Storing and Manipulating Data with MySQL Glossary

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Storing and Manipulating Data with MySQL Glossary

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Storing and Manipulating Data with MySQL Glossary

Term Description
Refers to an acronym for atomicity, consistency,
ACID isolation, and durability properties associated with the
concept of a transaction.
The ALTER DATABASE command is used to modify the
ALTER DATABASE global characteristics or attributes of a database that
are stored in the db.opt file of the database directory.
The ALTER TABLE command is used to modify the
ALTER TABLE
structure of a table.
American Standard Refers to the most common format for storing text files
Code for Information on online or offline systems. Each character is denoted
Interchange (ASCII) as a 7-bit binary number.
Is the default replication process wherein the slave
Asynchronous
server need not remain connected to the master
Replication
server.
Attributes Represents the component of entity type.
Is a setting that triggers a commit operation after the
Autocommit
execution of each SQL statement.

Term Description
Is a process of copying useful or all table data as well
Backup as metadata on some external source, such as other
database server for safekeeping.
Is a notation technique for defining syntax of
Backus–Naur languages, document formats, and communication
protocols.

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Storing and Manipulating Data with MySQL Glossary

Term Description
Refers to an order wherein the most significant
value or big end in the sequence is stored first,
Big Endian Storage meaning at the lowest address. For example, values
45 and AB are stored in physical address as follows:
45 at address 1000 and AB at 1001.
A binary distribution contains setup program that
Binary Distribution
installs every component for the server to start.
Is a file on master server, which stores a record of
Binary Log
all statements that try to change data in tables.
Refers to a large object in binary form to hold
BLOB
variable amount of data.
An entity is said to be in the Boyce-Codd normal
Boyce-Codd Normal Form form, if it is already in the third normal form and
only one unique identifier exists.
Also called binary search tree, is a self-balancing
tree data structure that allows to sort data and
B-tree
perform searches, access sequentially, insert, and
delete in logarithmic time.
Is a memory or disk space acting as a temporary
Buffer
storage area.
Is a memory area for storing cached data for
Buffer Pool
InnoDB tables and indexes.

Term Description
The CHARACTER SET clause modifies the default
CHARACTER SET character set of a database.
COLLATE The COLLATE clause modifies the default collation of
a database.
Composite Key Composite Key is a primary key having more than
one attribute is called is a composite key.
Complex Data Type Complex data type is a special data type that
enables the user to list the possible values to be
inserted in a column.
Checksum Refers to a validation method in InnoDB to find out
corruption while reading a tablespace from disk
into the buffer pool.

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Storing and Manipulating Data with MySQL Glossary

Term Description
Commit Is an SQL statement that completes a transaction and
makes its changes permanent.
Compression Is a feature offering several benefits such as less disk
space usage, less memory usage for caching, and less
I/O.
Concurrency Refers to the ability of a transaction to execute
simultaneously, without intervening each other.
Consistent Read Refers to a read operation that provides query results
according to a point in time. This is irrespective of
changes done at the same time by other transactions.

Term Description
Refers to a directory wherein each MySQL instance
Data Directory stores its data files for InnoDB and directories denoting
individual databases.
Refers to files that physically hold the table and index
Data Files
data of InnoDB.
Is a database application or system that typically
Data Warehouse
executes large queries.
Database A database is a collection of organized and related data.
Database Management Database management system is specialized software
System that is manipulates database.
A date data type is used to store of date and time
Date
information. The default for entering the date is
‘YYYY-MM-DD’.
Date function performs addition and subtraction
Date function operations on the date. We have several date functions
that extract the date, year, and month from the date
argument specified.
Refers to the process of setting clocks one hour forward
Daylight Saving Time
from standard time during the summer months, and
(DST)
back again in the fall, to better utilize natural daylight.
Dematerialization Refers to changing the physical certificates of an
(DEMAT) Account investor to electronic book keeping.
Domain Domain defines the range for the attributes.

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Storing and Manipulating Data with MySQL Glossary

Term Description
Refers to a security technique for converting data into an
Encryption
unreadable format before transferring it to the recipient.
Entity Represents an object about which we want to store the
information.
In Equi-Join, the comparison is made between two columns
Equi-Join
that carry same values. It displays only those records where
a match is found in both the tables.
Event Refers to a task that executes as per a predefined schedule.
Refers to a component that manages execution and
Event Scheduler
scheduling of events.

