Polymers Used In Paints

i. Introduction To Paints –

1. What Is Paint? .

To Most People , Paint Is The Colour On The Walls Of Their Homes, The Colour To Their Cars ,
Bikes Or Any Other Object Which A Person Can Relate To In His Daily Life But ,
Paint Is More Than Just Than A Colour Through , It Is A Colored Substance Which Is Spread Over A
Surface And Is Left To Dry To Leave A Thin Decorative , Colored And Protective Coating Film
Paints Is Any Liquid, Liquefiable, Or Mastic Composition That, After Application To A Substrate In A
Thin Layer, Converts To A Solid Film For Different Types of Surfaces Different Types Of Paints Are
Used Manufactured By Different Companies

2. History of Paints -

Throughout Recorded History, Humans Have Had The Desire To Decorate Their Living Space. While Our
Mediums And Techniques Were Crude During Prehistory, Both Paint And Painting Methods Evolved
Tremendously In The Recent Years. Today, The Environmental Impact Of Our Paint Is As Important To Us
As Its Aesthetic Appeal.

As Long Ago As 38,000 B.C., People Used Paint Made From Soot, Earth, And Animal Fat To Adorn The
Walls Of Their Caves. In Ancient Egyptian Society (3150-31 B.C.), Painters Mixed Ground Glass Or
Semiprecious Stones, Lead, Earth, Or Animal Blood With Oil Or Fat. At The End Of The 1200s, English
House Painters Formed Guilds To Protect Trade Secrets And Standardize Their Craft. A Few Centuries
Later, In the 1600s, New Processes and Technology Revolutionized House Paint.

In Modern Times, We Don’t Think Twice About Painting The Interior Or Exterior Of A House. In The
Days Of The American Colonies, However, Such An Act Opened A Person Up To Serious Social
Disapproval. The Pilgrims, In Accordance With Their Puritanical Belief System, Thought A Colourful
Home Expressed Vanity And An Excess Of Happiness. This Idea Wasn’t Just Bandied About; It Was Made
Law. A Preacher In The Charlestown Colony Painted The Inside Of His House In 1630 And Was

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Subsequently Accused Of Sacrilege, An Actual Crime In Colonial Society. Yet As Anyone Who Has
Studied Prohibition Knows, Making Something Illegal Only Increases Demand For It. Subversive Paint
“Cookbooks” Started To Circulate; Their Recipes Advised Using Lime And Ground Oyster Shells To Make
White Wash (The So-Called Dutch Method), And Then Adding Iron Oxide For Red Or Copper Oxide For
Green. Edible Ingredients, Including Milk, Egg Whites, Coffee, And Rice, Also Found Their Way Into
Illicit Paint Recipes.

Between The 1600s and 1800s, Most House Paint Used Either Oil Or Water As A Base. Some Colours
Worked Better In Oil, While Water Suited Others Better. Cost And Durability Were Also Part Of The
Water-Or-Oil Equation. Painters Tended To Use Water-Based Paints On Ceilings And Plaster Walls; Oil
Paint Was Best For Decorating Journey. In True American Spirit, Many People Wanted Their Homes To
Look More Luxurious Than They Really Were, So They Asked Painters To Make Interior Walls Look Like
Wood, Marble, Or Bronze. Some Customers Requested Ceilings Painted Like Blue Sky Dotted With
Clouds.

The Point Of Grinding Pigment Was To Disperse It As Fully As Possible In Oil & This Was Done By Hand
Until The 1700s.In The 18th Century, England Was A Hive Of Paint Innovation. Marshall Smith Invented
A “Machine Or Engine For The Grinding Of Colours” In 1718, And While We Don’t Know What It
Looked Like Or How It Worked, The Device Sparked A Countrywide Interest In Grinding Pigment More
Efficiently.

Eventually, Painters’ Workshops Were Outfitted With Air Extraction Systems That Lessened Their
Chances Of Inhaling Too Much Lead Powder. Astoundingly, It Took Until 1978 For The U.S. To Prohibit
The Sale Or Use Of Lead-Based House Paint.

By The Beginning of the 1800s, Steam Powered Most Paint Mills. Around This Time, White Pigment Made
With Nontoxic Zinc Oxide – A Viable Alternative To Poisonous Lead – Was Invented In Europe. Later In
The 19th Century, Paint Manufacturers Began Employing Roller Mills, Like Those Used To Process Grain,
And English Painters’ Guilds Became Trade Unions. Most contemporary house paint is water-based
(acrylic), though milk paint, widely used in the 1800s,

Making Paint In Large Quantities Was Easier Than Ever, Especially Given The Increased Use Of Linseed
Oil As An Inexpensive Binder. The Oil Also Made House Paint A Superior Protector Of Surfaces. The
Product We Know And Love Today Had Finally Reached A Tipping Point: Decorating Buildings With
Paint Became The Rule Rather Than The Exception. Instead Of Just Prettying Up Exterior Walls, Paint
Made Plaster And Sheetrock Walls Washable And Kept Wood From Rotting Or Drying Out.

In 1866, Sherwin-Williams, Which Would Become One Of The Largest Global Paint Makers, Opened
For Business. The Company Invented Ready-To-Use Paint, Releasing Its First Product, Raw Umber In Oil,
In 1873. Several Years Later, Cofounder Henry Sherwin Came Up With A Resealable Tin Can. Not To Be
Outdone, Another Paint-Industry Giant, Benjamin Moore, Began Selling Its Wares In 1883. In 1907, The
Company Hired Its First Chemist And Started A Research Department. Among Benjamin Moore’s Many
Innovations, Its Computerized Colour-Matching System, Introduced In 1982, Remains The Most Influential
and Impressive.

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 Paints Used To Decorate A Pot In 1866
Paint was also made with the yolk of eggs and therefore, the substance would harden and adhere to the surface it
was applied to. Pigment was made from plants, sand, and different soils. Most paints used either oil or water as
a base

In 2003 and 2004, South African archaeologists reported finds in Blombos Cave of a 100,000-year-old human-
made ochre-based mixture that could have been used like paint. Further excavation in the same cave resulted in
the 2011 report of a complete toolkit for grinding pigments and making a primitive paint-like substance.

