels

• High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH)
– Downlink Transport Channel
• High Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)
– Downlink Control Channel
• High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel
(HS-PDSCH)
– Downlink Physical Channel
• High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel

(HS-DPCCH)
– Uplink Control Channel
HSDPA Channels
HSDPA introduces three new Downlink channels and one new Uplink channel:
• High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH) – A Downlink transport channel
shared by several UEs. The HS-DSCH is associated with one or several Shared Control
Channels (HS-SCCH). It operates on a 2 ms Transmission Time Interval (TTI).
z High Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH) – A Downlink physical channel
used to carry Downlink control information related to HS-DSCH transmission. The UE
monitors this channel continuously to determine when to read its data from the HS-
DSCH, and the modulation scheme used on the assigned physical channel.
• High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH) – A Downlink
physical channel shared by several UEs. It supports Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
(QPSK) and
16-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16-QAM) and multi-code transmission. It is
allocated to a user at 2 ms intervals.
• High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH) – An Uplink
physical channel that carries feedback from the UE to assist the Node B’s scheduling
algorithm. The feedback includes a Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) and a positive or
negative acknowledgement (ACK/NAK) of a previous HS-DSCH transmission.

Functional Overview
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Iu
Iur
RNC RNC
Iub R99 DPCHs
Node B
HS
-P DS
CH
s
HS-
S
CC
Hs
HS et
-DP
CC
Node B H
“HS-DSCH
serving cell”
Notes

HSDPA Channel Timing

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HSPDA Channel Timing

HSDPD channel timing is based on a time interval of 2 ms, or 3 slots.
This slide illustrates a single HSDPA channel assignment. Consecutive assignments to a single
UE allow the theoretical maximum HSDPA data rate to be achieved.
1. The UE measures the Downlink channel quality and sends a CQI report on the HS-
DPCCH. An ACK or NAK from a previously received block may also be included in this
transmission.
2. If the Node B decides to send data to the UE, it will send information on the HS-SCCH
to assign the physical channel and give the UE information about how the data was
encoded. The earliest that this assignment can be made is in the subframe following the
end of CQI report.
3. During the next 2 ms HS-DSCH transmission time, one or more HS-PDSCHs carry the
UE’s data. The HS-SCCH transmission overlaps the HS-PDSCH transmission.
4. After the UE decodes the data, it sends an ACK or NAK on the HS-DPCCH. The UE
must send the ACK or NAK 5 ms after the end of the HS-DSCH transmission. If the UE
sends a NAK, the Node B may send the data again during a later time slot, or may choose
not to retransmit the data. A CQI report may also be included in this transmission.

HS-DPCCH
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High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel

(HS-PDCCH)
• 1st slot carries ACK or NAK for received HS-DSCH blocks
• 2nd and 3rd slots carry Channel Quality Indicator (CQI)
– UE measures Downlink CPICH channel quality

– CQI indicates the highest data rate for error rate < 10%
– Frequency of CQI reports configured by UTRAN
• DTX during ACK/NAK and CQI slots if nothing to send
• Uses Spreading Factor = 256
HS-DPCCH
Whenever the UE is operating in HSDPA mode, it uses the HS-DPCCH to give feedback to
the serving Node B. This feedback consist of two parts:
z ACK/NAK – The UE sends a positive or negative acknowledgement for each HS-
DSCH assignment. UTRAN may configure the UE to repeat the ACK/NAK, up to a
maximum of 4 transmissions. The first ACK/NAK for a given HS-DSCH assignment is
sent 5 ms (7.5 slots) after the end of the HS-DSCH transmission.
z Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) – The UE measures the channel quality of the
Downlink CPICH and computes a CQI value. The value is an index into a table, and
corresponds to the maximum data rate that the UE can decode with an error rate of less
than 10%, assuming the channel conditions don’t change. UTRAN may configure the
UE to repeat the CQI, up to a maximum of 4 transmissions. UTRAN may also configure
the periodicity of CQI reporting, ranging from 2 ms to 160 ms.

HS-SCCH
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High Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)

• 1st part carries modulation information
– OVSF code assignment
– Modulation scheme
• 2nd part carries transport block size, Hybrid ARQ parameters

• UE Identity encoded over each part
– UE decodes each part independently
• UE assigned up to 4 HS-SCCHs to monitor
HS-SCCH
Whenever the UE is operating in HSDPA mode, it continuously monitors up to four HS-
SCCHs. Each HS-SCCH transmission carries scheduling information about the next HS-DSCH
assignment and the Physical Layer parameters of the associated HS-PDSCH.
z OVSF Code Assignment – The HS-SCCH indicates which of the OVSF codes
allocated to the HS-PDSCHs will be used. HS-PDSCH uses multi-code transmission,
which means that multiple OVSF codes may be assigned to one UE at the same time
z Modulation Scheme – HS-PDSCH uses either QPSK or 16-QAM modulation. This can
change from one assignment to the next, and HS-SCCH indicates which method will be
used.
z Transport Block Size – The HS-SCCH indicates how much data will be sent during the
next assignment
z Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) Parameters – The HARQ protocol supports retransmissions
and incremental redundancy. These parameters allow the UE to differentiate new
transmissions from retransmissions.
z UE Identity – Multiple UEs may be monitoring the same set of HS-SCCHs. Each UE
has an assigned identity called the H-RNTI. The first part of the HS-SCCH is scrambled
using the H-RNTI so that an UE can determine whether the corresponding HS-DSCH
assignment carries its data or data belonging to another UE. The second part contains
additional information to allow the UE to decode the block, and a CRC masked with the
H-RNTI.

HS-PDSCH
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High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH)

• Carries UE data
• Up to 15 HS-PDSCH may be assigned simultaneously
– UE capability indicates maximum number of codes it supports
HS-PDSCH
When the UE decodes the HS-SCCH and determines that there is an HS-DSCH assignment in
the next TTI, it decodes the assigned HS-PDSCHs. Each HS-PDSCH uses an OVSF of length
16. If multiple HS-PDSCHs are assigned simultaneously to one UE, they must use consecutive
OVSF codes. The HS-SCCH indicates the first OVSF code and the number of codes for each
assignment.
A UE is a member of one of 12 categories, as a function of its hardware capabilities. Each
category represents different values of the following parameters:
z Number of simultaneous HS-PDSCH codes (5, 10, or 15)
z Maximum transport block size
z Inter-TTI interval – minimum time between consecutive assignments.
z Incremental redundancy buffer size – used to soft-combine symbols from
retransmissions.

Data Rate Quiz 1

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Question: Answer:
Assuming a transport block size of 320 320 bits are transmitted every 10
bits, what HSDPA data rate can be ms, so the maximum data rate is
achieved by a single UE using the 32 kbps.
channel allocation timing shown
above?
Data Rate Quiz 1

Determine the HSDPA data rate achieved by a single UE, assuming the following parameters:
1. Each HSDPA assignment is for a single HS-PDSCH (no multi-code).
2. Each HS-PDSCH block carries 320 bits.
3. Each transport block is successfully decoded after the first transmission (the UE always
sends an ACK and the Node B never retransmits any block).
4. The Node B schedules an assignment as early as possible following the ACK
transmission, as shown in the above timing diagram.

Theoretical HSDPA Maximum Data Rate

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Theoretical Maximum is 14.4 Mbps!
How do we get from 32 kbps to 14.4 Mbps?

• Multi-code transmission
• Consecutive assignments using multiple Hybrid
Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) processes
• Lower coding gain

• 16-QAM
Theoretical HSDPA Maximum Data Rate

The theoretical maximum data rate is 14.4 Mbps. The following techniques are used to achieve
this data rate:
z Multi-code transmission – Up to 15 HS-PDSCH channels may be assigned to a single
UE during one 2 ms TTI.
z Consecutive assignments – The HARQ procedure allows the Node B to send back-to-
back assignments at 2 ms intervals.
z Lower Coding Gain – The block size of 320 bits was chosen assuming a turbo code
rate of 1/3. Higher data rates can be achieved by puncturing more bits for a higher
effective code rate (and thus lower coding gain).
z 16-QAM – This modulation scheme increases the data rate over QPSK by a factor of 2.

Consecutive Assignments
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Data Rate with 15 codes and Consecutive Assignments

32 kbps X 15 X 5 = 2.4 Mbps
Multi-code Transmission and Consecutive Assignments

HSDPA allows up to 15-code multi-code. Each HS-PDSCH uses an OVSF of length 16. The
Node B signals the number of codes to the UE in the HS-SCCH.
The number of codes supported by the UE is one factor in determining the UE’s HSDPA
category. The allowed choices are 5, 10, or 15 codes.
For a UE capable of the maximum number of codes, the data rate in the above example is 15
times greater than the single code assignment, or 480 kbps.
Further, HSDPA allows the channels to be assigned in consecutive TTIs to the same UE. In the
UE, up to eight simultaneous HARQ processes may operate in parallel to decode consecutive
assignments. Each HARQ process is responsible for decoding one assignment, and
transmitting the associated ACK or NAK 5 ms after the end of that assignment.
The UE can achieve a maximum data rate that is five times greater than in the previous
example, or 2.4 Mbps, if all of the following conditions are met:
z The UE supports 15-code multi-code.
z The Node B assigns all 15 OVSF codes every TTI.
z Every data block is correctly decoded (the UE always sends an ACK).

Lower Coding Gain

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R=1/3 Turbo Coding and QPSK Modulation

Lower Coding Gain

All examples so far have assumed a turbo code rate of 1/3 and QPSK modulation. If we
assume a single HS-PDSCH and a transport block containing 320 data bits, rate 1/3 turbo
coding produces 960 symbols. QPSK modulation maps two symbols onto one modulation
symbol, which then gets spread by the OVSF of length 16. This results in 7680 chips sent
every 2 ms, corresponding to the fundamental WCDMA chip rate of 3.84 Mcps.
If the transport block is not exactly 320 data bits, the rate matching step adjusts the number of
symbols after turbo coding to produce 960 symbols.
If multiple HS-PDSCHs are used, the rate matching step produces an integer multiple of 960
symbols, and blocks of 960 symbols are mapped to each HS-PDSCH.

Lower Coding Gain (continued)

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Data Rate with Rate 1 Turbo Coding and QPSK Modulation

2.4 Mbps X 3 = 7.2 Mbps
Data Rate with 16-QAM

7.2 Mbps X 2 = 14.4 Mbps
Lower Coding Gain and 16-QAM

HSDPA allows the initial transmission of a data block to contain no parity bits, only
systematic bits. Systematic bits are the original data bits that are input into the turbo encoder.
Sending only systematic bits produces an effective code rate of 1, resulting in a data rate 3
times the previous example, or 7.2 Mbps.
The HARQ procedure provides a mechanism for sending the parity bits in a later assignment if
the UE is not able to decode the block using only systematic bits; however this will reduce the
UE’s overall throughput.
Further, HSDPA supports higher order modulation on HS-PDSCH. Where QPSK maps 2 bits
onto one of 4 modulation symbols, 16-QAM maps 4 bits onto one of 16 modulation symbols.
The resulting data rate is two times that of QPSK, or 14.4 Mbps.
16-QAM is more sensitive to both channel conditions and interference than QPSK, and
therefore is only useful in very good channel conditions (e.g., close to the cell site, low speed).