Term Description
An entity is said to be in the first normal form, if all the
First Normal Form
attributes are single valued.
Refers to an action of writing changes to the files in a
Flush
database, which were buffered in a storage area.
Foreign Key is a key in table that is also the Primary Key in
Foreign Key another table.

Term Description
Geographic Refers to a system aiming to capture, store, change,
Information examine, and manage all spatial or geographical data
System (GIS) types.
Global
Is a distinct identifier linked with each committed
Transaction
transaction on the master server.
Identifier (GTID)
GRANT A GRANT command is used to add rights and privileges to
the user.

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Storing and Manipulating Data with MySQL Glossary

Term Description
Hashing Function Refers to a function used to map data of either
fixed size or arbitrary size. It returns hash
values.

Term Description
Indexes help the database to store data in a way that
Indexes makes for quicker searches.
An inner join creates a virtual table by combining the
Inner Join fields of both tables that satisfy the query for both the
tables.
Refers to a database in MySQL, which acts as query
interface to the metadata tracking InnoDB objects such
Information_Schema as columns, indexes, and tables physically stored in
InnoDB.
Refers to a single mysqld server managing one or more
Instance databases.
Refers to changes in the source code for gathering
performance data, which is exposed through the
Instrumentation INFORMATION_SCHEMA and PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA
databases.
Represents ‘I’ in ACID and is the setting for fine-tuning
the balance between performance and consistency and
Isolation Level reproducibility of results while several transactions
perform changes and execute queries simultaneously.

Term Description
Little Endian Storage Refers to an order wherein the least significant value or
little end in the sequence is stored first. For example,
values 45 and AB are stored in physical address as
follows: AB at address 1000 and 45 at 1001.
Locking Is a system of defending a transaction from viewing or
modifying the already changing data through some
other transactions.
Locking Read Refers to a SELECT statement that can even lock data
in an InnoDB table.

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Storing and Manipulating Data with MySQL Glossary

Term Description
Logical Backup Is a kind of backup that replicates table data as well as
structure without copying any files.
LZ4 Compression Is a technique that compresses data at a high speed.

Term Description
Is the database server from where the data is being
Master
copied or on which the initial changes are performed.
Mathematical functions processes the data provided as
Mathematical
an argument and returns a numerical value. All the
Functions
mathematical function will return a NULL value if error
occurs.
A technique allowing InnoDB transactions having some
Multiversion
isolation levels, to query rows being changed by other
Concurrency Control
transactions, and view the values before these changes
(MVCC)
occur.
Stands for mutex variable as a low-level object used by
InnoDB for enforcing exclusive-access locks to internal
Mutex
data structures so that no other process can acquire the
same lock.

Term Description
Is a mix of a lock on the index record and a lock on the
Next-key Lock
gap prior to that record.
Is a query without FOR UPDATE or LOCK IN SHARE MODE
Non-locking Read clauses and is allowed for global tables only in a read-
only transaction.
Normalization is a process where the data is structured
Normalization
in a table in such a way that it minimizes duplication and
inconsistency in data.
A numeric data type consists of data in the number form.
Numeric data type enables us to store numbers from 0
Numeric Data Type
to 9.

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Storing and Manipulating Data with MySQL Glossary

Term Description
Open Secure Sockets Refers to a software protocol for usually online
Layer (OpenSSL) applications that aim to secure communication against
security risks.
An outer-join displays rows of the tables that may not
Outer-Join have any matching value in the other tables to appear in
the result set. To use this join the tables must have one
or more columns in common.

Term Description
Parser Refers to component that splits data into smaller
chunks for translating them into another language.
Partition Pruning Refers to the ability to exclude the unrelated
partitions during an optimized query search.
Performance Schema Presents a group of tables to which one can query
for collecting detailed information related to
performance aspects of several internal components
of the MySQL server.
Picosecond Refers to one trillionth of one second.
Plugin Refers to a software component that provides a
special feature or function to a particular application.
Primary Key Refers to a column that uniquely identifies each row
in a table.

Term Description
Is an isolation level employing a locking strategy so
that transactions become unable to view
Read Committed uncommitted data by other transactions, but can view
those changes that are committed after the present
transaction has started.
Is an isolation level offering least protection while
executing transactions, as the implemented locking
Read Uncommitted
strategy allows a query to execute instead of waiting
for another transaction to complete.

