British Jews - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/British_Jewry

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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British Jews (often referred to collectively as Anglo-Jewry) are British

citizens who are ethnically and/or religiously Jewish. The number of British Jews
identifying Jews in England and Wales has risen slightly over the past Total population
decade,. The growth is largely due to the rapid growth of the Haredi 263,346 (2011 Census)
community.
292,000 (2010 estimate by the Jewish
Virtual Library)[1]
Regions with significant populations
Greater London, South Hertfordshire,
1 History south-west Essex, Greater Manchester,
2 Demographics Gateshead, Leeds, Greater Glasgow,
2.1 Population Edgbaston, Birmingham
2.2 Religion Languages
3 Communal institutions Primarily English; also Hebrew,
4 Education
historically Spanish and Portuguese
4.1 Limmud
among Sephardim, Yiddish primarily
5 Politics
among Haredi Jews, Amharic among
6 Employment
Beta Israel, Arabic among Yemeni
7 Media
8 Antisemitism Jews, Marathi among Bene Israel,
9 See also Russian among Ashkenazim, French
10 Notes and references among more recent French Jewish
10.1 Notes immigration.
10.2 References Religion
11 Sources
Judaism
12 Further reading
13 External links Related ethnic groups
Other Jews

The first recorded Jewish community in Britain was brought to England in 1070 by King William the
Conqueror, who believed that what he assumed to be their commercial skills would make his newly won country
more prosperous. Two hundred years later the Jews were no longer welcome. On 16 March 1190 in the run up to
the 3rd Crusade the Jewish population of York was massacred at the site where Clifford's Tower now stands,[2]
and King Edward I of England passed the Statute of the Jewry (Statutum de Judaismo) in 1275, restricting the
community's activities, most notably outlawing the practice of usury (charging interest).[3] When, 15 years later,
Edward found that many of these provisions were ignored, he expelled the Jews from England. They emigrated
to countries such as Poland which protected them by law. A small English community persisted in hiding despite
the expulsion. Jews were not banned from Scotland, which until 1707 was an independent kingdom.

In 1656 Oliver Cromwell made it clear that the ban on Jewish settlement in England and Wales would no longer

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be enforced, although when Rabbi Manasseh Ben Israel brought a petition to allow Jews to return, the majority
of the Protectorate Government turned it down. Gradually Jews eased back into England, first visiting for trade,
then staying longer periods, and finally bringing their families. In mid-nineteenth century Ireland, then ruled by
the British, Daniel O'Connell, known as "The Liberator" for his work on Catholic Emancipation, worked
successfully for the repeal of the "De Judaismo" law, which prescribed a special yellow badge for Jews.[4]
Benjamin Disraeli (1804 – 1881), of Jewish birth although he joined the Church of England, served in
government for three decades, twice as prime minister.

In 2006, the Jewish community celebrated the 350th anniversary of the resettlement in England.[5]

Population

According to the 2011 census, 263,346 people answered “Jewish” to the

voluntary question on religion, compared with 259,927 in the previous
count of 2001. However, this final figure is considered an undercount.
Demographers David Graham and Stanley Waterman give several
reasons: the underenumeration for censuses in general; the question did
not record secular Jews; the voluntary nature of the question; suspicion
by Jews of such questions; and the high non-response rate for large
numbers of Haredi Jews.[8] By comparison, the Jewish Virtual Library
estimated a Jewish population of 291,000 (not limited to adherents of
Judaism) in 2012, making Britain's Jewish community the fifth largest in
the world.[1]

The 2001 Census included a (voluntary) religion question ("What is

your religion?") for the first time in its history;[n 1] 266,740 people listed
their religion as "Jewish".[10] However, the subject of who is a Jew is
complex, and the religion question did not record people who may be
Jewish through other means, such as ethnically and culturally.[11]
Ninety-seven percent of people who chose Jewish as their religion put
White as their ethnic group; however, a report by the Institute for Jewish
Policy Research (JPR) suggests that, although there was an apparent
option to write down "Jewish" for this question, it did not occur to many, Prior data based on estimates[6][7]
because of "skin colour" and nationality bias; and that if "Jewish" was
an explicit option, the results—only 2594 respondents were Jewish
solely by ethnicity—would have been different.[12] The religion question appeared in the 2011 Census, but there
was still no explicit option for "Jewish" in the ethnic-group question. The Board of Deputies had encouraged all
Jews to indicate they were Jewish, either through the religion question or the ethnicity one.[13]