More Data Rate Factors

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More Factors that Affect Data Rate

• Inter-TTI Interval
• Retransmissions
• ACK/NAK Repetition
More Data Rate Factors

Other factors that influence the maximum data rate are:
z Inter-TTI Interval – The interval between consecutive assignments is called the inter-
TTI interval. If the UE supports an inter-TTI interval of 1, then it is capable of receiving
a new HSDPA assignment every 2 ms. Allowed values of the inter-TTI interval are 1, 2,
and 3.
z Retransmissions – If the UE NAKs a transmission, the Node B may retransmit that data
in a subsequent assignment. The retransmission may consist of identical symbols that
were sent previously, or may be a different redundancy version of the turbo coded
output symbols.
z ACK/NAK Repetition – The Node B may configure the UE to send the ACK/NAK
transmission up to four times.

Inter-TTI Interval
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Inter-TTI Interval = 2
Inter-TTI Interval
One parameter of the UE’s HSDPA capability is its inter-TTI interval. This parameter
determines the interval between consecutive assignments that the UE is capable of decoding.
Allowed values are 1, 2, and 3.
The diagram above illustrates inter-TTI interval equal to 2. This reduces by half the maximum
data rate achieved by the UE, all other parameters being equal.
The UE’s signals its HSDPA capability to the Node B before beginning HSDPA operation, to
allow the Node B to correctly schedule HSDPA assignments.

Retransmissions
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Retransmissions
If the UE is unable to decode an HSDPA data block, it sends a NAK 5 ms after the end of the
received block. The Node B may choose to retransmit the data as early as the next HS-SCCH
assignment following the NAK. The earliest a retransmitted block may be sent is 10 ms after
the beginning subframe boundary of the previous transmission.
The retransmitted block may be identical to the previous transmission, or it may be a different
redundancy version. This means that a different combination of systematic and parity bits are
sent. In either case, the UE retains the symbols from the first transmission and uses either
Chase combining or incremental redundancy to increase the probability that the data will be
decoded correctly on the 2nd attempt.
Retransmissions decrease the data rate, as the retransmitted data occupies an interval that
would otherwise be used to transmit new data.

ACK/NAK Repetitions
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ACK/NAK Repetitions
The Node B may configure the UE to transmit the ACK/NAK up to four times, to increase the
reliability of decoding the ACK/NAK. Using an ACK/NAK repetition greater than one has the
same effect on data rate as the UE’s inter-TTI interval.
In the example shown above, the Node B cannot transmit a data block to the same UE in
subframe 2, because the ACK/NAK slot for that subframe is occupied by the repetition of the
ACK/NAK corresponding to subframe 1. It may, of course, send data to a different UE in
subframe 2.
The Node B signals the ACK/NAK repetition rate to the UE before the UE begins HSDPA
operation.

Node B Considerations
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• OVSF Code Allocation
• Power Allocation
• CQI Report Processing
• Scheduler
• HSDPA Serving Cell Change Procedure
• Compressed Mode
Most of the changes to support HSDPA on network side are implemented in the Node B.
Things to consider are:
z OVSF Code Allocation – HSDPA uses OVSF codes of length 16. The number of
HS-PDSCH codes allocated affects the number of other users that can be supported for
Release 99 operations (including voice).
z Power Allocation – HSDPA channels may be allocated all the remaining transmit
power on a 2 ms basis.
z CQI Report Processing – Node B uses the CQI reports from the UE to determine when
to schedule the HSDPA channels and what data rate to use.
z Scheduler – The scheduler in the Node B must allocate the channels as a function of the
number of HSDPA users in the cell, the channel conditions reported by each user, and
available transmit power.
z HSDPA Serving Cell Change Procedure – HSDPA channels do not operate in soft
handover, but there is a mechanism to change the HSDPA Serving Cell/Node B to
support the UE’s mobility.
z Compressed Mode – The Node B should not schedule an HSDPA assignment during a
UE’s compressed mode gaps.

OVSF Allocation
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OVSF Allocation
Each HS-PDSCH uses an OVSF of length 16, which blocks all codes above and below it in the
OVSF code tree. Each HS-SCCH uses an OVSF of length 128.
The illustration above shows a possible OVSF allocation if 15 HS-PDSCH codes are used and
only 1 HS-SCCH.
z If only one HS-SCCH is used, then only one UE can operate in HSDPA during each 2
ms TTI.
z The overhead channels CPICH, PICH, AICH, and PCCPCH require codes of length 256.
z SCCPCH spreading factor is configurable, but SF = 128 is typical.
z Each HSDPA user requires a DPCH in addition to its high speed channel. The spreading
factor of this channel is configurable.
z If voice users are supported in the same cell, they typically use codes with SF = 128.
The conclusion to be drawn is that using 15 HS-PDSCH codes is not practical unless the cell is
dedicated to HSDPA users.

Node B Transmit Power Allocation

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Node B Transmit Power Allocation

The Node B transmit power allocation algorithm is not specified by the standard, but two
possible schemes are likely:
z Static – A fixed amount of power is allocated to the HS-PDSCHs and HS-SCCHs.
Remaining power is distributed among common channels and power controlled
dedicated channels. The overall transmit power fluctuates as a function of the power
controlled channels.
z Dynamic – HS-PDSCH and HS-SCCH power is allocated dynamically as a function of
the remaining available power, which fluctuates due to the power controlled dedicated
channels. The overall transmit power of the cell remains constant.
The above diagram does not consider the Node B’s power margin, whereby the Node B’s
power fluctuates. The Node B power doesn’t really remain constant, due to the peak-to-
average ratio of transmit power.

CQI Report Processing

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• UE measures CPICH strength

– Measurement reference period is 3 slots, ending 1 slot before
CQI is sent
• UE reports index into CQI Table
– Highest data rate for which UE can guarantee error rate < 10%
• Node B may filter CQI reports
– Varying CQI means UE is in a fast changing environment
– Steady CQI means UE is in a stable environment
CQI Report Processing

The Node B may use the UE’s CQI reports in its scheduling algorithm. The details of this is
implementation dependent.
When the UE is required to perform CQI reporting, the measurement reference period consists
of 3 slots ending 1 slot before the CQI is sent. The value reported is an index into a table,
where each row of the table maps to a combination of:
z Transport block size
z Number of HS-PDSCH codes
z Modulation Scheme (QPSK or 16-QAM)
z Reference power adjustment
The CQI reported corresponds to the highest data rate that the UE can decode with an error
rate less than 10%, assuming the channel conditions and transmit power stay at the same level
as in the reference period.
The reference power adjustment maps to a negative value when the channel conditions are so
good that the UE can decode the highest data rate at a lower power level than is currently
being used.

Scheduling Comparison
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RELEASE 99
Scheduling
RLC ARQ
Resource Allocation
RELEASE 5 (HSDPA)
RLC ARQ
RELEASE 5 (HSDPA)
Scheduling
Link Adaptation
H-ARQ
Resource Allocation
Notes

Node B Scheduler
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Node B Scheduler
The Node B scheduler is responsible for deciding how to allocate the available HSDPA
channels and transmit power among users. The standard puts no requirements on this
algorithm, leaving it entirely implementation dependent.
Some possible schemes:
z Round Robin – Each user is allocated the channel in a fixed rotation. The scheme could
be simple, or modified to account for CQI and/or user priorities.
z Proportional Fair – Each user sees a throughput proportional to the peak rate that its
link can sustain.
z CQI Based – Channel is allocated to the user in the best radio condition. This scheme
provides the highest cell throughput, though at the cost of not serving users in located in
areas of poor coverage.
Scheduling algorithms for systems such as HSDPA are the subject of much research and
analysis in the wireless industry.

HSDPA Concepts –
What We Learned
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9 HSDPA protocol stack.

9 HSDPA channels.
9 Theoretical maximum HSDPA data rate.
9 Practical maximum HSDPA data rate.
9 Node B enhancements to support HSDPA.
Notes

Section 2:
HSDPA Channels and Physical Layer

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SECTION
HSDPA Channels and

2 Physical Layer
Notes


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¾ Identify the HSDPA Physical Layer channels.

¾ Describe UE Physical Layer Processing
¾ Describe HARQ Processing
Notes

Downlink HS-PDSCH
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High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH)

• Fixed spreading factor SF 16 with 2 slot formats
• Up to 15 HS-PDSCHs under a cell
– UE may be assigned multiple (up to 15) HS-PDSCHs in the same subframe
• May use QPSK or 16-QAM modulation scheme
• UEs share HS-PDSCH(s) using Time Division and/or Code Division multiple access
• Node B responsible for transmitting HS-PDSCH at reasonable power
DL HS-PDSCH – High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel

An HS-PDSCH channel carries the actual user payload to the UE. One HS-PDSCH subframe
contains one TTI (2 ms) of HS-DSCH transport channel payload. There is no transport channel
multiplexing in HSDPA so the information contained in HS-PDSCH subframe is from a single
HS-DSCH transport channel.
An HS-DSCH serving cell can have as many as 15 channelization codes assigned to HS-
PDCH. The HS-PDSCH channels are shared among different users by using time division,
code division, or a combination of the two multiple access methods. The number of HS-
PDSCHs that can be simultaneously decoded by a UE depends on the HS-DSCH UE Category.
The HS-PDSCH power control depends on the Node B’s implementation and is not specified
by standards. The UE may assume that the power is kept constant during the corresponding
HS-PDSCH subframe. If multiple HS-PDSCHs are allocated to one UE, all the HS-PDSCHs
intended for that UE shall be transmitted with equal power.
The phase reference used for demodulating HS-PDSCH is the same as for the associated DL
DPCH. By default, P-CPICH is used as the phase reference. UE is informed through higher
layer signaling if S-CPICH or dedicated Pilot is to be used as the phase reference.

Downlink HS-SCCH
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High Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)

• Fixed rate 60 kbps (SF 128) channel with one slot format
• UE may need to simultaneously monitor up to four
HS-SCCHs
• More than four HS-SCCHs possible under one cell
• Channel power depends on Node B implementation
• QPSK only
• Aligned with the start of PCCPCH frames
DL HS-SCCH – High Speed Shared Control Channel

The Node B transmits control information required for detecting and decoding HS-PDSCH
subframes to UEs on HS-SCCH channel. UEs are signaled to monitor a set of HS-SCCH
channels containing up to a maximum of four HS-SCCHs. At any time, only one of the four
HS-SCCHs contains information for a given UE. There may be more than four active HS-
SCCHs under a cell. Multiple users are assigned to the same HS-SCCH (or set of HS-SCCHs)
and thus a UE can successfully decode the information on this channel only when the
information is intended for that UE. The HS-SCCH information is scrambled with the UE ID,
which enables the desired UE to successfully decode HS-SCCH. The reason for having
multiple HS-SCCHs is to enable Node B to address multiple UEs in the same subframe.
Each HS-SCCH is spread with SF 128 (channelization code is not fixed) and has a single slot
format. The HS-SCCH channel power is controlled by the Node B’s proprietary algorithm and
is not specified by standards. A possible implementation is that HS-SCCH follows the power
control commands sent by UE on the UL DPCCH.
The phase reference used for demodulating HS-SCCH is the same as for the associated DL
DPCH. By default, P-CPICH is used as the phase reference. UE is informed through higher
layer signaling if S-PICH or dedicated Pilot is to be used as the phase reference.

