Amplitude Modulation Transmission For DSBFC AM waveform consists of:

MODULATION – process of impressing low-freq info - DC Voltage

signals to high-freq carries signals - Carrier frequency, 𝑓𝑐
- Lower side frequency, (𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 )
DEMODULATON – received signals are transformed back
- Upper side frequency, (𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 )
to their original form
Bandwidth, B = 2𝑓𝑚(max)
AMPLITUDE MODULATION

- changing the amplitude of a high freq carrier

signal in proportion with modulation signal
- low quality modulation used for commercial
broadcasting of audio and video signals
- two-way mobile radio communication, citizens
band (CB) radio

AM MODULATORS – nonlinear devices with two inputs

(carrier and information signals) and one output

RADIO FREQUENCIES (RFs) – freq high enough to be

efficiently radiated by an antenna

AM ENVELOPE – modulated output waveform from AM

Modulator; shape of modulated wave

Types of AM:

DOUBLE-SIDEBAND FULL CARRIER (DSBFC)

- most commonly used type of AM

Maximum Positive Amplitude
- conventional AM
- contains USB, LSB and Carrier +𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑢𝑠𝑓 + 𝑉𝑙𝑠𝑓

DOUBLE-SIDEBAND SUPPRESSED CARRIER (DSBSC) Minimum Positive Amplitude

- contains only USB and LSB +𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝑐 − 𝑉𝑢𝑠𝑓 − 𝑉𝑙𝑠𝑓
- balanced modulator
Maximum Negative Amplitude
SINGLE SIDEBAND (SSB)
−𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − 𝑉𝑐 − 𝑉𝑢𝑠𝑓 − 𝑉𝑙𝑠𝑓
- contains either LSB or USB
- produce efficient system in term or power Minimum Negative Amplitude
consumption and bandwidth −𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = −𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑢𝑠𝑓 + 𝑉𝑙𝑠𝑓
AM WAVEFORM COEFFICIENT OF MODULATION – amount of amplitude
 CARRIER SIGNAL change (modulation) present in an AM waveform
𝑉𝑐 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) 𝐸𝑚
𝑚=
𝐸𝑐
 MODULATING SIGNAL
𝑉𝑚 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡) PERCENT MODULATION – percentage change in
amplitude of the output wave
 MODULATED WAVE 𝐸𝑚
𝑉𝑎𝑚 (𝑡) 𝑀= 𝑥 100
𝐸𝑐
Coefficient of Modulation and Percent Modulation: For 100% modulation (m=1)
1 𝐸𝑐 𝐸𝑐
𝐸𝑚 = (𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐸𝑐 + + = 2𝐸𝑐
2 2 2
1 𝐸𝑐 𝐸𝑐
𝐸𝑐 = (𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑐 − − =0
2 2 2
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐸𝑐 + 𝐸𝑚 AM Power Distribution
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑐 − 𝐸𝑚 UNMODULATED CARRIER

(0.707𝐸𝑐 )2 (𝐸𝑐 )2
𝑃𝑐 = =
𝑅 2𝑅
Peak Change
Pc – carrier power (watts)
𝐸𝑚 = 𝐸𝑢𝑠𝑓 + 𝐸𝑙𝑠𝑓
Ec – peak carrier (volts)
𝐸𝑢𝑠𝑓 = 𝐸𝑙𝑠𝑓
R – load resistance (ohms)
1
𝐸𝑢𝑠𝑓 = 𝐸𝑙𝑠𝑓 = (𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 )
4 UPPER AND LOWER SIDEBAND POWERS
Eusf – peak amplitude of upper side freq, volts 𝑚𝐸 2
( 2 𝑐) (𝑚𝐸𝑐 )2 𝑃𝑐 𝑚2
Elsf – peak amplitude of lower side freq, volts 𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑏 = 𝑃𝑙𝑠𝑏 = = =
2𝑅 8𝑅 4
TOTAL POWER
AM Voltage Distribution 𝑚2
𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝑐 + 𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑏 + 𝑃𝑙𝑠𝑏 = 𝑃𝑐 (1 + )
UNMODULATED CARRIER 2

𝑣𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝐸𝑐 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) CARRIER CURRENT

vc(t) – time verying voltage waveform for the carrier 𝑚2

𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼𝑐 √(1 + )
Ec – peak carrier amplitude (volts) 2

fc – carrier frequency (hertz) TOTAL COEF OF MODULATION

INSTANTANEOUS AMPLITUDE OF MODULATED WAVE 𝑚𝑡 = √𝑚1 2 + 𝑚2 2 + ⋯ + 𝑚𝑛 2

𝑣𝑎𝑚 (𝑡) = [𝐸𝑐 + 𝐸𝑚 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)][sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)] 𝑃𝑐 𝑚𝑡 2
𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑏𝑡 = 𝑃𝑙𝑠𝑏𝑡 =
Ec+Emsin(2πfmt) – amplitude of the modulated wave 4
𝑃𝑐 𝑚𝑡 2
Em – peak change in amplitude of the envelope 𝑃𝑠𝑏𝑡 =
2
fm – frequency of modulating signal