From 1990 to 2006, the Jewish population showed a decrease from 340,000 Jews to 270,000. According to the
1996 Jewish Policy Review, nearly one in two are marrying people who do not share their faith.[14] From 2005
to 2008, the Jewish population increased from 275,000 to 280,000, attributed largely to the high birth rates of
Haredi (or ultra-Orthodox) Jews.[15] Research by the University of Manchester in 2007 showed that 75 percent
of British Jewish births were to the Haredi community.[16] Ultra-Orthodox women have an average of 6.9
children, and secular Jewish women 1.65.[17]

About two-thirds of the UK's Jews live in Greater London or contiguous parts of South Hertfordshire and

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south-west Essex. Substantial communities outside the London area include Greater Manchester, home to some
30,000 Jews, and Leeds, although the Leeds Jewish community became smaller in the late 20th century.[18]
Other substantial communities include Gateshead, Glasgow and Liverpool, as well as other former industrial
cities. Barnet and Hertsmere councils in the London borders polled as the first and second most Jewish local
authorities in England, with Jews composing one in five and nine residents respectively.

The British Jewish population has a substantially older profile than that of the general population. In England
and Wales, the median age of male Jews is 41.2, while the figure for all males is 36.1; Jewish females have a
median age of 44.3, while the figure for all females is 38.1.[10] A high proportion (83.2 percent) of Jews in
England and Wales were born in the UK.[19] About 24 percent of the community are over the age of 65
(compared to 16 percent of the general population of England and Wales). In the 2001 census Jews were the
only group in which the number of persons in the 75-plus cohorts outnumbered those in the 65–74 cohort.

In 2013 it has been reported that due to anti-semitic attacks in France upon Jews, this has led to an exodus of
French Jews who have moved across to the UK. This has resulted in some synagogues establishing French-
language Shabbat services to fulfill a growing demand.[20]

Religion

There are some 454 synagogues in the country, and it is estimated that 56.3% of all households across the UK
with at least one Jew living within them held synagogue membership in 2016 .[21] Of those affiliated, the
affiliations are distributed across the following groupings:

Central Orthodox ("consisting of the United Synagogue, the Federation of Synagogues and independent
Orthodox synagogues") – 52.8%
Reform (Movement for Reform Judaism and Westminster Synagogue and Chaim V’Tikvah and Hastings
and District Jewish Society) – 19.4%
Strictly Orthodox ("synagogues aligned with the Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations and others of
a similar ethos") – 13.5%
Liberal (Liberal Judaism and Belsize Square Synagogue) – 8.2%
Masorti (Assembly of Masorti Synagogues) – 3.3%
Sephardi – 2.9%[22]

British Jewish communal organisations include:

Board of Deputies - founded in 1760, represents the community at a national and international level. All
synagogues and communal organisations are entitled to elect deputies to the Board.
Scottish Council of Jewish Communities - the representative body of all of the Jewish communities in
Scotland.
Jewish Leadership Council - comprises the chairpeople of the major organisations in each sector of
communal life, together with key individual leaders of the community.
Campaign Against Antisemitism - charity dedicated to exposing and countering antisemitism through
education and zero-tolerance enforcement of the law.
Community Security Trust - works to ensure the safety and security of the Jewish community in Britain.
Union of Jewish Students - supports Jewish students at university.
London Jewish Forum.

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Movement for Reform Judaism - Formerly known as the Reform Synagogues of Great Britain, It is the
main organisational body of Reform Judaism throughout Great Britain.
Jewish Human Rights Watch (http://jhrw.com) - opposes antisemitism linked to political discourse about
Israel.

About 60 percent of school-age Jewish children attend Jewish schools.[23] Jewish day schools and yeshivas are
found throughout the country. Jewish cultural studies and Hebrew language instruction is commonly offered at
synagogues in the form of supplementary Hebrew schools or Sunday schools. The majority of Jewish schools in
Britain are funded by the government. Jewish educational centres are plentiful, large-scale projects. One of the
country's most famous Jewish schools is the state-funded JFS in London which opened in 1732 and has about
2100 students. It is heavily over-subscribed and applies strict rules on admissions, which led to a discrimination
court case, R (E) v Governing Body of JFS, in 2009.[24] In 2011, another large government funded school opened
in North London named JCoSS, the first cross-denomination Jewish secondary school in the UK.[25]

The Union of Jewish Students is an umbrella organisation that represents Jewish students at university. There are
over 50 Jewish Societies.[26]

British Jews generally have high levels of educational achievement. Compared to the general population, they
are 40 percent less likely to have no qualifications, and 80 percent more likely to have "higher-level"
qualifications.[27] With the exception of under-25s, younger Jews tend to be better educated than older ones.[28]

Limmud

The annual Limmud winter conference is a high-profile educational event of the British Jewish community,
attracting a wide range of international presenters.[29]