Uplink HS-DPCCH
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High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel

(HS-DPCCH)
• Exists on Uplink with non-HS dedicated channels
(UL DPCCH/DPDCH)
• One HS-DPCCH per radio link
• 1 slot format, SF 256, OVSF code – Cch, 256, 64
• Fixed power offsets (∆ACK , ∆NACK , ∆CQI) relative
to UL DPCCH
2560 chips 5120 chips
ACK/NAK CQI
One HS- DPCCH subframe (2 ms)
Subframe # 0 Subframe # 1 Subframe # 2 Subframe # 3 Subframe # 4
One radio frame (10 ms)
UL HS-DPCCH – High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel

Each UE operating in the HSDPA mode has an active Uplink HS-DPCCH along with the
dedicated UL DPCCH. The UE uses UL DPCCH as reference for adjusting the HS-DPCCH
channel power. UE transmits HS-DPCCH at a fixed power offset relative to UL DPCCH but
the offset is different for ACK, NAK, and CQI fields. These power offsets are signaled to UE
by UTRAN and are used by UE’s Physical Layer to calculate the HS-DPCCH gain factor(βhs).
As the HS-DPCCH power is adjusted relative to UL DPCCH, the Uplink power control is
indirectly adjusting the HS-DPCCH power.
Each subframe (2 ms) of HS-DPCCH has one slot for HARQ ACK/NAK and two slots for
Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) field. UTRAN may configure the UE to repeat each
ACK/NAK and/or CQI report up to three more times in the consecutive subframes. If there is
nothing to acknowledge, i.e., no data received on HS-PDSCH or CRC error on HS-SCCH,
then DTX bits are sent in the ACK/NAK field.
UTRAN configures CQI reporting by signaling CQI feedback cycle parameter to UE. Based
on the feedback cycle parameter, UE may be asked to not send CQI at all or send CQI at
periodic intervals ranging from 2 ms to 160 ms. For example, if the CQI feedback cycle is 4
ms, the UE reports CQI in every other subframe. Those subframes not scheduled to report CQI
have DTX bits in place of CQI.

Link Imbalance Possibility

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If path loss of Cell A < Cell B, Cell A could

RNC ask UE to power down, increasing risk of
mis-detection of HS-DPCCH by Cell B
Iub R99 DPCHs
Cell A
HS-DPCCH only HS
received by -P DS
HS-DSCH serving cell CH
s
HS- UL Channels still power
S CC
H controlled by both cells
HS set in active set
-DP
CC
Cell B H
“HS-DSCH
serving cell”
Notes
CPICH transmit powers are sometimes reduced to overcome underlying RF design issues
Increases risk of link imbalance scenarios
z HSDPA serving cell is the one with strongest received CPICH power in the active set
z UL carrying the HS-DPCCH would go to the same cell, but may be the weakest of all
uplinks
z UL is power controlled by the cell with the lowest path-loss
Link imbalance can result in CQI and ACK/NACK signaling being received at a lower power
level resulting in misdetection and impacting HSDPA performance
Link imbalance issues can be mitigated to certain extent by setting CQI, ACK and NACK
power offsets higher when the UE is in soft-handover with different Node-Bs

UE Physical Channel Processing

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1. UE attempts to decode HS-SCCH subframe.
2. UE decodes HS-DSCH TTI data from HS-PDSCHs.
3. UE reports ACK/NAK and CQI on UL HS-DPCCH.

UE Physical Channel Processing

The HSDPA physical channel processing done by UE to accomplish HSDPA operation
involves three main steps:
1. HS-SCCH Monitoring – UE continuously monitors the HS-SCCH channels to
identify any HS-PDSCH subframes addressed to it on the set of HS-PDSCH channels.
2. HS-DSCH Decoding – Upon receiving an HS-PDSCH subframe, the UE’s Physical
Layer decodes the HS-DSCH TTI to pass the information bits up to MAC-hs.
3. HS-DPCCH Signaling – UE sends feedback on UL HS-DPCCH containing
information regarding the DL channel quality and the HARQ acknowledgements.

UE HS-SCCH Monitoring
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1. UE attempts to decode HS-SCCH subframe.

1.1 Successful decode of Part 1 (1st slot) provides UE:
Channelization Code Set and Modulation Scheme
Reasonable confidence that next HS-PDSCH subframe has data
1.2 UE prepares for demodulating upcoming HS-PDSCH
subframe
UTRAN sends information to UE regarding what HS-SCCH channels to monitor in one of the
dedicated control messages such as radio bearer setup, radio bearer reconfiguration,
transport/physical channel reconfiguration, etc. While monitoring the HS-SCCH channels, a
UE attempts to decode the Part 1 and Part 2 of the HS-SCCH subframe using its H-RNTI. If a
UE successfully decodes Part 1 of one of the monitored HS-SCCHs, the UE starts receiving
the
HS-PDSCHs indicated by the Part 1 control information. The UE considers the Part 1
decoding to be successful only if the decoded channelization code set is less than or equal to
the maximum number of HS-PDSCH codes supported by its HS-DSCH UE category, and if
the decoded modulation scheme is valid for its UE category.
In general, a UE monitors up to four HS-SCCHs. Once an HS-SCCH is successfully decoded,
the UE continues to monitor it. When decoding fails, the UE again starts monitoring all the
assigned HS-SCCHs.

(continued)
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1.3 Successful decode of Part 2 (2nd and 3rd slot) provides

UE:
HARQ Parameters (s, r, b, nd), HARQ ID, and Transport Block Size
Confirmation that next HS-PDSCH subframe has data for this UE
1.4 UE starts demodulating HS-PDSCH subframe
HS-PDSCH subframe starts two slots after the start of HS-SCCH
subframe
UE HS-SCCH Monitoring (continued)

Where Part 1 provides UE with the HS-PDSCH channelization codes and modulation scheme,
Part 2 provides HARQ parameters (s, r, b, nd), HARQ process ID, and TFRI. All this
information is required by UE’s Physical Layer to correctly decode the HS-DSCH TTI data
from HS-PDSCH subframe. The information obtained from HARQ parameters is:
z s identifies the HARQ combining scheme (Chase or IR)
z r identifies the redundancy version
z b identifies the 16-QAM constellation version
z nd identifies the new HS-DSCH data
A successful decode (CRC pass) of Part 2 confirms that the HS-SCCH subframe in intended
for this UE. In case the decoding of Part 2 results in a CRC failure, the UE discards the
information received on HS-SCCH subframe and the corresponding HS-PDSCH subframe.

UE HS-DSCH Decoding
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2. UE decodes HS-DSCH TTI data from HS-PDSCHs.

• De-scramble, de-spread, and
demodulate
• De-interleave
• HARQ processing
• Turbo decoding
• Bit de-scrambling
• CRC check
UE HS-DSCH Decoding
Once a UE successfully decodes HS-SCCH, it gets all the control information required to
decode the HS-DSCH TTI data. The sequence of functions performed by the UE’s Physical
Layer to decode HS-DSCH is basically the inverse of the coding chain followed by the Node
B’s Physical Layer to code HS-DSCH data. The different functions performed in the coding
chain have been explained earlier.
After the CRC check, the UE’s Physical Layer conveys the CRC result to MAC-hs. If CRC
passes, the Physical Layer also delivers the decoded HS-DSCH bits to MAC-hs. If it fails, the
Physical Layer buffers the soft bits in the UE’s IR buffer for soft-combining with future
transmissions.

UL Feedback Signaling
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3. UE reports ACK/NAK and CQI on UL HS-DPCCH.

• UE’s MAC-hs decides ACK/NAK based on CRC result
• UE’s L1 determines CQI based on CPICH strength
UL Feedback Signaling
To accomplish the HARQ functionality, the UE needs to send the MAC-hs acknowledgements to Node
B so that Node B either retransmits the subframe or advances it transmit/receive window. The UE also
needs to send some feedback on UL to accomplish the link adaptation process. Link adaptation involves
adaptively changing the channelization code set, the modulation scheme, and the HS-PDSCH transmit
power based on the DL channel conditions as perceived by UE. Link adaptation may also be used by the
Node B scheduler to determine which UEs should be assigned HS-PDSCHs at a given time. For
example, the UEs experiencing good DL RF channel may be given preference over the UEs
experiencing bad channel conditions.
The UE reports ACK/NAK and CQI to Node B on HS-DPCCH. The UE’s MAC-hs provides an ACK
or NAK to the Physical Layer depending on the CRC result evaluated over the recently received HS-
DSCH subframe. This ACK/NAK field fills the 1st slot of HS-DPCCH subframe. For every received
HS-PDSCH subframe, the UE reports ACK/NAK to Node B in an HS-DPCCH subframe starting 7.5
slots after the end of the corresponding HS-PDSCH subframe. No ACK/NAK is sent if nothing is
received on HS-PDSCH or if the HS-SCCH CRC fails.
The UE’s Physical Layer measures the DL Pilot strength and computes CQI. CQI is reported in the 2nd
and 3rd slot of HS-DPCCH subframe. The feedback cycle of CQI is a network parameter and is defined
in 2 ms steps from 2 ms to 160 ms. An active HS-DPCCH may have slots in which no CQI information
is transmitted.

Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) Measurement

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CQI is:
• a measure of Downlink channel quality as seen by UE
• based on CPICH strength measured by UE
• associated with a three slot reference period ending one slot
before CQI is sent
– CQI indicates maximum data that could be reliably received during
reference period
• used by Node B scheduler
Preference CQI report ACK/NAK
Period
DL
HS-SCCH
HS-PDSCH 1
HS-PDSCH P
6 ms Time
Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) Measurement

CQI is a metric that reflects the quality of the DL channel as seen by the UE. Depending on the
UE’s implementation and its receiver architecture, it may perform better or worse than another
UE under the same channel conditions. This justifies why CQI is not just a C/I or SNR
measurement of CPICH but rather an indication of the highest data rate that can be reliably
received by a UE under the current channel conditions. Transport Format Resource
Combination (TFRC) points to the combination of number of HS-PDSCH channelization
codes, modulation scheme, and the
HS-DSCH transport block size.
3GPP describes CQI:
“Based on an unrestricted observation interval, the UE shall report the highest tabulated CQI
value for which a single HS-DSCH sub-frame formatted with the transport block size, number
of HS-PDSCH codes and modulation corresponding to the reported or lower CQI value could
be received in a 3-slot reference period ending 1 slot before the start of the first slot in which
the reported CQI value is transmitted and for which the transport block error probability would
not exceed 0.1.”