𝑣𝑎𝑚 (𝑡) = [𝐸𝑐 + 𝑚𝐸𝑐 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)][sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)]

𝑣𝑎𝑚 (𝑡) = [1 + 𝑚 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)][𝐸𝑐 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)]
𝑣𝑎𝑚 (𝑡) = 𝐸𝑐 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) + [𝑚𝐸𝑐 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)][sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)]

𝑣𝑎𝑚 (𝑡) = 𝐸𝑐 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)

𝑚𝐸𝑐
− cos[2𝜋 (𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 )𝑡]
2
𝑚𝐸𝑐
+ cos[2𝜋 (𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 )𝑡]
2
AM Modulating Circuits ANTENNA COUPLING NETWORK – matches the output
impedance of the final power amplifier to the
LOW-LEVEL MODULATION
transmission line and antenna
- EMMITER MODULATOR
HIGH-LEVEL TRANSMITTERS
- takes place prior to the output elements of the
final stage of the transmitter - modulating signal is processed as the low-level
- Class A / AB / B Amplifier transmitter except for additional power amp
- 2 input modulator - modulator is a drain-, plate-, or collector-
modulated class C amplifier
Voltage gain:
Modulator has three primary functions:
𝐴𝑣 = 𝐴𝑞 [1 + 𝑚 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)]
1. provides the circuitry necessary for modulation
𝐴𝑣 = 𝐴𝑞 [1 ± 𝑚]
to occur
Av – amplifier voltage gain with modulation 2. final power amplifier (class C for efficiency)
3. frequency up-converter
Aq – amplifier quiescent without modulation
CARRIER SHIFT
For 100% modulation (m=1)
- upward or downward modulation and has
𝐴𝑣(𝑚𝑎𝑥) = 2𝐴𝑞 nothing to do with frequency of the carrier
- form of amplitude distortion introduced when
𝐴𝑣(𝑚𝑖𝑛) = 0
positive and negative alternations in AM
HIGH-LEVEL MODULATION modulated signal are not equal
- may be either negative or positive
- COLLECTOR MODULATOR
- indication of the average voltage of AM
- final element of the final stage where carrier
modulated signal
signal is at maximum amplitude
- Class C POSITIVE CARRIER SHIFT – positive alternation of the
modulated signal has a larger amplitude

NEGATIVE CARRIER SHIFT – negative alternation is larger

AM Transmitters
than the positive
LOW-LEVEL TRANSMITTERS
(+) = (-) – average voltage = 0
PREAMPLIFIER – sensitive Class A linear voltage amplifier
(+) > (-) – average voltage = (+)
with high input impedance
(+) < (-) – average voltage = (-)
MODULATING SIGNAL DRIVER –amplifies information
signal to an adequate level to drive the modulator QUADRATURE AMPLITUDE MODULATION

RF CARRIER OSCILLATOR – oscillator configurations; - PHASE-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

most common circuit, Crystal-Controlled Oscillators
BUFFER AMPLIFIER
- low-gain high input impedance linear amplifier
- isolate the oscillator from high power amplifiers
- signals from two separate information sources
(two channels) modulate the same carrier
frequency at the same time
- information sources modulate the same carrier
after it has been separated into two carrier

MODULATOR – performs modulation, emitter or

collector modulation

INTERMEDIATE & FINAL POWER AMPLIFIERS

- linear class A / B push-pull modulators

- maintain symmetry in AM envelope
AM WAVEFORM AM Voltage Distribution

 CARRIER SIGNAL UNMODULATED CARRIER

𝑉𝑐 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
𝑣𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝐸𝑐 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
 MODULATING SIGNAL INSTANTANEOUS AMPLITUDE OF MODULATED WAVE
𝑉𝑚 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)
𝑣𝑎𝑚 (𝑡) = [𝐸𝑐 + 𝐸𝑚 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)][sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)]
 MODULATED WAVE AM Power Distribution
𝑉𝑎𝑚 (𝑡)
UNMODULATED CARRIER
Lower side frequency, (𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 )
(0.707𝐸𝑐 )2 (𝐸𝑐 )2
Upper side frequency, (𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 ) 𝑃𝑐 = =
𝑅 2𝑅
Bandwidth, B = 2𝑓𝑚(max) UPPER AND LOWER SIDEBAND POWERS