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Storing and Manipulating Data with MySQL Glossary

Term Description
Referential integrity prevents users or applications
from entering inconsistent data. Referential integrity
Referential Integrity
rules are applied to a database when a relationship is
created between two tables.
Relationship represents association between entities.
Keys are used to define the relation between columns.
Relationship
We define a field as a key. These keys uniquely
identify a record.

Is the InnoDB’s default isolation level wherein it

prevents a row from being changed by other
Repeatable Read
transactions, but allows a transaction to view data as
it was, when the transaction has started.
Is the process of copying data from a MySQL server
Replication
to other single or multiple database servers.
Is a process of putting back the backup files for use
Restore
by MySQL.
REVOKE The REVOKE command is used for taking back the
granted rights from the user.
Refers to an electronic document that proves the
Rivest Shamir Adleman ownership of the user’s key by implementing the RSA
(RSA) Certificate security code. This key is used to convert the
information to be exchanged in an unreadable format.
Is an SQL statement that finishes a transaction but
Rollback
undoes all changes made by it.
Is a locking mechanism relying on row locks for
InnoDB tables. A row lock does not allow a row to be
Row-level Locking
accessed by another transaction in an unsuited
manner.
R-trees (region tree) are data structures used for
R-trees
spatial data types.

Term Description
Is the ability to process more simultaneous requests,
Scalability without affecting performance due to exceeded
capacity of the system.
Refers to a set of interrelated objects in a database,
Schema such as columns, data types, tables, indexes, and
primary keys.

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Storing and Manipulating Data with MySQL Glossary

Term Description
An entity is said to be in the second normal form, if it
Second Normal Form
is in the first normal and all non-key attributes entirely
depend on the unique identifier of the entity.
Refers to the standardized technique for setting up a
Secure Sockets Layer
secured connection between a web server and a
(SSL)
browser, which ensures privacy and data integrity.
The SELECT command is used to retrieve data from
SELECT
one or more tables.
Is an isolation level employing the most conservative
lock for preventing any other transactions from adding
Serializable
or modifying data that was read by the current
transaction, until it is over.
A SHOW DATABASE command is used to view a list of
SHOW DATABASE
the databases present on the server.
A SHOW TABLES command is used to view the tables
SHOW TABLES
of the active database.
Slave Is the server to which the data is being copied.
Refers to a type of shutdown that performs extra
Slow Shutdown
InnoDB flushing operations.
Refers to a representation of data at a point in time,
Snapshot which stays the same even if other transactions
commit the changes. It is used for consistent reads.
A source distribution contains all the codes and
Source Distribution
support files for making the files executable.
Statement-based Is a kind of replication wherein SQL statements from
Replication the master are re-executed on the slave.
Refers to a MySQL component that stores, queries,
Store Engine
and updates data.
A string is a sequence of characters. A string data type
String Data Type is enclosed in a single quotes or double quotes. It
enables the user to enter alphabets from a-z, A-Z,
numbers from 0-9.
String function operates on string data type. Generally
String Function
the string functions consider entered arguments as
strings even if user has entered numeric data.
System Function System functions are the functions that provide the
user with information about the system.
Refers to one or more data files holding metadata for
System Tablespace InnoDB objects along with storage spaces for a few
buffers and undo logs.

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Storing and Manipulating Data with MySQL Glossary

Term Description
Table is structure used to store in a row and column
Tables
format.
Temporary Table Refers to a table whose data need not be permanent.
An entity is said to be in the second normal form, if it
Third Normal Form is already in the second normal form and no non-
identifying attributes are dependent on any other non-
identifying attributes.
Thread Refers to a processing unit that is lighter than a
process and ensures greater concurrency.
Transaction Refers to an atomic unit that is responsible for making
changes to a database but is either fully committed or
completely rolled back.
Two-phase Locking Refers to a technique for ensuring concurrency control
(2PL) and serializability by employing a lock for a
transaction so that other transactions do not access
the data being accessed by the currently executing
transaction.

Term Description
Unicode
Is a technique to represent a character using an 8-bit
Transformation
block and is recommended for Web pages and e-mails.
Format (UTF)-8
Union A Union is used to combine many result sets used with
SELECT command into a single result set.

Term Description
Volatile Storage Refers to computer memory that requires power to
hold stored data. Its contents are held while the
power is ON, but lost immediately when the power is
interrupted.

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Storing and Manipulating Data with MySQL Glossary

Term Description
yaSSL Is an SSL library that is used by embedded systems.

Term Description
ZLIB Compression Is a software library that is used for compression.

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