CQI Reporting
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• CQI is reported as an index into a 30-entry CQI table

– Each entry corresponds to a different Transport Format Resource
Combination (TFRC)
• CQI indicates the highest TFRC that could be received during

reference period
– With transport block error rate ≤ 10 %
• CQI can also indicate a negative power offset for HS-PDSCH power
– When UE can achieve peak data rate with lower than current power
• CQI reported by different UEs under same channel may be different

– Depends on receiver architecture
• Mapping between CQI index and TFRC varies with UE HS-DSCH

category
CQI Reporting
The CQI reported by the UE is an index into a table containing all possible TFRC
combinations. The TFRC combinations are different for UEs with different HS-DSCH UE
categories because of the differences in their capabilities. Along with TFRC, CQI may also
indicate a power offset relative to the current HS-PDSCH power. A negative power offset may
be signaled if the current HS-PDSCH power is more than what’s required by the UE to achieve
peak data rate as per its UE category. The UE assumes a total received HS-PDSCH power of
PHS-PDSCH = PCPICH + Γ+∆ (dB), where the total received power is evenly distributed among the
HS-PDSCH codes, the measurement power offset Γ is signaled by higher layers, and the
reference power adjustment ∆ is the power offset indicated by CQI.

CQI Mapping Table

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Example for Category 6 UE supporting up to five HS-PDSCH codes
CQI Transport Number of Modulation Reference Power NIR X RV

Block Size HS- PDSCHs Scheme Adjustment?
0 Not Valid
1 137 1 QPSK 0 9600 0
2 173 1 QPSK 0
.
.
.
16 3565 5 16 - QAM 0
.
.
.
22 7168 5 16- QAM 0
23 7168 5 16- QAM -1
.
.
.
30 7168 5 16 -QAM -8
CQI Mapping Table

The CQI table consists of 30 entries, where each entry indicates a different TFRC. Transport
Format Resource Combination (TFRC) points to the combination of number of HS-PDSCH
channelization codes, modulation scheme, and the HS-DSCH transport block size. The 5-bit
CQI reported by a UE is an index into this table containing all possible TFRC combinations
for that UE category. The TFRC combinations are different for UEs with different HS-DSCH
UE categories because of the differences in the UE capabilities. Along with TFRC, CQI may
also indicate a power offset relative to the current HS-PDSCH power.
The CQI table shown in the slide is for UE categories supporting up to five HS-PDSCH codes.

Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)

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• Each HSDPA assignment is handled by a HARQ process
– HARQ Processes run in Node B and UE
– Up to 8 HARQ processes per UE
– Number configured by Node B when HSDPA operations begin
• The UE HARQ process is responsible for:

– Attempting to decode the data
– Deciding whether to send ACK or NAK
– Soft-combining of retransmitted data
• The Node B HARQ process is responsible for:

– Selecting the correct bits to send according to the selected
retransmission scheme and UE capability

To support consecutive assignments, HSDPA defines a Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request
(HARQ) protocol. This protocol is implemented in both the Node B and the UE, and consists
of procedures implemented in both the MAC-hs sublayer and the Physical Layer.
When the Node B assigns an HSDPA subframe to a UE, it also assigns a HARQ process to
handle the data transfer. The UE HARQ process is responsible for
z Decoding the initial transmission
z Sending an ACK or NAK
z Soft-combining retransmissions of the data packet until it is successfully decoded or
until Node B aborts the packet.
Up to 8 HARQ processes may run simultaneously. At least 6 simultaneous processes are
required to sustain consecutive HSDPA assignments. Depending on its implementation, the
Node B scheduler algorithm may require more than 6 HARQ processes to sustain consecutive
assignments. When HSDPA operations begin, the RNC configures the number of HARQ
processes in a signaling message to the UE.
The maximum number of HARQ processes that a UE supports is a function of its HSDPA
category. The minimum number of HARQ processes supported by any UE is 2, which
corresponds to a UE that uses an inter-TTI interval of 3.

HARQ Process (UE)

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Data Flow Example – UE HARQ Process

Each UE HARQ process performs operations within the Physical Layer and within the MAC-
hs layer.
Physical Layer HARQ Process Operations
When the UE decodes its H-RNTI on the HS-SCCH, it prepares to decode the next HS-DSCH
TTI. The HS-SCCH includes a HARQ process ID. In the Physical Layer, the HARQ process
decodes the associated HS-PDSCHs. If the data is decoded correctly, the data is routed to the
MAC-hs part of the HARQ process.
MAC-hs Layer HARQ Process Operations
The MAC-hs HARQ process generates either an ACK or a NAK to be sent in the subframe
numbered 5 in the diagram above. If the UE sends an ACK and the Node B decodes the ACK
correctly, the earliest that HARQ process 1 can be used for a new data block is the subframe
numbered 8 above. If other data blocks are sent to the UE during the intervening subframes,
they must be assigned to other HARQ processes.
If the UE supports an inter-TTI interval of 1 (consecutive assignments), then it must support at
least 6 HARQ processes. If the Node B scheduler runs slower than shown, up to 8 HARQ
processes may be required. No more than 8 may be supported, as the field in the HS-SCCH
that identifies the HARQ process is three bits long. The RNC configures the number of HARQ
processes for a given UE when HSDPA operation is established and sends this configuration to
the UE in a signaling message.

HARQ Combining Schemes

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First Transmission
• Always self-decodable, RV parameters s = 1
Chase Combining
• Each retransmission is self decodable, RV parameter s = 1
– Systematic bits are prioritized
• Same coded data packet may be sent in each retransmission
– Using the same RV parameter r in each retransmission
• Retransmission with a different r value implies different set of
punctured bits
• Receiver attempts to decode by soft combining multiple copies
Incremental Redundancy (IR)
• Retransmissions are not self decodable, RV parameter s = 0

– Parity bits are prioritized
• Redundant information is incrementally transmitted if initial decoding
fails
• Each retransmission provides additional redundant bits to the receiver
– RV parameter r is different for different set of redundancy bits
• Receiver attempts to decode based on accumulated bits
HS-DSCH Channel Coding – HARQ Combining Schemes
HARQ combining refers to the combining of the HS-DSCH soft bits in the receiver (UE). If an HS-DSCH
subframe transmission is not correctly decoded (CRC failure) by the UE’s Physical Layer the soft bits from this
failed decode are buffered in the IR buffer to be combined with the soft bits from the future retransmissions. This
type of combining changes the effective received code rate with each retransmission and helps in minimizing the
number of retransmissions. There are different types of HARQ combining schemes:
z Chase combining (also called HARQ Type III) requires each retransmission to be self-decodable. The
transmitter may retransmit the same coded data packet in which case the decoder at the receiver combines
multiple copies of the same transmitted packet weighted by the received SNR. Time diversity gain is thus
obtained. Using a different redundancy version parameter r, a different set of puncture bits can be used in
each retransmission.
z Incremental Redundancy (IR) (also called H-ARQ Type II) is another implementation of the HARQ
technique where retransmissions are not self decodable, i.e., they may have a very low proportion (or
none) of the systematic bits. Additional redundant information, prioritizing the parity bits, is incrementally
transmitted if the decoding fails on the prior attempt. Retransmitted subframes are soft combined with the
buffered soft bits to achieve additional coding gain, which helps the UE to successfully decode the
subframe.
The Node B’s proprietary algorithm in MAC-hs determines which HARQ scheme to use to transmit an HS-DSCH
subframe. The RV parameter signaled to the UE indicates the HARQ scheme used, allowing the UE to use the
same scheme for HARQ combining.

UE Categories
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HS-DSCH HS-PDSCH Min. Inter-TTI Max. TB Size UE IR Buffer Peak Data

Category Codes Interval Size Rate
1 5 3 7298 19200 1.2 Mbps
2 5 3 7298 28800 1.2 Mbps
3 5 2 7298 28800 1.8 Mbps
4 5 2 7298 38400 1.8 Mbps
5 5 1 7298 57600 3.6 Mbps
6 5 1 7298 67200 3.6 Mbps
7 10 1 14411 115200 7.2 Mbps
8 10 1 14411 134400 7.2 Mbps
9 15 1 20251 172800 10.1 Mbps

10 15 1 27952 172800 14.0 Mbps
11* 5 2 3630 14400 0.9 Mbps
12* 5 1 3630 28800 1.8 Mbps
* 16-QAM modulation not supported
UE Categories
HSDPA is advertised with data rates up to 14 Mbps. However, the actual HS-DSCH peak data
rate depends on the UE’s HS-DSCH category. As shown in the table, only a category 10 UE
can achieve the maximum HSDPA throughput of 14 Mbps when using all 15 HS-PDSCHs
simultaneously.
Factors that decide the UE’s HS-DSCH category are:
1. HS-PDSCH codes – Determines the number of simultaneous HS-PDSCH channels
that can be decoded by a UE.
2. Inter-TTI interval – Determines the minimum interval (in terms of HS-DSCH TTI)
between two successive HS-PDSCH assignments. The more HARQ processes a UE
supports, the shorter the inter-TTI interval. A minimum inter-TTI of 1 requires at
least 6 simultaneous HARQ processes.
3. Transport Block size – Determines the maximum size of transport block that can be
sent on HS-DSCH in a TTI. It is dependent on the number of HS-PDSCH codes and
the modulation scheme.
4. IR buffer size – Determines the maximum number of soft bits that can be buffered
by a UE across all simultaneously running HARQ processes.


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¾ HSDPA Physical Layer channels.

¾ UE Physical Layer Processing
¾ HARQ Processing
Notes

Section 4:
Layer 2 and Layer 3 Protocols and Procedures

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SECTION
Layer 2 and Layer 3

4 Protocols and Procedures
Notes


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¾ Illustrate the Release 5 Layer 2 architecture.

¾ Define the HARQ protocol and the functionality of the
reordering queue
¾ Define HSDPA terminology used by RRC and signaling
layers.
¾ Illustrate call flow for setting up HSDPA operations.
¾ Define the messages and information elements used to
configure HSDPA.
¾ Illustrate call flows for changing UE states while starting
and stopping HSDPA and for HSDPA Serving Cell Change.

¾ Discuss some problem areas in Release 5 that will be
addressed in Release 6.
Notes

HSDPA Protocol Stack

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HSDPA Protocol Stack

In a Release 99 PS network, the NAS layer protocols are terminated at the SGSN. The RRC,
RLC, and MAC protocols are terminated at the RNC. The Physical Layer protocol is
terminated at the Node B.
The Release 5 specifications define a new sublayer of MAC called MAC-hs, which
implements the MAC protocols and procedures for HSDPA. This sublayer operates at the
Node B and the UE.
The location of MAC-hs in Node B has an important implication for HSDPA operation. In
Release 99, a UE may be in soft handover with multiple Node Bs. Transport channel frames
are constructed by the MAC sublayer in the RNC and sent over the Iub interface to each Node
B with which the UE is in soft handover. The UE receives identical Transport channel frames
from each Node B.
HSDPA requires fast scheduling of the shared channels, and allocates the channels in 2 ms
intervals called subframes. To meet this requirement, the Transport channel frames are
constructed by the MAC-hs sublayer operating in the Node B. By design, the HSDPA channels
cannot operate in soft handover because the MAC-hs sublayer of each Node B operates
independently.