In Early 1934, The First Useable Acrylic Resin Dispersion Was Developed By German Chemical Company
BASF, Which Was Patented By ROHM And HAAS. The Synthetic Paint Was First Used In The 1940s,
Combining Some Of The Properties Of Oil And Watercolor. Between 1946 & 1949, Leonard Bocour & Sam
Golden Invented A Solution Acrylic Paint Under The Brand MAGNA PAINT. These Were Mineral Spirit
Based Paints.

Acrylics Were Commercially Available In The 1950s. In 1950 Water Based Acrylics Were Discovered. This Is
Became Popular In 1960s When Pop Artists Used Them Such As ANDY WARHOOL.

Not until the mid-20th century did house paint undergo another significant development. During World War II,
linseed oil became scarce. In response to this shortage, chemists mixed alcohols and acids to make alkyds
(artificial resins). These synthetics were cheap to make, lasted a long time, and excelled at holding colour. They
quickly replaced oil as a paint base.

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 ii. WHY POLYMERS ARE USED IN PAINTS?

Paint is used to decorate, protect and prolong the life of natural and synthetic materials, and
acts as a barrier against environmental conditions.

1) The constituents of paint:

Paints contain:

 Pigment(S) - prime pigments to impart colour and opacity

 Binder (Resin) - A polymer, often referred to as resin, forming a matrix to hold the pigment in place
 Extender - larger pigment particles added to improve adhesion, strengthen the film and save binder
 Solvent (Sometimes Called A Thinner) - either an organic solvent or water is used to reduce the viscosity of the
paint for better application. Water-borne paints are replacing some paints that use volatile organic compounds such
as the hydrocarbons which are harmful to the atmosphere.
 Additives - used to modify the properties of the liquid paint or dry film

The binder (resin) and solvent together are sometimes known as the vehicle. The binder may be dissolved as a solution or
carried as a dispersion of microscopically small particles in a liquid.

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 2) Properties of an Ideal Paint:
 Wear ability
 Covering ability
 Ease of cleaning
 Protection of the substrate
 Environmentally Friendly
 Aesthetic
 Practical and Cost Effective ease of application
 good flow out of application marks (e.g. brush-marking)
 forming a continuous protective film
 high opacity
 quick drying
 corrosion resistance
 water resistance
 heat resistance
 colour stability (i.e. against visible and ultraviolet radiation)
 abrasion and scratch resistance
 durability
 flexibility
 Paint should form hard and durable surface.
 It should give attractive appearance.
 It should be cheap and readily available.
 It can be applied easily to the surfaces. ( adhesion property )
 It should have good spreading quality, so as to cover maximum area in minimum quantity.
 It should dry in reasonable time. ( quick drying )
 It should not show hair cracks on drying. ( crack resistant )
 It should form film of uniform colour, on drying.
 It should be stable for a longer period. ( anti – aging properties )
 It should not be affected by atmospheric agencies.

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 3) Properties Polymers Used In Paints:

1. Chemical resistant
2. Anti-aging property (durability)
3. Wearable
4. Good adhesion
5. Great aesthetic after application
6. Crack resistant
7. Environmentally Friendly
8. hard and durable surface.(post curing or setting)
9. No effect of atmospheric agencies.
10. Stability over a long period of time
11. Non-corrosive
12. Easy to handle & apply
13. Easy to clean
14. Best film formation
15. Stable over Environmental conditions such as heat, light, flame, moisture, rusting, rain, wind, etc.
16. Proper mixing with additives
17. Colour stability
18. Stable over various temperatures
19. Initial cost is comparatively low with excellent properties
20. high opacity
21. scratch resistance
22. flexibility

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 These Are Weathering Racks. Paints Have Been Applied To Panels And Are Exposed, At Angles Of 45° To The Horizontal
And South Facing, To Assess Durability. Among The Properties That Are Monitored Are: Colour Change (Fading), Gloss
Change, Dirt Pick-Up, Cracking, Flaking And Contamination By Fungi And Algae.

The Properties Those Are Mentioned of an Ideal Paints; Almost All the Propertied Are Achieved by the
Polymeric Materials Used to manufacture paints.

Other conventional materials do not satisfy all these properties those are of an ideal paint. Eventually they
cannot be used for this purpose.

So hardly there is any alternative for polymers (as a binder or resin) for manufacturing paints.

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iii. COMPOSITION OF PAINTS :
Paints Is A Solution/Suspension (Emulsion) Of Pigment, Binder, And Mineral Solvent (Or Water) That On
Drying Forms An Adhering Film On The Surface

Paint Is Formulated As A Mixture Of Four Ingredients:

 Binder
 Solvent
 Pigment
 Additives

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 Composition of paints

1) Binders of paints:

Binder is the main ingredient of paints. Binders are polymers (resins) forming a continuous film on the substrate surface.
Binders are responsible for good adhesion of the coating to the substrate. The binder holds the pigment particles distributed
throughout the coating. The binder is dispersed in a carrier (water or organic solvent either in molecular form (true
solutions) or as colloidal dispersions (emulsions or sols).

Common binders are as follows:

 Alkyd resins are prepared by the condensation polymerization in the reaction of fatty acid and polyols (commonly

glycerol) with polybasic acids.

 Acrylic resins are prepared by polymerization of acrylic or meth acrylic esters.

 Latex (PVA) is a vinyl polymer prepared by free radical vinyl polymerization of the monomer vinyl acetate.

 Phenolic resins are thermosetting polymers prepared by the reaction of simple phenol with aldehydes (eg.

formaldehyde).

 Urethane resins (polyurethanes) are prepared by the step-growth polymerization of isocyanates reacting with monomer

molecules containing hydroxyl (alcohol) groups.

 Epoxy resins is a thermosetting polymer formed as a result of cross-linking a resin containing short molecules in the

presence of a hardener.