Politically, Jews in the U.K. tend to lean conservative, as a poll published by the Jewish Chronicle in early 2015
shows. Of British Jews polled, 69% would vote for the Conservative Party, while 22% would vote for the
Labour Party. There was little Jewish support for UKIP or the Liberal Democrats, with each polling around 2%.
This is in stark contrast to the rest of the voter population, which according to a BBC poll had Conservatives and
Labour almost tied at about a third each. Jews have typically been a part of the British middle class, traditional
home of the Conservative Party, though the number of Jews in working class communities of London is in
decline. The main voting bloc of poorer Jews in Britain now, made up primarily of ultra-Orthodox, votes "en
masse" for the Conservatives. Attitudes toward Israel influence the vote of three out of four of British
Jews.[30][31]

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Jewish MP's by Election

1945-1992[32][33][34]

Election Labour Conservative Liberal/Alliance Other Total No. % of Parliament

1857 1 1 0.2

1859 3 3 0.5

1865 6 0.9

1868

1874 1

1880 1 4 5

1885 3 6 9 1.3

1886 9 1.3

1892

1895

1900 7 2 9 1.3

1945 26 0 0 2 28 4.4

1950 23 0 0 0 23 3.7

1951 17 0 0 0 17 2.7

1955 17 1 0 0 18 2.9

1959 20 2 0 0 22 3.5

1964 34 2 0 0 36 5.7

1966 38 2 0 0 40 6.3

1970 31 9 0 0 40 6.3

1974 Feb 33 12 1 0 45 7.2

1974 Oct 35 10 1 0 45 7.2

1979 21 11 1 0 32 5.0

1983 11 17 1 0 29 4.5

1987 7 16 1 0 24 3.7

1992 8 11 1 0 20 3.1

The 2001 UK Census showed that 30.5 percent of economically active Jews were self-employed, compared to a
figure of 14.2 percent for the general population. Jews aged 16–24 were more likely to be economically inactive
than their counterparts in the general population; 89.2 percent of these were students.[35]

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There are a number of Jewish newspapers, magazines and other media published in Britain on a national level
and on more regional levels. The most famous of these is The Jewish Chronicle, which was founded in 1841 and
is the world's oldest continuously published Jewish newspaper.[36] Other media include the Jewish News
(http://www.jewishnews.co.uk/), Jewish Telegraph, Hamodia and the Jewish Tribune.

Antisemitism in the United Kingdom originated with the arrival of Jews in the country soon after the Norman
Conquest. The earliest Jewish settlement was recorded in 1070.[1] Jews living in the United Kingdom at this
time experienced religious discrimination and it is thought that the blood libel which accused Jews of ritual
murder originated in Northern England, leading to massacres and increasing discrimination.[2] The Jewish
presence continued until King Edward I's Edict of Expulsion in 1290.[3]

Jews were readmitted to the United Kingdom by Oliver Cromwell in 1655, though it is believed that crypto-Jews
lived in England during the expulsion.[4] Jews were regularly subjected to discrimination and humiliation which
waxed and waned over the centuries, gradually declining as Jews made commercial, philanthropic and sporting
contributions to the country.[5]

In the late 19th and early 20th century, the number of Jews in Britain greatly increased due to the exodus of Jews
from Russia, which resulted in a large community of Jews forming in the East End of London.[6] Popular
sentiment against immigration was used by the British Union of Fascists to incite hatred against Jews, leading to
the Battle of Cable Street in 1936, at which the fascists were repulsed by Jews, Irish people and Communists,
who barricaded the streets.[7]

In the aftermath of the Holocaust, undisguised, racial hatred of Jews became unacceptable in British society.
Outbursts of antisemitism emanating from far right groups continued however, leading to the formation of the 43
Group led by Jewish ex-servicemen which broke up fascist meetings. Far-right antisemitism was motivated
principally by racial hatred, rather than theological hatred which accused Jews of killing Christ.

Contemporary antisemitism in Britain has become more complex and multifaceted, evolving its own
vocabulary[8] and imagery[9]. It is perpetrated principally by the far-left, far-right and Islamists, whose distinct
forms of antisemitism have gradually merged with one another.[10]

Records of antisemitic incidents began to be compiled in 1984, however reporting practices have changed
considerably since records began, as have levels of reporting.

List of British Jews

History of the Jews in England
History of the Jews in Scotland
History of the Jews in Ireland

Notes

1. The question had appeared in the past several censuses in Northern Ireland.[9] In Scotland there were two

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questions: "What religion, religious denomination or body do you belong to?" and "What religion,
religious denomination or body were you brought up in?".[8]

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/the-1190-massacre).
3. Prestwich, Michael. Edward I p 345 (1997) Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07157-4.
4. "History", Jewish Ireland (https://web.archive.org/web/20100222092245/http://www.jewishireland.org
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