Layer 2: UTRAN MAC Architecture

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UTRAN MAC Architecture

The UTRAN MAC protocol consists of three entities:
z MAC-hs – Responsible for the high speed HSDPA channels and the only entity of MAC
that resides in the Node B. When a UE operates in HSDPA mode, MAC-hs maps user
data and signaling from DCCH and DTCH onto the shared HS-DSCH transport
channels.
z MAC-c/sh – Responsible for common and shared logical (PCCH, BCCH, CCCH, and
CTCH) and transport (PCH, BCH, RACH, FACH) channels. MAC-c/sh resides in the
RNC, and there is one MAC-c/sh entity per RNC. When a UE operates in Cell_FACH
state, MAC-c/sh maps user data and signaling from its DCCH and DTCH onto the
common FACH and RACH transport channels.
z MAC-d – Responsible for mapping data from dedicated logical channels (DCCH and
DTCH) onto dedicated transport channels (DCH). MAC-d resides in the RNC, and there
is one MAC-d entity for each UE to which dedicated logical channels have been
assigned.

UTRAN MAC-hs Architecture

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UTRAN MAC-hs Architecture

Data enters the UTRAN MAC-hs from a set of MAC-d flows. The data is routed to a set of
priority queues with the following properties:
z Up to 8 priority queues and 8 MAC-d flows are allowed per UE.
z The queue distribution entity maps each MAC-d flow onto one or more priority queues.
The mapping is configured when the HSDPA operation begins.
z Each priority queue is mapped to only one MAC-d flow.
When data is removed from a priority queue for transmission, it is assigned to a HARQ
process. There are a minimum of 6 and a maximum of 8 HARQ processes per UE. The HARQ
process tracks the ACK/NAK signaling for the data block and determines when retransmission
is necessary.
In response to CQI and ACK/NAK signaling on HS-DPCCH, the scheduler decides:
z To which UEs the HSDPA channels will be assigned.
z For each scheduled UE, whether to send new data from a priority queue or a
retransmission from a HARQ process.
Signaling on HS-SCCH indicates the scheduling decision to the UEs operating in HSDPA
mode.

HARQ Protocol
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Features of the HARQ Protocol

• Soft combining of multiple transmissions (Layer 1)
• N channel Stop and Wait (SAW) protocol
– Up to 8 simultaneous HARQ processes
• Synchronous ACK/NAK response
• Asynchronous retransmission
– Earliest that Node B can retransmit is 10 ms after first
transmission
– Node B scheduling algorithm likely will require 12 ms retransmit
time
Could occur later than 12 ms, depending on user and queue priority
• Priority pre-emption
– Defer a lower priority retransmission by using another HARQ
process
– Flush previous block and send a new block (toggle New Data
Indicator)
HARQ Protocol
The HARQ protocol supports the following features:
z Soft combining – If the UE NAKs a data block, the Node B may retransmit the data.
The Physical Layer performs soft combining of the retransmitted symbols with those
previously received.
z Stop and Wait (SAW) – Each HARQ process, up to a maximum of 8, operates
independently on one data block until that block is correctly decoded or transmission is
aborted by the Node B.
z Synchronous ACK/NAK – The UE transmits an ACK or NAK for a given block at a
fixed time following reception of the data.
z Asynchronous retransmission – The Node B sends a retransmission any time after an
NAK is received. The earliest this can occur is 10 ms after the previous transmission. A
more typical value is expected to be 12 ms, due to internal delays in the Node B
scheduling algorithm. A retransmission could occur later than 12 ms depending on
channel quality reported by the UE and other internal scheduling decisions.
z Priority Pre-emption – The Node B can pre-empt a retransmission of a lower priority
data block by choosing a different HARQ process, or by flushing the previous block and
transmitting new data. The Node B HARQ process toggles the New Data Indicator
(NDI) whenever it sends a new data block.

UE HARQ Process Flowchart

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UE HARQ Process Flowchart

The control flow for a HARQ process in the UE is as follows:
1. When a data block is received, compare the New Data Indicator (NDI) bit with the value
received in the previous block.
z If NDI is different, flush data in the buffer and store new data
z If NDI is the same and the buffer is empty, this data has already been decoded
correctly, so discard it and send an ACK. This can happen if the Node B interprets an
ACK as a NAK, and retransmits the data block.
z If NDI is the same and the buffer is not empty, soft combine the new data with data
already in the buffer.
2. Attempt to decode the data in the buffer.
z If correctly decoded, deliver the data to the re-ordering queue, flush the buffer, and
send an ACK.
z If incorrectly decoded, keep the data in the buffer and send a NAK.

Re-ordering Protocol
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Features of the MAC-hs Re-ordering Protocol

• Each reordering queue operates independently
• Control information in MAC-hs header
– Queue ID (QID), 3 bits
– Transmission Sequence Number (TSN), 6 bits
• In-sequence delivery of MAC-d PDUs to RLC
– HARQ protocol may deliver data out of sequence
– RLC requires in-sequence delivery
•
Uses transmit windows to eliminate sequence number ambiguity

• Two mechanisms for flushing missing PDUs
– Timer mechanism
– Window mechanism
Re-ordering Protocol
The re-ordering protocol operates independently on each re-ordering queue, which corresponds
to each priority queue transmitted by the Node B. The re-ordering protocol supports the
following features:
z MAC-hs header information – The MAC-hs header contains a re-ordering queue
identifier. Re-ordering queues are in a one-to-one mapping with the Node B priority
queues. The MAC-hs header also contains a 6-bit sequence number which identifies the
transmission order of MAC-hs PDUs.
z In-sequence delivery – RLC requires in-sequence delivery of MAC-d PDUs, but the
HARQ protocol may deliver data out of sequence due to retransmissions. The re-
ordering protocol puts the MAC-hs PDUs back into the original transmit order from
each of the Node B priority queues.
z Transmit Window – The Node B uses a transmit window to ensure that it does not
overflow the 6-bit sequence number and introduce sequence number ambiguity.
z Flushing Missing PDUs – The re-ordering protocol recovers from the case where a
PDU is never successfully received. This can occur when the Node B misinterprets an
NAK as an ACK, and therefore never retransmits the PDUts or when the Node B aborts
transmission of a PDU due to reaching the maximum number of retransmissions.

Data Flow over HSDPA Layers

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Application layer data

(for eg. FTP data)
Application Layer
TCP/IP Data Packet Size <= MTU

Header Payload (typically 1500
TCP/IP Layer (40 bytes (<= bytes)
+ MSS)
Options)
A 1500 byte TCP Packet can be delivered
using 37.5 RLC PDUs
Total 336 bits (16 bit

header + 320 bit 37.5 RLC PDUs can be delivered using 3.75 MAC-hs
RLC Layer Payload) Transport Blocks (assuming 3440 bit block size)
21 Bit 10 RLC PDUs 59 Bit

Header Padding
MAC-hs Layer
Notes
Application layer data stream is divided into “segments” by the TCP layer. Each segment size is <= MTU
(maximum transmission unit), with the data payload being <= MSS (maximum segment size) as advertised by the
receiver. When deciding how much data to put into a segment, each device in the TCP connection will choose the
amount based on the current window size, in conjunction with the various TCP algorithms, but it will never be so
large that the amount of data exceeds the MSS of the device to which it is sending. Typically, MTU size used by
the networks is 1500 bytes.
When the TCP data stream is delivered to RNC, it is further divided into RLC PDUs (Protocol Data Units). Each
RLC PDU is 320 bits (640 bits maybe used in future) with a 16 bit header. Thus, a single TCP segment could be
divided up into multiple RLC PDUs (as shown above). The RLC PDUs pass through the Mac-d layer
transparently, and are delivered to the MAC-hs layer.
The MAC-hs layer packs multiple RLC PDUs into a MAC-hs PDU. The size of MAC-hs PDU is determined by
the scheduler strategy and the channel conditions reported by the UE. In the above example, it is assumed that the
scheduler uses a 3440 transport block size, which can contain ten RLC PDUs. Each MAC-hs PDU also has a 21
bit header, and the remaining space (59 bits) is padding.
The MAC-hs PDUs are passed down to the physical layer (not shown above) where a 24 bit CRC is added and
rate matching is performed.

Layer 3: HSDPA RRC Functions

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• HSDPA Channel Configuration

– Start and stop HSDPA operations
• Call State Management

– RRC must be in Cell_DCH when HSDPA is active
• Active Set Update Procedure

– Active Set are cells for which a DCH radio link exists
– Maximum of 8 cells
– Procedure adds and removes DCH radio links
• HSDPA Serving Cell Change Procedure

– Serving HS-DSCH Radio Link is the cell transmitting HS-DSCH
– Maximum of 1 cell
– Procedure changes Serving HS-DSCH Radio Link from one cell
to another cell
HSDPA RRC Functions

The RRC layer is responsible for signaling procedures related to HSDPA operations. This
includes:
z HSDPA Channel Configurations – The RNC RRC layer is responsible for starting and
stopping HSDPA operations, and for configuring the radio bearers, logical channels, and
physical channels to support HSDPA.
z Call State Management – The UE RRC layer must be in Cell_DCH state with an
established DCH transport channel and one or more DPCH physical channels when
using HSDPA channels. The RNC RRC layer manages UE state changes to and from
Cell_DCH state.
z Active Set Update Procedure – All cells with an established DCH radio link are
members of the UE’s Active Set. The UE provides measurement information to the
RNC, and the RNC signals changes to the Active Set using the Active Set Update
message.
z HSDPA Serving Cell Change Procedure – The RNC RRC layer is responsible for
establishing an HSDPA radio link, which is called the Serving HS-DSCH Radio Link. In
response to UE measurement information, the RNC RRC layer signals changes to the
Serving HS-DSCH Radio Link using a reconfiguration message.

HSDPA Configuration – Messages

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Messages to Set up HSDPA Configuration

• Radio Bearer Setup
• Radio Bearer Reconfiguration
• Radio Bearer Release
• Cell Update Confirm
Messages to Modify L1 and MAC-hs only
• Transport Channel Reconfiguration
Messages to Modify L1 only

• Physical Channel Reconfiguration
HSDPA Configuration – Messages

Several messages may be used to control HSDPA operation.
Messages to Set up HSDPA Configuration
Messages that contain all of the necessary IEs are Radio Bearer Setup, Radio Bearer
Reconfiguration, Radio Bearer Release, and Cell Update Confirm. These message can assign a
new H-RNTI, indicate the mapping from logical channel to HS-DSCH, and provide all the
MAC-hs and Layer 1 parameters.
Cell Update Confirm message may be used to transition directly from Cell_FACH state into
Cell_DCH and simultaneously activate HSDPA operations.
Radio Bearer Release message may be used to activate HSDPA operations at the same time
that some radio bearers are released. This may occur in a concurrent call scenario, for example,
when voice radio bearers are released but data radio bearers remain active.
Messages to Modify L1 and MAC-hs HSDPA Configuration
The Transport Channel Reconfiguration message can assign a new H-RNTI and alter MAC-hs
or Layer 1 parameters, but cannot establish or modify logical channel mappings.
The Physical Channel Reconfiguration message can only assign a new H-RNTI and alter Layer
1 parameters (including Serving HS-DSCH Radio Link).