 Chlorinated rubber is prepared through polymerization of the degraded natural rubber (in the presence of atoms of

chlorine participating in cross-linking.

2) Solvents of paints:

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Solvent (water or organic solvent) is a medium where the binder, pigment and additives are dispersed in molecular form
(true solutions) or as colloidal dispersions (emulsions or sols).
Solvents (thinners) are also used for modification of the paint viscosity required for the application methods: brush, roller,
dip, spray.
The solid coating is formed due to evaporation of solvent therefore the evaporation rate is one of the important properties of
solvents. Other important properties are the ability to dissolve the paint ingredients and toxicity.

The solvents used as the carrier in paints:

 Water

 White spirits (mineral turpentine spirits). White spirit is a mixture of is a mixture of saturated aliphatic and alicyclic

hydrocarbons.

 Xylene is a pure aromatic solvent having benzene ring structure in its molecule (C8H10).

 Toluene is also a pure aromatic solvent with benzene ring structure (C6H5CH3).

 Alcohols (n-butanol, isopropanol) are organic compounds having a hydroxyl groups (-OH) bound to the carbon atoms

of an alkyl group.

 Ketones is an organic solvents, in which carbonyl group (C=O) is bonded to two other carbon atoms.




3) Pigments of paints:

Pigment Is A Solid Substance Dispersed Throughout The Coating To Impart It A Colour, Opacity (Hide The Substrate
Surface).
Pigments May Protect The Substrate From UV Light.
Pigments Change the Paint Appearance (Gloss Level) and Properties: Increase Hardness And Decrease Ductility. Pigments
May Be Natural, Synthetic, Inorganic Or Organic.
Fillers And Extenders Are Also Referred To Pigments. Fillers And Extenders Are Non-Expensive Commonly Natural
Inorganic Materials Added To The Paint In Order To Increase Its Volume, To Increase The Paint Film Thickness, To Impart
Toughness Or Abrasion Resistance To The Coating.

Pigments Commonly Used In Paints:

Titanium Dioxide (Tio2), Zinc Oxide (Zno) , Zinc Yellow (Yellow 36), Yellow Dyes , Chrome Oxide Green, Etc

4) Additives for paints:

Additives Are Small Amounts Of Substances Modifying The Paint Properties.

Examples of additives:

 Driers Accelerate The Paints Drying (Hardening) By Catalyzing The Oxidation Of The Binder.
 Plasticisers Increase The Paints Flexibility.

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 Fungicides, Biocides And Insecticides Prevent Growth And Attack Of Fungi, Bacteria And Insects.

 Flow Control Agents Improve Flow Properties.

 Defoamers Prevent Formation Of Air Bubbles Entrapped In The Coatings.

 Emulsifiers Are Wetting Agents Increasing The Colloidal Stability Of The Paints In Liquid State.

 UV Stabilizers Provide Stability Of The Paints Under Ultra-Violet Light.

 Anti-Skinning Agents Prevent Formation Of A Skin In The Can.

 Adhesion Promoters Improve The Adhesion Of The Coating To The Substrate.

 Corrosion Inhibitors Reduce The Corrosion Rate Of The Substrate.

 Texturizers Impart Textures To The Coatings.

D) FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS IN PAINTS:

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i) BINDER:

“Binders are usually resins or oils but can be inorganic compounds” • the actual film forming
component & absolutely required ingredient of any paint” • Consists of a resin and a solvent thinner
• It is the part which solidifies to form the dry paint film when the solvent evaporates • Non-volatile
& mainly polymers of various types. They are alkyd, epoxy, polyurethane resins etc • Different
resins form dry film on the substrate in different manners.

Purpose: –

1) Binds pigment, fillers & additives together.

2) Imparts adhesion & strongly influences:

 Gloss
 Durability
 Flexibility
 Toughness

ii) SOLVENT:
Used to dissolve the binder and to facilitate application of paint.
Solvents are
• Usually organic liquids or water.
• not a part of the paint film.
• Excessive thinner dulls the colour & gloss
• Most hazardous due to its toxicity & flammability
• Once the solvent gets evaporated, the remaining paint is fixed on to the surface

Purpose:-

 Control flow and application properties

 Act as carrier for binders & pigments
 Help penetration into porous surfaces
 Used to clean brushes & other painting tools

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Water-borne emulsion paints are used as decorative paints, particularly for the inside and outside of buildings (including
masonry paints and exterior primers).

iii) PIGMENT:

Pigments are finely ground inorganic or organic powders of higher RI (> 1.5) .
Higher the RI, more the light is bent & greater the opacity.
Good opacity has good lighting absorbing & /or scattering properties.
Average diameter ranges from 0.01 to 5µ.

Purpose:-

 Provides Colour, Opacity, Film Cohesion and Sometimes Corrosion Inhibition

 Provides Aesthetic Look to the Paint
 Obliterates the Substrate and Previous Colour on the Substrate, If Any
 Protects the Film by Reflecting the Destructive UV Light

iv) ADDITIVES:

“Additives are small amounts of different chemical substances improving or modifying the paint
properties. Added to a paint in amounts 0.001% & ≤ 5% & have a profound influence on physical &
chemical properties of the paint. Prevent clustering of pigments”

Purpose:-

 To enhance the adhesion during painting

 To enhance certain basic properties
 To overcome drawbacks, if any
 To add certain properties according to application

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14
E) POLYMERS USED IN PAINTS AS BINDERS:
It Will Be Useful, However, To Indicate Here Some of the Range of Polymers And Resins That Have Come To Be Used As
binders, And to Indicate Their General Areas of Application. Binders May Be Classified According To Their Molecular
Weight. Thus Low Molecular Weight Polymers That Will Not Form Solid Films Normally Without Further Chemical
Reaction Form One Class. High Molecular Weight Polymers Those Will Form Useful Films Without Further Chemical
Reaction FORM The Second Class. Examples of Polymers and Resins Classified by This Means -

 LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT BINDERS:

a) Formers Oleoresinous Binders
These Are Prepared By Heating Vegetable Oils With Naturally Occurring Resins Such As Wood Rosin, Fossil
Resins Such As Congo Copal And Kauri Gum. They Would Also Include Oil-Modified Phenolic. To A Large
Extent These Types Of Resinous Binder Have Been Displaced By Alkyd Resins And The Like, But Many Are
Capable Of Providing Products That In Performance Are The Equal Of Their Successors, Particularly In Specific
Applications Such As In Architectural Undercoat Paint. They Are Less Reproducible Than Condensation
Polymers Like Alkyds And Are Less Attractive In Terms Of Modern Manufacturing Processes.

b) Alkyds
Alkyds Are Polyesters Derived As The Reaction Products Of Vegetable Oil Triglycerides, Polyols (E.G. Glycerol),
And Dibasic Acids Or Their Anhydrides (E.G. Phthalic Anhydride). They Are Generally Formulated With Very
Different End Uses In Mind, And Classified According To Vegetable Oil Content (Described By The Term ‘Oil
Length’) In Three Broad Categories: Short Oil, Medium Oil, And Long Oil, Roughly Corresponding To 60%
Respectively. The Variation In Oil Length Is Usually Coincident With Changes In The Nature Of The Vegetable Oil
Used And Consequently The End Use. Thus, For Architectural Gloss Paint Of Maximum Exterior Durability, The
Alkyd Binder Will Be A Long Oil Alkyd Based Upon A Drying Oil Such As Linseed Or Soya Bean Oils (ie. An
Unsaturated Triglyceride Oil). The Drying Oil Provides The Means By Which The Film Former Dries. In This Case
The Conversion From A Low Molecular Weight Liquid Polymer To A Highly Cross linked Solid Arises As A Result
Of Oxidation. One Characteristic Of The Long Oil Alkyd Is That It Is Soluble In Aliphatic Hydrocarbons. In Contrast
The Short Oil Alkyd Is Likely To Be Based On A Saturated Triglyceride (Such As Coconut Oil). It Will Not Be

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 Soluble In Aliphatic Hydrocarbons And Will Normally Be Dissolved In A High Boiling Aromatic. Although The
Short Oil Alkyd May Be Capable Of Forming A Lacquer paint .Molecular Weight Oleoresinous Binders Nitrocellulose
Alkyds Solution Vinyls Polyurethanes Solution Acrylics Urethane Oils Non-Aqueous Dispersion Polymers (Nads)
Amino Resins Polyvinyl Acetate (PVA) Phenolic Resins Acrylic Latexes Epoxide Resins Styrene/Butadiene
Unsaturated Polyesters Chlorinated Rubber PAI1 Like Film It Would Have A Low Softening Point, And It Is
Necessary To Crosslink It In Order To Achieve A Satisfactory Film. In This Case It Is Usually Combined With An
Amino Resin And Crosslinked By Condensation In A Heat-Curing Process. It Is Debatable In This Type Of System
Whether The Amino Resin Is Crosslinking The Alkyd Or The Alkyd Is Plasticizing The Highly Crosslinked Amino
Resin. The Former Explanation Is Usually Preferred Because The Proportion Of The Alkyd Is Invariably Greater Than
That Of The Amino Resin. The Alkyd/Amino Resin Ratio Usually Falls Between 2: 1 And 4: 1 By Weight. These
Types Of System Are Used In Industrial Finishing. Alkyd/Melamine Formaldehyde Compositions Have Found Use In
The Automotive Market For Many Years. Alkyd/Urea Formaldehyde Compositions Have Found Use In The Domestic
Appliance Market, Although In Both Cases There Have Been New Products Developed That Have Displaced These
Materials To Some Extent, Particularly When More Stringent Performance Requirements Have To Be Met.
c) Polyurethanes
Urethane Alkyds, And Urethane Oils Structurally, These Materials Resemble Alkyds In Which Polyester Linkages Are
Replaced Partially Or Totally By Urethane Linkages.

Polyurethanes Also Include Two-Pack Compositions For The Industrial And Refinish Markets In Which The Curing Is
Achieved By Reaction Between Free Isocyanate Groups In One Component And Hydroxyl Groups In The Second
Component. The Advantages Of Urethane Oils And Urethane Alkyds Are Derived From The Resistance Of The
Urethane Link To Hydrolysis. In Decorative (Architectural) Paints It Is Common Practice To Use Binders Which Are
A Mixture Of A Long Oil Alkyd And Urethane Alkyd For Maximum Durability.
d) Amino Resins
The Most Common Types Of Amino Resin Are Reaction Products Of Urea Or Melamine (1:3:5 Triamino
Triazine) And Formaldehyde. The Resins Are Prepared In Alcoholic Media, Which Enables The Molecular
Weight And Degree Of Branching To Be Controlled Within Practically Determined Limits Related To The End
Use Of The Resin. The Effect Of This Modification Is Shown In The Solubility And Reactivity Of The Resins So
Produced. The Polymers Produced Are Generally Regarded As Being Derived From The Hydroxymethyl
Derivatives Of Melamine And Urea Respectively; Subsequent Addition, Condensation And Etherification
Reactions Lead To Complex, Highly Branched Polymeric Species. Curing Or Crosslinking To Solid Films
(Usually In Combination With An Alkyd Or Other Polymer) Can Be Achieved Thermally (Oven-Curing) Or At
Room Temperature. In Both Cases The Presence Of An Acid Catalyst Is Essential If Adequate And Rapid Cure Is
To Be Obtained. The Crosslinking Capability Of Amino Resins May Also Be Utilized As A Means Of Curing
Acrylic Resins. In This Type Of Film Former A Minor Proportion (Usually A Few Percent) Of A Monomer Such
As N-Butoxymethyl Acrylamide Is Incorporated Into The Polymer. This Provides Reactive Sites Which Enable
The Acrylic Copolymer To Be Crosslinked. A Suitable Choice Of Monomers Allows The Acrylic Resin To Be
Plasticized Internally, So That The Use Of Added Plasticizers Is Avoided. These Resins Are Of Par- —NH—C—
O— O —— 8 Paint And Surface Coatings PAI1 7/16/99 2:42 PM Page 8 Ticular Interest Where High Levels Of
Performance And Particularly Good Adherence And Flexibility Are Required.
e) Phenolic Resins
The Reaction Of Formaldehyde With A Phenol Gives Rise To A Range Of Resins That, In Combination With
Other Resins Or Drying Oils, Find Use In Industrial Coatings. Broadly Two Main Types Of Phenolic Are