Maximum Positive Amplitude 𝑚𝐸 2

( 2 𝑐) (𝑚𝐸𝑐 )2 𝑃𝑐 𝑚2
+𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑢𝑠𝑓 + 𝑉𝑙𝑠𝑓 𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑏 = 𝑃𝑙𝑠𝑏 = = =
2𝑅 8𝑅 4
Minimum Positive Amplitude TOTAL POWER

+𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝑐 − 𝑉𝑢𝑠𝑓 − 𝑉𝑙𝑠𝑓 𝑚2

𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝑐 + 𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑏 + 𝑃𝑙𝑠𝑏 = 𝑃𝑐 (1 + )
2
Maximum Negative Amplitude
CARRIER CURRENT
−𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − 𝑉𝑐 − 𝑉𝑢𝑠𝑓 − 𝑉𝑙𝑠𝑓

Minimum Negative Amplitude 𝑚2

𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼𝑐 √(1 + )
2
−𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = −𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑢𝑠𝑓 + 𝑉𝑙𝑠𝑓

COEFFICIENT OF MODULATION TOTAL COEF OF MODULATION

𝐸𝑚 𝑚𝑡 = √𝑚1 2 + 𝑚2 2 + ⋯ + 𝑚𝑛 2
𝑚=
𝐸𝑐 𝑃𝑐 𝑚𝑡 2
𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑏𝑡 = 𝑃𝑙𝑠𝑏𝑡 =
PERCENT MODULATION 4
𝐸𝑚 𝑃𝑐 𝑚𝑡 2
𝑀= 𝑥 100 𝑃𝑠𝑏𝑡 =
𝐸𝑐 2
1 AM Modulating Circuits
𝐸𝑚 = (𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 )
2 LOW-LEVEL MODULATION
1
𝐸𝑐 = (𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) Voltage gain:
2
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐸𝑐 + 𝐸𝑚 𝐴𝑣 = 𝐴𝑞 [1 + 𝑚 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)]

𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑐 − 𝐸𝑚 𝐴𝑣 = 𝐴𝑞 [1 ± 𝑚]

𝐸𝑚 = 𝐸𝑢𝑠𝑓 + 𝐸𝑙𝑠𝑓 For 100% modulation (m=1)

𝐸𝑢𝑠𝑓 = 𝐸𝑙𝑠𝑓 𝐴𝑣(𝑚𝑎𝑥) = 2𝐴𝑞

1 𝐴𝑣(𝑚𝑖𝑛) = 0
𝐸𝑢𝑠𝑓 = 𝐸𝑙𝑠𝑓 = (𝑉 − 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 )
4 𝑚𝑎𝑥
Ex. For an AM DSBFC modulator with a carrier frequency fc=100kHz
and a maximum modulating signal frequency fm(max)=5kHz, determine:
a) Frequency limits for the upper and lower sidebands
b) Bandwidth
c) Upper and lower side frequencies produced when the
modulating signal is a single-frequency 3kHz tone
d) Draw the output frequency spectrum
Ex. One input to a conventional AM modulator is a 500-kHz carrier
with an amplitude of 20 Vp. The second input is a 10-kHz
modulating signal that is of sufficient amplitude to cause a
change in the output wave of ±7.5Vp. Determine:
a) Upper and lower side frequencies
b) Modulation coefficient and percent modulation
c) Peak amplitude of the modulated carrier and the
upper and lower side frequency voltages
d) Maximum and minimum amplitudes of the envelope
e) Expression for the modulated wave
f) Draw the output spectrum
g) Sketch the output envelope

Ex. For the AM waveform shown determine:

a) Peak amplitude of the upper and lower side freq

b) Peak amplitude of the unmodulated carrier
c) Peak change in the amplitude of the envelope
d) Coeff of modulation and Percent modulation
Ex. For an AM DSBFC wave with a peak unmodulated carrier
voltage Vc=10Vp, a load resistance RL=10 ohms and a
modulation coefficient, m=1, determine:
a) Powers of the carrier and the upper and lower
sidebands
b) Total sideband power
c) Total Power of the modulated wave
d) Draw the power spectrum
e) Repeat steps (a) through (d) for a modulation index
m=0.5
Ex. For an AM transmitter with an unmodulated carrier power
Pc = 100 W that is modulated simultaneously by three
modulating signals with coefficients of modulation m1=0.2,
m2=0.4, and m3=0.5, determine:
a) Total coefficient of modulation
b) Upper and lower sideband power
c) Total transmitted power