HSDPA Configuration –
Layer 1and Layer 2 Information Elements

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• Layer 1
– Downlink Scrambling Code (if different from PSC)
– HS-SCCH Channelization Codes
– Serving HS-DSCH Radio Link Indicator
– Measurement Feedback Information
Power offsets
CQI feedback cycle and repetition factor
• Layer 2
– Radio Bearer Mapping Information
DCCH/DTCH mapping to HS-DSCH or DCH + HS-DSCH
MAC-d flow ID (0..7)

– MAC-hs Information
Number of HARQ Processes (1..8)
Division of UE soft buffer bits between processes
Re-ordering Queue Configuration
HSDPA Configuration – Layer 1 and Layer 2 Information Elements
UTRAN signals the following Information Elements to the UE to configure Layer 1 HSDPA operations:
• Downlink Scrambling Code – If a Secondary Scrambling Code is used for HSDPA channels, UTRAN
signals this to the UE. Otherwise the default is the Primary Scrambling Code.
• HS-SCCH Channelization Codes – Set of OVSF codes which the UE must monitor to decode the HS-
SCCH. Up to four may be assigned to a UE.
• Serving HS-DSCH Radio Link Indicator – Of all the DPCH radio links configured, UTRAN identifies one
as the Serving HS-DSCH Radio Link.
• Measurements Feedback Information – Parameters that control CQI feedback sent on HS-DPCCH,
including power offset, feedback cycle, and repetition factor.
UTRAN signals the following Information Elements to the UE to configure Layer 2 HSDPA operations:
• Radio Bearer Mapping Information – Indicates which logical channels (DCCH or DTCH) are mapped to
HS-DSCH. Note that a logical channel may be mapped to both DCH and HS-DSCH. Also indicates
mapping from logical channel to MAC-d flow.
• MAC-hs Information – Indicates the number of HARQ processes used and whether to divide the soft
buffer bits equally among processes or to use an explicit assignment of buffer sizes. For each re-ordering
queue, the mapping from MAC-d flow, timer and window size, and Size Index Identifier (SID) mapping
are given. The SID mapping defines the mapping between the MAC-d PDU size and the SID field of the
MAC-hs header.
These IEs may appear in any of the messages that configure HSDPA operation.

UE State Transitions –
Cell_FACH to Cell_DCH with HS-DSCH

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UE State Transitions – Cell_FACH to Cell_DCH with HS-DSCH

For a UE operating in Cell_FACH, UTRAN may decide to transition to Cell_DCH and start
HSDPA operation in one step.
1. With the UE in Cell_FACH state, the RNC decides to start HSDPA operation, based on
availability of Downlink data from the PS Core Network and QoS negotiations that
occurred at the NAS layer when the data call was established.
2. RNC notifies the Node B that controls the best cell to set up an HS-DSCH radio link on
that cell. The DCH radio links are set up at the same time.
3. RNC sends a reconfiguration message to map DCCH/DTCH channels to HS-DSCH
and DCH. UTRAN must pick a Serving HS-DSCH Radio Link, and will most likely
choose the cell which the UE used in Cell_FACH state.
4. RNC requests that the UE perform measurements on its Active Set to determine the
best cell by setting up event 1d. UE reports immediately the current best cell, and
continues to report whenever the best cell changes.
A two-step process is also possible, in which the DCH is set up in the transition to Cell_DCH,
and then HS-DSCH is added after the UE reports the best cell. However, this takes much
longer and likely will not be used.

HSDPA Serving Cell Change Procedure –

Overview
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HSDPA Serving Cell Change Procedure – Overview

HSDPA channels do not operate in soft handover. For a given UE, the Node B from which it
receives the HSDPA channels is called the Serving Node B.
The UE may be in soft handover on the associated DPCH.
If the radio conditions change such that there is a better cell on another Node B for HSDPA
operations, the HSDPA Serving Cell Change Procedure is performed. This procedure
occurs independently from the Active Set update procedure.


Messages and Information Elements

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• Serving HS-DSCH Radio Link Indicator IE

– Contained in one of 6 reconfiguration messages
Cell Update Confirm
Radio Bearer Setup, Release, Reconfiguration
Transport Channel Reconfiguration
Physical Channel Reconfiguration
• NOT in the Active Set Update Message!

– HSDPA operation stops if Serving HS-DSCH Radio
Link is removed from Active Set

– UTRAN should perform HSDPA Serving Cell
Change Procedure before removing the HSDPA
radio link from the Active Set.
HSDPA Serving Cell Change Procedure – Messages and Information Elements
To perform the HSDPA Serving Cell Change Procedure, UTRAN sends any of the
messages that contain the Serving HS-DSCH Radio Link Indicator IE.
This information element is not contained in the Active Set Update message. If a new cell that
is not yet in the Active Set is also the best possible cell for HSDPA operations, that cell cannot
become the Serving HS-DSCH Radio Link in one step. An Active Set Update procedure must
occur first to establish the DCH and add that cell to the Active Set. After that, the HS-DSCH
Serving Cell Change procedure may be performed.
If the cell that is the Serving HS-DSCH Radio Link is removed from the Active Set before a
new cell is chosen to be the serving cell, HSDPA operations stop and must be restarted. In
general, UTRAN should avoid doing this by performing the HSDPA Serving Cell Change
Procedure first, then removing the old radio link from Active Set. However, sometimes rapidly
changing radio conditions do not allow UTRAN to perform these operations sequentially, and
the UE must be able to handle the sudden loss of the Serving HS-DSCH Radio Link.


Synchronized vs. Unsynchronized

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Synchronized Cell Change

• Uses an action time at which the change occurs.
• Introduces significant delay in procedure (600 ms typical).
• Very little data will need to be retransmitted.
• Not suitable for very high data rate services.
Unsynchronized Cell Change

• Change happens ASAP.
• May lose data when MAC-hs buffers are flushed at old Node B.
• May introduce jitter in data delivery due to AM retransmissions.
• May be used if the old and new cells are controlled by the same
Node B.
HSDPA Serving Cell Change Procedure– Synchronized vs. Unsynchronized
The HSDPA Serving Cell Change Procedure may be either synchronized or

unsynchronized. From the UE’s perspective, the difference is whether or not an action time is
included in the message that triggers the cell change.
From the network’s perspective, a synchronized procedures gives the previous Node B a
chance to transmit any data in its HS-DSCH buffers and thus minimize data loss. However, the
procedure introduces significant delay, during which the UE continues to operate in a sub-
optimal cell, and therefore is not suitable for very high data rate services.
The unsynchronized procedure is much faster, but introduces either data loss (for UM
services), or delay due to retransmissions (for AM services). It is suitable for cell changes that
do not change Node Bs, as the MAC-hs buffers can be transferred to the new cell without data
loss.

Serving HS-DSCH Cell Change –

Synchronized Inter-Node B
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Serving HS-DSCH Cell Change – Synchronized Inter-Node B

A Inter-Node B synchronized Serving HS-DSCH Cell Change procedure consists of the
following steps (assuming the new cell is not already in the Active Set):
1. A new Node B is added to the Active Set, in response to measurements reported by the
UE. The target Node B is first instructed to set up a radio link, then the RNC sends the
Active Set Update message to the UE. The UE now has a DPCH on both target and
source Node Bs, and an HS-DSCH on the source Node B.
2. The UE reports that the best cell is the one just added to the target Node B. This
triggers the beginning of the Serving HS-DSCH Cell Change procedure. RNC sends a
message to the current Serving HS-DSCH Node B to prepare to release the HS-DSCH.
This gives the Node B a chance to finish transmitting data already in its MAC-hs
buffers. The Commit message contains an Activation time that specifies the time after
which no more HS-DSCH data is to be sent by this Node B.
3. RNC instructs the target Node B to establish HSDPA channels for the UE. The
Commit message contains the same action time, indicating the time at which HS-
DSCH operations begin for this UE.
4. RNC sends a reconfiguration message to change the Serving HS-DSCH Radio Link.
This message contains the same action time, at which time the UE begins receiving
HS-DSCH data from the new cell.

Serving HS-DSCH Cell Change –

Unsynchronized Inter-Node B
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Serving HS-DSCH Cell Change – Unsynchronized Inter-Node B

A Inter-Node B unsynchronized Serving HS-DSCH Cell Change procedure consists of the
following steps (assuming the new cell is not already in the Active Set):
1. A new Node B is added to the Active Set, in response to measurements reported by the
UE. The target Node B is first instructed to set up a radio link, then the RNC sends the
Active Set Update message to the UE. The UE now has a DPCH on both target and
source Node Bs, and an HS-DSCH on the source Node B.
2. The UE reports that the best cell is the one just added to the target Node B. This
triggers the beginning of the Serving HS-DSCH Cell Change procedure. RNC sends a
message to the target Node B instructing it to establish HSDPA channels for the UE.
3. RNC sends a message to the Serving HS-DSCH Node B to release the HS-DSCH.
4. RNC sends a reconfiguration message to notify the UE that the HS-DSCH is available
on the new Serving HS-DSCH Radio Link. No action time is specified, so the UE
makes the change as soon as possible.
During an unsynchronized change, there may be a period of time in which the UE receives no
data, or some data may be lost if the UE does not make the change fast enough, and the new
Serving Node B has already begun transmitting. Data may also be lost due to flushing the
buffers at the old Serving Node B.

Problem Areas in Release 5 Signaling

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• Significant delays in HSDPA procedures

because:
– Active Set Update cannot change Serving
HS-DSCH Radio Link
Fixed in Release 6
– Synchronized procedure requires activation time (~600 ms)
– Race condition in Radio Link removal can lead to stoppage
of HSDPA
• Delays could impact system capacity for high
mobility.
– HSDPA best performance achieved for stationary users
Problem Areas in Release 5 Signaling

Several limitations of Release 5 signaling introduce significant delays for high mobility users.
The standards organization is working on solutions, but these will only become available in
Release 6.
z Active Set Update cannot change Serving HS-DSCH Radio Link – This limitation
introduces extra signaling when a new DCH radio link must be added before the Serving
HS-DSCH Cell Change procedure can occur. It would be better if the HS-DSCH and
DCH could be established in a single message.
z Synchronized Procedure Activation Time – The synchronized procedure is the
preferred method for minimizing data loss, but the current activation time mechanism
introduces a long delay.
z Race Condition in Radio Link Removal – Different processing elements in the RNC
may be involved in making the decision for Active Set membership and Serving HS-
DSCH Radio Link. A race condition may arise if the Serving HS-DSCH Radio Link is
removed from the Active Set before performing the Serving HS-DSCH Cell Change
procedure.
Due to these limitations, continuous (non-bursty) very high data rates possible with HSDPA
are likely to be achieved only for stationary users.

Layer 2 and Layer 3 Protocols and Procedures –

What We Learned
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9 Release 5 Layer 2 architecture.

9 HARQ protocol and the functionality of the reordering
queue.
9 HSDPA terminology used by RRC and signaling layers.
9 HSDPA call flows.
9 Messages and information elements to configure HSDPA.
9
UE state transitions and HSDPA Serving Cell Change.

9 Problem areas in Release 5 signaling.
Notes

Section 5:
HSDPA Deployment
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SECTION
5 HSDPA Deployment
Notes


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¾ Describe HSDPA deployment scenarios.