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 Produced, Novolacs And Resoles. Novolacs Are Low Molecular Weight Linear Condensation Products Of
Formaldehyde And Phenols That Are Alkyl Substituted In The Para Position. If The Substituent Alkyl Group
Contains Four Or More Carbon Atoms (I.E. Butyl Or Above — In The Homologous Series) The Resin Is Likely
To Be Oil-Soluble. Resoles Are Products Of The Reaction Of Unsubstituted Phenols With Formaldehyde. Since
The Para Position On The Phenolic Ring Is Available For Reaction As Well As The Ortho Position These Resins
Are Highly Branched And Can With Continued Reaction Be Converted Into Hard Intractable Glassy Solids.
Phenolics Tend To Confer Chemical Resistance To The Compositions In Which They Are Used. They Are Always
Used In Combination With Other Resinous Film Formers. In Some Cases They May Be Prereacted With The
Other Resin Components, Or They May Be Simply Blended Together. Thus A Phenolic Resin (E.G. A Novolac)
May Be Reacted With Rosin Or Ester Gum And Then Blended With A Bodied (Heat-Treated) Drying Oil To
Form The Binder In An Architectural Paint Primer, Or Used Simply In An Unpigmented Form As An
Oleoresinous Varnish. Phenolic-Based Compositions Find Use In Chemically Resistant Systems Such As Are
Required For Pipes And Tank Linings

POLYMERS USED IN PAINTS

f) Epoxide Resins
The Use Of The Epoxide Or Oxirane Group

As A Means Of Synthesizing Resins And As A Means Of Crosslinking Binders Is Now Well Established. A Large
Group Of Epoxide Resins Is Based Upon The Reaction Products Of Epichlorhydrin And Bisphenol A
(Diphenylolpropane). These Resins May Be Esterified With Unsaturated Fatty Acids To Give Epoxy Esters. These
Are Film Formers In Their Own Right And Resemble Air-Drying Alkyds.They Exhibit Better Chemical
Resistance Than Alkyds But Are Less Durable Than Long Oil Alkyds In Some Circumstances. The Way In Which
They Break Down May, However, Be Turned To Good Use, For Example When Used As ‘Self-Cleaning’
Coatings. In This Case The Films May Be Pigmented With Uncoated Titania In The Anatase Form So That
Degradation In Ultraviolet Radiation Causes Erosion Of The Surface Layers Of The Film, Otherwise Known As
Chalking. Such Films Gradually Weather Away, Always Presenting A White Surface To The Elements. Epoxide
Resins May Also Be Used In Conjunction With Melamine Formaldehyde (MF) Or Phenolics, Or They May Be
Formulated Into Epoxy-Alkyds, I.E. Where They Are Effectively Being Used As Polyols In Admixture With Less

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 Functional Polyols Such As Glycerol. The Epoxide Group Offers Great Versatility In Curing, And A Wide Range
Of Two-Pack Compositions Are Possible. One Of The Most Popular Methods Of Crosslinking Uses The Reaction
With Polyamides. This Is The Same Method Of Cure As Used In Epoxy Adhesive Compositions. The Crosslinking
Occurs As An Addition Of Terminal Amino Groups Of The Polyamide To The Epoxy Group. This Reaction
Occurs Slowly At —CHCH2 O Paint Composition And Applications — A General Introduction 9 PAI1 7/16/99
2:42 PM Page 9 Room Temperature. Crosslinking Through The Epoxide Group Can Also Arise From The Use Of
Polyamines Or By Means Of The Acid-Catalysed Polymerization To Give Ether Crosslinks. It Will Be Apparent
That Most Of These Products Will Be Used In Industrial Applications.
g) Unsaturated Polyesters
Unlike The Previously Described Binders, Unsaturated Polyesters Offer The Benefit Of Totally Polymerizable
Systems Because The Solvent In Which They Are Dissolved Is A Polymerizable Monomer. The Simplest And Most
Common Polyesters Are Prepared From Maleic Anhydride/Phthalic Anhydride Mixtures Esterified With Glycols Such
As Propyleneglycol. The Resins So Produced Are Dissolved In Styrene Or Vinyl Toluene. The Free Radical
Copolymerization Of The Vinyl Monomer And The Maleic Unsaturation In The Polyester Is Usually Initiated By A
Transition Metal/Organic Hydroperoxide System At Ambient Temperature Or By The Use Of The Thermal Scission
Of A Diacyl Peroxide At Higher Temperatures. Unsaturated Polyesters Have Found Extensive Use Both Pigmented
And As Clears In The Wood Finish Market. They Are Capable Of Widely Divergent Uses Depending On Their
Composition. Chemically Resistant Finishes For Tank Linings, For Example, Can Be Formulated On Polyesters
Derived From Isophthalic And Terephthalic Acids. Another Class Of Chemically Resistant Finish Is Based Upon
Chlorinated Polyesters. In This Case The Polyester Incorporates Chlorendic Anhydride In Place Of The More
Common Phthalic Anhydride.
h) Chlorinated Rubber
Chlorinated Rubber Is A Film-Forming Resin That Is Available In A Wide Range Of Molecular Weights, From 3500
To About 20 000. It Is Prepared By Chlorinating Rubber In Solution, The Commercial Product Containing About 65%
Of Chlorine. It Is Used As The Main Binder In Air-Drying Paints Which Are To Be Used In Situations Requiring A
Chemically Resistant Product Of Great Durability. Because The Polymer Is A Brittle Solid, In Paint Applications
Chlorinated Rubber Requires Plasticization. Chlorinated Rubbers Are Also Used In Conjunction With Other Resins
With Which They Are Compatible, Such As Alkyds. Paints Based On Chlorinated Rubber Have Been Used For
Building, Masonry, Swimming Pools, Road Marking, And Marine Purposes.
 * HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT BINDERS:
Almost All High Molecular Weight Polymers Are Produced By The Free Radical Initiated Polymerization Of Mixtures
Of Vinyl, Acrylate, Or Methacrylate Monomers. They May Be Polymerized In Solution, In Suspension Or Dispersion.
Dispersion Polymerization May Be In Hydrocarbon Diluents (NAD) Or In Aqueous Media (‘Emulsion Polymers’).The
Reaction Processes Differ Considerably Between These Systems As Will Become Apparent When The Subject Is
Developed .
One Major Exception To The Foregoing Is Nitrocellulose. This Material Is Formed By The Direct Nitration Of
Cellulose In The Presence Of Sulphuric Acid. It Is Available In Grades Determined By The Degree Of Nitration
Which, In Turn, Determine Its Solubility In Various Solvents. The Grades Used In Refinish Paints, Wood-Finish
Lacquers, Etc. Require The Molecular Weight Of The Original Cellulose To Be Reduced Somewhat, To Meet
Viscosity Requirements In The Solvents Commonly Used.
In Most Cases The High Molecular Weight Polymers Do Not Need To Be Crosslinked In Order To Develop Adequate
Film Properties. A Small Number Of Solution Polymers Of Moderately High Molecular Weight Are, However,
Crosslinked Through Reactive 10 Paint And Surface Coatings Groups Incorporated Into The Polymer Chain. The
Physical Properties Of Films Produced From High Polymers May Be Only Marginally Affected By The Manner In
Which They Were Prepared Or Their Physical Form At The Stage Of Film Application. Thus Automotive Finishes

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 Derived From Solution Acrylics And Nads Are Virtually Indistinguishable, Albeit That The Methods Of Application,
Processing Conditions, Etc. May Be Significantly Different. In Most Cases The Product That Is Selected Will Be
Dependent On The Economics Of The Process Overall Rather Than The Product Cost Alone.The Need To Meet End
Use Specification Is The Main Reason For The Similarity In Film Properties And Performance Of Alternative Product
Formulations.
Aqueous Latexes (Emulsion Polymers) As A Group Have Been One Of The Fastestgrowing Sectors Of The Paint
Market. Starting With The Use Of Homopolymer PVA As A Binder In Matt And Low-Sheen Decorative Wall Paints
We Have Seen The Development Of More Robust Systems Using Internal Plasticization (I.E. The Incorporation Of A
Plasticizing Comonomer) And, More Recently, The Use Of Acrylic And Methacrylic Copolymer Latexes. Improved
Performance Has Enabled The Introduction Of These Paints Into Exterior Masonry Applications.
The Most Recent Developments In This Field Have Entailed Preparing Latex Particles With Specific Morphologies,
Such As Core/Shell Particles In Which The Particle Cores May Be Crosslinked. These Physical Changes In The
Structure Of The Latex Particles Enable Significant Improvements To Be Achieved In The Mechanical Properties Of
The Derived Films, And In Film Integrity As Measured By ‘Scrub Resistance’. For Industrial Paint Applications,
Functionalized Polymers That Will Undergo Crosslinking After Coalescence Have Been Developed. These
Compositions Have Low Volatile Organic Content (VOC) and Are Thus ‘Environmentally Friendl

F) ROLE OF BINDERS IN PAINTS:

CONTRIBUTION OF COMPONENTS OF PAINTS IN FINAL PAINT PROPERTIES

PROPERTY BINDERS PIGMENT SOLVENTS

Application Major Minor Major

Cure Rate Cost Major None Significant
Mechanical Properties Major Minor Minor
Durability Major Major ---
Colour Minor Major ---
Cost Major Major ---

A number of terms are used interchangeably to describe the film-forming component of paint, as will already be apparent.
‘Film former’, ‘vehicle’, or ‘binder’ relates to the evident fact that this component carries and then binds any particulate
components together, and that this provides the continuous film-forming portion of the coating. Resin or varnish are older
terms relating to the previous more prevalent use of natural resins in solution or ‘dissolved’ in oils as the film former; they
date from the time when the chemistry and composition of these components were far less well understood. . Nowadays,
with our better knowledge of the materials used, along with the wide application of the sophisticated polymers used also in
the plastics and adhesives industries but tailored to our own use, it is strictly more correct to refer to this component as the
polymeric film-forming component.

Generally all polymer types can provide a spectrum of compositions covering a span of properties at varying cost, and so
given user criteria may be satisfied by selection from a number of resin types.The principal final choice for the user, whose
application and cure conditions will probably have been determined by scale and now possibly environmental
considerations, ultimately would appear to concern balancing performance and cost; true cost includes the total of paint cost,
labour and equipment cost, and energy for cure. The industry is constantly striving for higher performance and novel
products. Factors influencing system design may well include a need to guarantee performance in such diverse applications
as decorative maintenance paints and in automobile and coated coil products, and to apply total quality management
concepts as enacted in the ISO 9002 standards required of suppliers.

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The choice and amount of solvent or diluent used will be constrained by hazard and eco-labelling and then will depend on
the nature of the polymer and the method of application; the quantity of solvent (solids) and final viscosity will then depend
on the latter. The method of application generally imposes constraints regarding solvent boiling point and evaporation rate,
for example, to ensure good spray or brush application. If the polymer can be prepared in the presence of little or no solvent,
the solvent required by the method of paint application has little practical significance to the resin chemist, i.e. an alkyd or
polyester may easily be thinned at end point with high or low boiling solvent. However, for an acrylic resin it is usually
necessary to use a solvent or solvent blend of low chain transfer properties; the boiling point must be such that the reaction
mixture can be refluxed to remove heat of polymerization and such that an initiator system is available at that temperature
capable of efficient conversion of monomer to polymer. The enduring market trend is in reducing quantities of all organic
solvent (particularly hydrocarbon solvent) used and in an increase in the use of water as a major part of the solvent/diluent
system.