¾ Explain HSDPA network planning approaches.
¾ Define an HSDPA Link Budget.
¾ HSDPA network planning example.
Notes

HSDPA Deployment Issues

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Deployment strategy is the key consideration

for HSDPA performance.
• Network Plan
– Overlay on existing Release 99 network
– Specific HSDPA network plan
• Spectrum Usage
– HSDPA only carrier
– Shared carrier with other Release 99 services
• Mobility
– Stationary or mobile
Deployment Strategy
Deployment strategy is the key consideration for HSDPA. The technology will likely be
deployed initially as an overlay to an existing Release 99 network. This enables increasingly
efficient use of spectrum for packet switched data as HSDPA-capable devices are gradually
introduced. Furthermore, the significantly faster data rates possible with HSDPA enable its
deployment in a “hotspot” configuration with both a higher cell density than traditional macro-
cell networks and an increasing use of in-building systems that address localized high-
throughput requirements. The increased peak data rates compared to Release 99 support both
the throughput and user-perception needs of most existing packet data applications.
Available spectrum also plays a role in how HSDPA will be deployed. The ability to deploy
HSDPA on the same carrier as existing Release 99 services is cost advantageous initially, but
may eventually degrade quality of existing services, depending on the required power of the
HSDPA users and how the total available power is shared.
User mobility also plays a key role in HSDPA deployment. HSDPA offers 16-QAM
modulation, which theoretically doubles throughput compared to QPSK. However, the
requirement for both magnitude and phase accuracy with this type of modulation limits its use
to stationary users with line-of-sight to the Node B. Both the distribution and mobility of the
users play a significant role in planning a HSDPA network and assessing its relative benefit.

Defining HSDPA Coverage

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Constant transmission power and adaptive modulation

and coding means decreasing peak data rate with
distance from the cell.
Faster
Slower
Peak Data Rate
3dTower.emf
Distance
Defining HSDPA Coverage

HSDPA uses a constant transmission power with fast link adaptation where the effective
coding rate and modulation are adjusted to account for changes in the radio condition. This is
fundamentally different from fast power control with fixed coding and modulation employed
in Release 99, where the transmission power is adjusted so that a target Signal-to-Noise Ratio
is achieved. With HSDPA, this results in a distribution of peak data rates throughout a cell
coverage area relating to both the distance from the antenna and the propagation conditions
associated with each user. The amount and technique used to allocate power to HSDPA plays a
key role in the resulting cell throughput distribution.

HSDPA Link Budget Analysis

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• HSDPA Downlink Budget specifies the peak

cell edge data rate.
• Release 99 Uplink Budget employed to
determine Downlink Path Loss to cell edge.
– Depends on limiting service in Release 99 design
• HSDPA specific parameters:
– HSDPA power allocation
– Signal-to-Noise ratio (Ec/Nt) for target data rates

– Operating margin
– Scheduling gain
HSDPA Link Budget Analysis

A Release 99 Downlink Budget defines the maximum allowable path loss for a particular
service, based on a number of key parameters:
z Maximum Ec/Ior – Generally represented as a fraction of total PA power, this is the
maximum power that can be allocated to a Traffic Channel for a particular service. This
could be set at any value within the limits of the PA but is normally set so that higher
data rate services have a smaller coverage area than lower rate services. This enables an
acceptable capacity to be obtained across a cell such that, for example, a single high rate
user at the cell edge doesn’t exhaust all available power.
z Ioc/Îor – Ioc is effectively interference and is the power density of all cells that the UE is
not in soft handover with. Îor is the power density of the Downlink received signal and
includes cells that the UE is in soft handover with.
z β – A combining gain associated with the number of cells that a UE is in soft handover
with. It is assumed that Îor=βItc, where Itc is the power density of the target or serving
cell.
A HSDPA Link Budget defines the cell edge data rate for the amount of total PA power
allocated. As with the Release 99 Link Budget, cell edge interference, represented by Ioc/Îor
will play an important role. Significantly, HSDPA does not allow soft handover, which will
increase Ioc/Îor at the cell edge.

HSDPA Power Allocation

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HSDPA power fixed or net remainder

Total available cell power
Total available cell power
HSDPA Power Allocation

The power allocation algorithm is not specified in the standard. Two possible schemes are
likely to be deployed:
z Static – A fixed percentage of the total available PA power is allocated for the
Downlink HSDPA channels, with the remaining distributed among the required
common channels and the power controlled dedicated channels.
z Dynamic – The power of the Downlink HSDPA channels is allocated dynamically such
that power is be assigned to the required common channels and power controlled
dedicated channels first, with the remainder allocated to the Downlink HSDPA
channels.
The power allocated to a specific HS-PDSCH needs to be signaled to the UE so it can be
reflected in the CQI report. The priority of HSDPA transmissions relative to other services is
reflected in the choice of power allocation scheme.

Achieved Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Data Rate

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• Data rate variation with Ec/Nt considers modulation, effective code

rate, and encoder packet size
• Static channel conditions
14
12
10
4
0
-12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12
Ec/Nt (dB)
Link Budget Signal-to-Noise Ratio

A key aspect in any Release 99 Downlink Budget is the specification of a target Signal-to-
Interference Ratio (SIR), which relates to a target information bit to noise ratio, Eb/Nt. This
value is required to maintain a desired Block Error Rate (BLER) for a particular service in a
specific set of propagation conditions. The Release 99 Link Budget defines the maximum
allowable path loss such that the achieved Eb/Nt is no smaller that this target value.
With HSDPA, the achieved SIR relates to an achievable throughput based on modulation,
coding, and transport block size. The plot above shows how the available data rate varies with
the achieved Ec/Nt. These values were derived from a receiver performance model for an
AWGN Eb/Nt curve that was adjusted for variation in code rate, modulation, and encoder
packet sizes. This curve is used as the basis for the Link Budget, but is adjusted to take into
account the channel and propagation conditions.

Scheduling Gain
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• Users scheduled in “good” RF conditions

• Depends on scheduling strategy
– Round Robin
– Proportional Fair
– Best CQI
Set to 0 dB in this analysis.
Scheduling Gain
A gain can be considered to take into account the scheduling of users when RF conditions are
most suitable. This will depend on the scheduling strategy and algorithm adopted in allocating
resources. In this analysis, the aim of the Link Budget is to determine a user’s peak data rate at
the cell edge; therefore this factor is set to 0 dB.

General Link Budget Considerations

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Link Budget Analysis Assumptions

• HSDPA overlay on existing Release 99 network
• Release 99 design
– Uplink Budget defines Maximum Allowable Path Loss (MAPL)
– 20 dB building penetration margin
– Uplink services
12.2 kbps AMR CS
64 kbps CS
64 kbps PS
• Uplink loading 50%
General Link Budget Considerations

The Link Budget analysis illustrated in the following slides assumes that HSDPA will be
overlaid on an existing Release 99 network. The Release 99 Uplink is assumed to be the
limiting link that will define a Maximum Allowable Path Loss (MAPL) for each service. Three
services are considered, 12.2 kbps AMR voice, 64 kbps circuit switched, and 64 kbps packet
switched. A 20 dB building penetration margin is included in the Link Budget and the Uplink
loading is assumed to be 50%.

Example Release 99 Uplink Budget

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WCDMA WCDMA WCDMA

12.2 Speech 64 CS Data 64 PS Data comments
Class 4 UE, Reduced by 2dB for
a UE Maximum Transmit Power 19 dBm 19 dBm 19 dBm
HSDPA as shown in 4-41
b cable, connector, combiner losses 0 dB 0 dB 0 dB
c UE Transmit Antenna gain 0 dBi 0 dBi 0 dBi
d Mobile ERP 19 dBm 19 dBm 19 dBm =a+b+c
k: Boltzmann constant (1.38*10^-23)
e thermal noise density = kT -174.0 dBm/Hz -174.0 dBm/Hz -174.0 dBm/Hz T: temperature in K (typically 290K)
f Information full rate 40.9 dB-Hz 48.1 dB-Hz 48.1 dB-Hz
g Thermal noise Floor -133.1 dBm -125.9 dBm -125.9 dBm =e+f
h Receiver Noise Figure 5 dB 5 dB 5 dB
i Load 50% 50% 50%
Rise over Thermal
aka - Interference Margin
j aka - Load Margin 3.0 dB 3.0 dB 3.0 dB =-10*log(1-i)
BLER Targets: 1% for 12.2 Speech
k Required Eb/Nt 5.0 dB 5.0 dB 3.0 dB
and CS64, 5% for 64PD Data
l Node B Rx Sensitivity -120.1 dBm -112.9 dBm -114.9 dBm =e+f+h+j+k
m Receive antenna gain 17 dBi 17 dBi 17 dBi

n cable, connector, combiner losses -3 dB -3 dB -3 dB

o Rx Antenna Gain - Cable losses 14 dB 14 dB 14 dB =m+n
8dB Standard Deviation, 90% Cell
p Log normal fading -10.3 dB -10.3 dB -10.3 dB
Edge Confidence
q Handover gain 4.1 dB 4.1 dB 4.1 dB
r Diversity gain 0 dB 0 dB 0 dB
s car penetration losses 0 dB 0 dB 0 dB
t Building penetration losses -20 dB -20 dB -20 dB
u Body Loss -3 dB 0 dB 0 dB
v Σ Propagation components -29.2 dB -26.2 dB -26.2 dB =p+q+r+s+t+u
w Maximum Allowable Path Loss 123.9 dB 119.7 dB 121.7 dB =d-l+o+v
Example Release 99 Uplink Budget

The WCDMA Uplink is modeled by examining cell loading from UEs within the cell. This
assumes UEs in the cell are the dominant source of interference. Some key assumptions in the
Uplink Budget shown are:
z UE (Class 4) transmit power is +19 dBm, reduced by 2 dB as specified in the Release 5
specification to mitigate the effect of increased PAR .
z Cell loading produces noise Rise Over Thermal (ROT). WCDMA Uplink load is
typically 50%, which results in ROT of 3 dB.
z Required Eb/Nt depends on channel conditions and vendor implementation:
– ~ 5 dB for 12.2 AMR speech and 64 CS Data
– ~ 3 dB for 64 PS Data
z Handover gain is included in most outdoor models. HG = 4.1 dB (for 90 % edge
confidence and s = 8 dB).
z Diversity gain = 0 dB. Diversity is typically used, but is included or implicit in the Eb/Nt
requirements.
z Building penetration loss is set to 20 dB nominally. The value to use depends on
building type; values typically range from 12 to 20 dB.
z Fade margin = 10.3 dB (for σ = 8 dB; 90% edge coverage).