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 G) CLASSIFICTION OF PAINTS:

 PAINTS CAN BE CLASSIFIED ON VARIOUS BASIS. OUT OF THEM SOME ARE MENTIONED BELOW-

1) CURING MECHANISM: By This Basis The Type Of Paint Is Who Does It Cure

* Baking Dry- It Contains Alcohol, Enamel, Paint Sprayer Or Brush, Oven For Baking

* Air Dry- In This Mechanism Of Drying By Simple Air Contact Paint Dries After It Has Cures

2) CLASSIFICATION OF PAINTS BY PHYSICAL TYPE: in this way, the type of solvents used is the criteria.

 Solvent-borne paints contain up to 80% of solid constituents (binders, pigments and additives) dispersed in the organic
solvent. Solvent-borne paints dry fast and may contain a wide range of binders. The main disadvantages of the solvent-

borne paints are their toxicity and combustibility.

 Water-borne paints contain water as the paint solvent. Waterborne paints are non-toxic and non-combustible but they

are characterized by long drying time due to slow evaporation rate of water.

 Water-borne paints based on water-soluble binders contain low molecular weight polymeric binders dispersed in

water in form of true solutions. Water-soluble binders contain up to 15% of organic oxygen containing solvents

soluble in water (alcohols, glycol ethers, etc.).

 Water-borne paints based on polymer dispersions (Emulsion paints) contain 50-60% of high molecular weight

polymeric binders dispersed in water in form of Colloids. Emulsion paint contain up to 5% of organic oxygen

containing solvents soluble in water (alcohols, glycol ethers, etc.).

 High-solids paints (Low VOC paints) contain more than 80% of solid constituents (binders, pigments) dispersed in an

organic solvent. VOC - volatile organic compounds.

 Powder coatings are obtained from powdered resin, particles of which are attracted by the electrostatic force to the

substrate surface (electrodeposition). No solvent is involved in the process therefore powder coatings produce no/low

toxic waste. The main disadvantage of powder coatings is high cost of equipment.

 Radiation curable coatings are formed from a mixture of prepolymers, monomers and additives, which is cured under

ultra-violet radiation. Radiation curable coatings harden fast and contain no solvent. The major disadvantage of this is

high cost.

3) AREA OF APPLICATION :

 Interior –

1) Walls
a) distemper b) lustre c) enamel d) emulsion

2) metals

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 a) enamel

3) wood

a) wood finish

 Exterior-

1. Emulsion
2. Textured
3. Cement

4) ON THE BASIS OF PROPERTIES:

a) Rust inhibiting paints and primers – these are specially used to prevent corrosion and are made up of special anti-
corrosive pigments.
b) Fire retardant paints- these are specially formulated with silicone or polyvinyl chloride or other substance to
reduce flame spread of combustible material.
c) Heat resistant paints – these are made with silicone to withstand higher temperatures
d) In tumescent coatings - these when exposed to heat or flame, swell to form a thick insulating foam to retard
flame and heat or combustion.

5) ON THE BASIS OF BASE BEING USED:

a) Oil paints- it utilizes a drying oil layer that oxidizes when exposed to air and hardens to form a elastics film.
b) Alkyd paints- it has a binder an alkyd resin which hardens and sets permanently which is not easy to remove are
Crosslinking is irreversible.
c) Latex paints- these type of paints have acrylic material as their binders that coalesces as water evaporates from the
emulsion
d) Epoxy paints- they have epoxy as their binder in order to increase resistance to chemical, corrosion, and abrasion.

6) CLASSIFICATION OF PAINTING PRODUCTS BY THEIR FUNCTIONS:

 Paint - coloured non-transparent protective coating.

 Varnish - transparent or semi-transparent protective coating. A varnish is made of binder, solvent and additives. Some

varnishes contain small amounts of pigment.

 Enamel - hard protective coating with glossy finish.

 Primer - the first coating applied to the surface in order to enhance the adhesion of the final paint (topcoat) and to seal

the substrate surface. Primer may be formulated to impart additional protection to the substrate (eg. anti-rust primer for

steel substrates).

7)

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 H) MANUFACTURING OF PAINTS OR PAINT MAKING:

Having considered briefly the most important constituents of paint, their function, and what they contribute to the final
product, we need to consider the paint-making process. It is possible for a paint manufacturer to make almost all types of
paint without any chemical processing. This is because each of the constituents can be purchased from a specialist
manufacturer. Providing the paint manufacturer has certain basic plant capable of storing, mixing, dispersing, blending, and
filling, he or she can be in business. Indeed some small volume or specialist manufacturers do just this, using basic
formulations often provided by the resin or pigment supplier. However, the major paint manufacturers world-wide, seeking
to capture a significant proportion of world markets, mount considerable research and development effort to produce
products that are technically superior to those of their competitors or, if no better, can be produced more cheaply. One of the
most important parts of the paint-making process is the dispersion of Paint and surface coatings. Pigment to prepare a stable
and reproducible product. This is usually carried out in two stages, the dispersion of the pigment in part of the binder
solution (or other dispersing medium) to form a ‘millbase’, followed by blending (‘second staging’) with the remaining
binder solution. Finally, minor components of the composition, such as driers, flow agents, solvent (to adjust the viscosity),
and tinters (according to the requirements of colour matching) are added. The dispersion process involves the wetting of the
pigment with the dispersing medium, the separation of particles from their aggregated state and their stabilization in
suspension, either as individual particles or in a lightly flocculated condition. The millbase is prepared in one of a number of
mills (depending on the type of paint to be prepared), ranging from ball mills to cavitation mixers and attritors.

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 I) METHORD OF APPLICATION :

There are four main methods of applying paint:

I. by spreading, e.g. by brush, roller, paint pad, or doctor blade;

II. by spraying, e.g. air-fed spray, airless spray, hot spray, and electrostatic spray;
III. by flow coating, e.g. dipping, curtain coating, roller coating, and reverse roller coating;
IV. by electrodeposition

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J) NEED OR IMPORTANCE OF PAINTS:

Paints can be used for various applications.

Some of them are mentioned below

1) Protection against various factors:

Paints are a liquid which n curing forms a film which protects the article from various environmental
conditions such as from heat, light, moisture, water, UV radiation. It also protect the surface from
corrosion, aging, degradation, etc which results in longer life of the article.
Paints on exterior part of a house or a building are to protect it from sun and water. Whereas wood
articles are also painted in order to prevent water seeping into the wood and making it rot. Also prevents
wood to dry out due to sun.

painting exterior of a building

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2) Decoration purpose:

Decoration is a very important part of people’s life since pre-historic times. People from those days used
to love to decorate articles, houses, walls, pots, sculptures, etc with paints. From painting interior part of
the house to the exterior part of the house, painting evolved with technology and had a very also served
decoration purpose.

paints used for wall decoration

3) Paint used for art:

Paint is also used a art form. There are again various types of paints used here one of them is acrylic
paint.

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 A artist doing painting

K) APPLICATIONS OF PAINTS:

Paint can be applied as a solid, a gaseous suspension (aerosol) or a liquid. Techniques vary depending on the practical or
artistic results desired.
As a solid (usually used in industrial and automotive applications), the paint is applied as a very fine powder, then baked at
high temperature. This melts the powder and causes it to adhere to the surface. The reasons for doing this involve the
chemistries of the paint, the surface itself, and perhaps even the chemistry of the substrate (the object being painted). This is
called "powder coating" an object.
As a gas or as a gaseous suspension, the paint is suspended in solid or liquid form in a gas that is sprayed on an object. The
paint sticks to the object. This is called "spray painting" an object. The reasons for doing this include:

 The application mechanism is air and thus no solid object touches the object being painted;
 The distribution of the paint is uniform, so there are no sharp lines;
 It is possible to deliver very small amounts of paint;
 A chemical (typically a solvent) can be sprayed along with the paint to dissolve together both the delivered paint and
the chemicals on the surface of the object being painted;
 Some chemical reactions in paint involve the orientation of the paint molecules.
In the liquid application, paint can be applied by direct application using brushes, paint rollers, blades, scrapers, other
instruments, or body parts such as fingers and thumbs.
Rollers generally have a handle that allows for different lengths of poles to be attached, allowing painting at different
heights. Generally, roller application requires two coats for even color. A roller with a thicker nap is used to apply paint on
uneven surfaces. Edges are often finished with an angled brush.

 Using the finish flat one would most likely use a 1/2" nap roller
 Using the finish eggshell one would most likely use a 3/8" nap roller
 Using the finish satin or pearl one would most likely use a 3/8" nap roller
 Using the finish semi-gloss or gloss one would most likely use a 3/16" nap roller

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[22]

After liquid paint is applied, there is an interval during which it can be blended with additional painted regions (at the "wet
edge") called "open time". The open time of an oil or alkyd-based emulsion paint can be extended by adding white spirit,
similar glycols such as Dowanol (propylene glycol ether) or open time prolongers. This can also facilitate the mixing of
different wet paint layers for aesthetic effect. Latex and acrylic emulsions require the use of drying retardants suitable for
water-based coatings.
Paint application by spray is the most popular method in industry. In this, paint is aerosolized by the force of compressed air
or by the action of high pressure compression of the paint itself, and the paint is turned into small droplets that travel to the
article to be painted. Alternate methods are airless spray, hot spray, hot airless spray, and any of these with an electrostatic
spray included. There are numerous electrostatic methods available.
Dipping used to be the norm for objects such as filing cabinets, but this has been replaced by high speed air turbine driven
bells with electrostatic spray. Car bodies are primed using cathodic elephoretic primer, which is applied by charging the
body depositing a layer of primer. The unchanged residue is rinsed off and the primer stoved.
Many paints tend to separate when stored, the heavier components settling to the bottom, and require mixing before use.
Some paint outlets have machines for mixing the paint by shaking the can vigorously for a few minutes.
The opacity and the film thickness of paint may be measured using a drawdown card.
Water-based paints tend to be the easiest to clean up after use; the brushes and rollers can be cleaned with soap and water.
Proper disposal of left over paint is a challenge. Sometimes it can be recycled: Old paint may be usable for a primer coat or
an intermediate coat, and paints of similar chemistry can be mixed to make a larger amount of a uniform color.
To dispose of paint it can be dried and disposed of in the domestic waste stream, provided that it contains no prohibited
substances (see container). Disposal of liquid paint usually requires special handling and should be treated as hazardous
waste, and disposed of according to local regulations.

L) FAILURES OF PAINTS:
SOME OF THE FAILURES OF PAINTS ARE MENTIONED BELOW-

Dilution
This Usually Occurs When The Dilution Of The Paint Is Not Done As Per Manufacturers Recommendation. There
Can Be A Case Of Over Dilution And Under Dilution, As Well As Dilution With The Incorrect Diluents.
Contamination
Foreign Contaminants Added Without The Manufacturers Consent Can Cause Various Film Defects.
Peeling/Blistering
Most Commonly Due To Improper Surface Treatment Before Application And Inherent Moisture/Dampness
Being Present In The Substrate.
Chalking
Chalking Is The Progressive Powdering Of The Paint Film On The Painted Surface.
Cracking
Cracking Of Paint Film Is Due To The Unequal Expansion Or Contraction Of Paint Coats. It Usually Happens
When The Coats Of The Paint Are Not Allowed To Cure/Dry Completely Before The Next Coat Is Applied.
Erosion
Erosion Is Very Quick Chalking. It Occurs Due To External Agents Like Air, Water Etc.

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M) ADVANTAGES OF PAINTS:
 Protection of the surface for a longer period of time
 Long life of the surface
 Good astetic appearance
 Smooth surface finish
 Glossy finish
 Decorative look
These are some of the advantages of applying a coat of paint.

Conculsion

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