Downlink HSDPA Link Budget Parameters

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Speech 12.2 CS Data 64 PS Data 64 Comments

a Channel Model VA30 VA30 VA30
b UL Path loss 123.9 dB 119.7 dB 121.7 dB
HSDPA related parameters
Overhead Channels
c (C-PICH, P-CCPCH, S-CCPCH) 20% 20% 20%
d Remaining Power allocated to HSDPA 100% 100% 100%
e Operating margin 1.3 dB 1.3 dB 1.3 dB
f Average SPER 30% 30% 30%
g Interference factor Ioc/Ior @ cell edge 1.0 dB 1.0 dB 1.0 dB
h HS-SCCH Ec/Nt -14.4 dB -14.4 dB -14.4 dB 2dB Eb/Nt with 5dB reliability margin
i Orthogonality Factor 50% 50% 50%
j Scheduling gain 0.0 dB dB 0.0 dB dB 0.0 dB dB
Node B parameters
k Node B Antenna Gain 17.0 dBi 17.0 dBi 17.0 dBi
l Node B Cable losses 3.0 dB 3.0 dB 3.0 dB
m Body loss 3.0 dB 0.0 dB 0.0 dB
n Node B Tx Power (W) 20.0 W 20.0 W 20.0 W
o Node B Tx Power (dBm) 43.0 dBm 43.0 dBm 43.0 dBm
UE parameters
p UE Noise Figure 8.0 dB 8.0 dB 8.0 dB
q UE Antenna Gain 0.0 dBi 0.0 dBi 0.0 dBi
r Thermal noise floor -174.0 dBm/Hz -174.0 dBm/Hz -173.98 dBm/Hz

HSDPA Throughput Determination
s Total HSDPA Ec/Ior -1.0 dB -1.0 dB -1.0 dB Excluding overhead channels
t HSDPA Control Channel Ec/Ior -11.9 dB -11.9 dB -11.9 dB Include HS-SCCH Margin
u Available HSDPA Traffic Ec/Ior -1.3 dB -1.3 dB -1.3 dB Assuming a single HS-SCCH
v Max. Ec/Nt -3.8 dB -3.8 dB -3.8 dB Achieved at cell edge
w Cell Edge PHY data-rate 800 kbps 800 kbps 800 kbps Excluding re-transmissions
x Cell Edge MAC data-rate 560 kbps 560 kbps 560 kbps Including re-transmissions
Downlink HSDPA Link Budget Parameters

The Link Budget defines the cell edge Physical Layer and MAC layer data rates. The MAC
layer throughput accounts for HARQ retransmissions. The following slides describe each of
the highlighted sections in more detail.

HSDPA Related Parameters

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HSDPA related parameters

Overhead Channels
c (C-PICH, P-CCPCH, S-CCPCH) 20% 20% 20%
d Remaining Power allocated to HSDPA 100% 100% 100%
e Operating margin 1.3 dB 1.3 dB 1.3 dB
f Average SPER 30% 30% 30%
g Interference factor Ioc/Ior @ cell edge 1.0 dB 1.0 dB 1.0 dB
h HS-SCCH Ec/Nt -14.4 dB -14.4 dB -14.4 dB 2dB Eb/Nt with 5dB reliability margin
i Orthogonality Factor 50% 50% 50%
j Scheduling gain 0.0 dB dB 0.0 dB dB 0.0 dB dB
• After common overhead channels, all remaining power

allocated to HSDPA
– Need to account for associated DCH in reality
• No soft handover for HSDPA
– Ioc/Îor = 1 dB
• Single HS-SCCH
– Eb/Nt = 2 dB
– 5 dB margin included
• No scheduling gain
HSDPA Related Parameters

These parameters define the proportion of total power that is available for HSDPA after
considering those allocated to the common channels. The scheduling margin specifies the
operating point and is associated with a SPER.
A single HS-SCCH channel is assumed, with an associated Eb/Nt. A further margin is added
for reliability.

HSDPA Cell Edge Throughput

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HSDPA Throughput Determination

t Total HSDPA Ec/Ior -1.0 dB -1.0 dB -1.0 dB Excluding overhead channels
u HSDPA Control Channel Ec/Ior -11.9 dB -11.9 dB -11.9 dB Include HS-SCCH Margin
v Available HSDPA Traffic Ec/Ior -1.3 dB -1.3 dB -1.3 dB Assuming a single HS-SCCH
w Achieved Ec/Nt -3.8 dB -3.8 dB -3.8 dB Achieved at cell edge
x Cell Edge PHY data-rate 800 kbps 800 kbps 800 kbps Excluding re-transmissions
y Cell Edge MAC data-rate 560 kbps 560 kbps 560 kbps Including re-transmissions
• Total HSDPA Ec/Ior is the fraction of PA power available

excluding the common Release 99 overhead channels.
• Available HSDPA Ec/Ior is the fraction of PA power available
for data transmission.
• Achieved Ec/Nt plus the Operating Margin defines the cell
edge data rate.
• Cell edge PHY data rate is the Physical Layer throughput

adjusted for RLC.
• Cell edge MAC data rate is adjusted for HARQ
re-transmissions and depends on the chosen operating
point.
HSDPA Cell Edge Throughput

In the Link Budget above, achieved Ec/Nt is calculated based on the power available for
HSDPA transmissions, the UE Noise Figure, the chosen orthogonality factor, the path loss
between the Node B and the UE, the scheduling gain, and the cell geometry.

Peak Throughput
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Key Parameters Affecting Peak Throughput

• Power allocation
• Number of HS-SCCH
• Cell geometry
– Ioc/Îor
3dTower.emf
Peak Throughput
The HSDPA Link Budget shows all the factors that affect the peak cell edge throughput. This
slide shows the key parameters that are controllable by a network planner. The total power
allocated to HSDPA will have a dramatic impact on both the achievable data rates and the
overall capacity. The number of HS-SCCHs implemented also impacts the power available for
HSDPA data transmissions. The use of either code division only, or time and code division in
allocating HS-PDSCH codes, controls the number of required HS-SCCHs. Finally, the
interference from other cells specified by the cell geometry impacts the data rate. This is
influenced not only by the relative cell spacing but also by the regularity of the cell placement
and by the quality of the physical optimization.

Power Allocation and Cell Geometry

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Variation of peak Physical Layer data rate with HSDPA power

allocation (n=4)
3500
Physical Layer Throughput (kbps)
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1
HARQ re-transmissions not Relative Distance (d/D) HSDPA Power Allocation

accounted for.
(all channels)
Ec/Ior=-1dB Ec/Ior=-4dB Ec/Ior=-7dB
Variation of Peak Throughput with Power Allocation and Cell Geometry

The plot shows the variation of user Physical Layer throughput for three different allocations
of HSDPA power specified in terms of Ec/Ior. After accounting for the required Release 99
common channels, these correspond to an availability of 100%, 60%, and 40% of the
remaining power for HSDPA. The cell geometry is specified in terms of a relative distance to
the cell edge using the method described in [3]. A regular grid pattern with a flat earth model
is used with n=4 propagation. For this plot, the cell edge (d/D=1) is defined when Ioc/Îor= 3 dB,
whereas the Link Budget described in the previous pages defined the HSDPA cell edge when
Ioc/Îor = 1 dB, corresponding to d/D = 0.87.

Effect of Number of HS-SCCH

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• Physical Layer throughput variation with number of HS-SCCH’s.

• HSDPA Ec/Ior = -1 dB
3500
Physical Layer Throughput
3000
2500
(kbps)
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1
Relative Distance (d/D)

Number of HS-SCCH
1 2 3 4
Effect of Number of HS-SCCH

The plot show the variation of Physical Layer throughput with different numbers of HS-SCCH.
The cell geometry is specified in terms of a relative distance to the cell edge using the method
described in [3]. A regular grid pattern with a flat earth model is used with n=4 propagation.

Network Planning Example

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Network Information
• Release 99 network
• Services supported
– PS data 384/64 (Downlink/Uplink)
– Video telephony (64 kbps CS)
– Voice (12.2 kbps AMR)
• HSDPA to be overlaid 1:1 sharing the same carrier
Question:
What is the impact of HSDPA on the existing Release 99
services?
Network Planning Example

The following slides shows a Release 99 network. The impact of deploying HSDPA with
different power allocations is demonstrated.

Release 99 Coverage Statistics

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Service Coverage Statistics

• Outdoor – building penetration loss not considered
• Mean result of multiple simulations
Maximum Mean
Standard Mean Standard Mean DCH
Power Throughput
Service Deviation Users per Deviation Power
Allocation per cell
(dB) cell (dB) (dBm)
(dBm) (kbps)
384 kbps PS 37.0 742.8 182.7 2.3 0.7 34.0
64 kbps PS 36.5 715.0 161.3 11.0 2.3 29.9
64 kbps CS
36.0 7.1 1.7 31.8

(Video Telephony)
12.2 kbps CS
31.5 108.7 17.5 22.85
(AMR Voice)
Release 99 Coverage Statistics

The results above show the coverage statistics, assuming each service exclusively utilized the
network. A maximal demand was requested and multiple Monte Carlo simulations were
applied to determine the mean throughput and users supported per cell.

Impact on Release 99 of HSDPA

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Mean
Mean
Service
Throughput
per cell
Standard
Deviation
Users per
Standard
Deviation
20% of total
384 kbps PS
(kbps)
594.0 129.4
cell
1.7 0.6
power allocated
64 kbps PS
64 kbps CS (Video Telephony)
388.9 60.2 5.6
3.7
1.0
0.7
to HSDPA
12.2 kbps CS (AMR Voice) 63.0 8.5
Mean
Mean
Service
Throughput
per cell
Standard
Deviation
Users per
Standard
Deviation
50% of total
cell
384 kbps PS
(kbps)
200.83 127.3 0.7 0.6
power allocated
64 kbps PS
169.12 26.4 2.1
0.8
0.5
0.4
to HSDPA
Mean
Mean
Service
Throughput
per cell
Standard
Deviation
Users per
Standard
Deviation
80% of total
cell
384 kbps PS
(kbps)
0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0
power allocated
64 kbps PS
0.00 0.0 0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
to HSDPA
Impact of HSDPA on Release 99

The tables show the impact of allocating an increasing amount of power to HSDPA. The mean
throughput and number of users of Release 99 services was calculated in the same manner as
described on the previous slide. Again, the resultant cell performance is for each service,
exclusively using the network.

HSDPA Coverage – 80% of Total Power

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80% total
power
allocated to
HSDPA – full
capability UE
Notes


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50% total power

allocated to
HSDPA – full
capability UE.
Notes


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20% total power

allocated to
HSDPA – full
capability UE.
Notes

Throughput on DCH vs. HSDPA

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2000
Cell Throughput (kbps)
1500
1000
500
0
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
% of total power for HSDPA

HSDPA Release 99 DCH HSDPA + DCH
Throughput on DCH vs. HSDPA

The plot shows the impact on Packet Switched DCH cell throughput as a result of allocating an
increasing proportion of PA power to HSDPA. The benefit of using HSDPA for PS
applications is apparent with increased overall throughput. In dimensioning a network for
HSDPA, as much power as possible should be allocated to HSDPA to enable increased
throughput while retaining sufficient power to meet the demand of circuit switched services.
A proportional fair scheduler is assumed in the above plot.

HSDPA Deployment –
What We Learned
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9 HSDPA deployment scenarios.

9 HSDPA network planning approaches.
9 HSDPA Link Budget.
9 HSDPA network planning examples.
Notes

Released - Internal Use Only: HSDPA Protocols, Physical Layer and UE Performance

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HSDPA: Protocols, Physical Layer and UE Performance 80-W0424-1 Rev C

HSDPA Protocols, Physical

HSDPA Protocols, Physical Layer and UE

© 2006 QUALCOMM Incorporated 1