Chapter - 1

Properties of solids

Q- Define Elasticity & Plasticity OR State Elasticity & Plasticity

Property

Ans: Elasticity: Elasticity is defined as a property of the body by virtue of

which it tends to regain its original shape or size on removal of deforming
force.

Plasticity: Plasticity is defined as a property of body by virtue of which it

does not regain its original shape or size on removal of deforming force.

Q- Define Restoring Force & Deforming Force

Ans: Restoring Force: The force which changes the shape & size of the
body after its application.

Deforming Force: It is an external force which changes the shape & size of
the body after its application.

Q -Define Stress. State its types

Ans: Stress: It is defined as internal restoring force per unit cross sectional
area of a body.

S. I. unit N/m2

Types of Stress

(1) Longitudinal or Tensile stress

(2) Compressive or Normal stress
(3) Volumetric or Volume stress
(4) Shearing or Shear stress
Q. Define following terms

(1) Tensile stress

(2) Compressive stress

(3) Volumetric stress

(4) Shear stress

Ans: Tensile stress: The stress when applied results in change in the length
of the body is called as tensile stress

Compressive stress: A stress which causes an elastic body to shorten in the

direction of the applied force is called as compressive stress.

Volumetric stress: The stress when applied results in change in the volume
of the body is called as volumetric stress.

Shear stress: The stress when applied results in the change in shape of the
body is called as shear stress

Q. Define Strain. State it‟s types

Ans: Strain: It is the ratio of change in dimension to original dimension of a

body. It has no unit

Types of Strain

(1) Tensile or longitudinal strain

(2) Volumetric or volume strain
(3) Shearing or shear strain
Q – Define following terms

(1) Tensile Strain

(2) Volumetric Strain
(3) Shear Strain
(4) Breaking Stress

Ans: Tensile Strain: Tensile strain is defined as the ratio of change in length
per unit original length of a body

Volumetric strain: Volumetric strain is defined as the ratio of change in

volume per unit original volume of a body.

Shear strain: It is defined as the ratio of lateral displacement of any layer to

it‟s distance from fixed layer.

Breaking stress: The maximum stress at which the wire breaks is called as
breaking stress.

Q – State Hook‟s law of elasticity

Ans : Statement : “Within the elastic limit stress is directly proportional to

strain” Stress Strain

Stress = Constant x Strain

Stress = M x Strain

Where, M - constant of proportionality called as

modulus of rigidity

Q – Define elastic limit

Ans: It is defined as maximum stress which can be applied on a body

without permanent deformation of a body.
Q – Define Young‟s modulus, Bulk modulus, Modulus of rigidity.OR
Define three elastic constant / modulli of elasticity & state the relation
between them.

Ans: Young‟s modulus: It is the ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain

Tensile stress
Young‟s modulus (Y) =
Tensile strain

Bulk modulus: It is the ratio of volume stress to volume strain

Volume stress
Bulk modulus (k) =
Volume strain

Modulus of rigidity: It is the ratio of shearing stress to shearing strain

Shearing stress
Modulus of rigidity (η) =
Shearing strain

9k η
Relation: Y=
3k+ η
Where,
Y = Young‟s modulus
k = Bulk modulus
η = Modulus of rigidity

Q – Define following: Factor of safety, Yield point, Ultimate stress,

Compressibility
Ans: Factor of safety: It is defined as the ratio of ultimate stress to working
stress

Yield point: The point on stress – Strain curve at which plastic flow begins
is called as yield point
Ultimate stress: It is the maximum stress (force per unit area) the material
can withstand before it breaks

Compressibility: The reciprocal of bulk modulus of elasticity is called as

compressibility.

C = 1/K

Q – Give relation between bulk modulus of elasticity & compressibility

Ans: Compressibility = 1/ Bulk modulus

Q – Define Poisson‟s ratio. State its formula

Ans: It is defined a within elastic limit the ratio of lateral strain to

longitudinal strain.

It is denoted by σ

Lateral strain
σ= = -d/D
Longitudinal strain l /L

Q – State the factors affecting on elasticity

Ans : Factors affecting on elasticity

(1) Change of temperature

(2) Effect of hammering & rolling
(3) Effect of annealing
(4) Effect of impurities
Q – Explain the behaviour of a wire under continuously increasing load
by using stress strain diagram.

Explaination
A graph or diagram of stress and strain is shown as above.
OE Portion is straight line which indicates that stress is proportional to
strain. Therefore the wire obeys Hooke‟s law upto the point E this point is
called elastic limit.

EE‟ Portion is curved towards strain axis this shows that increase in strain is
more, than increase in stress. In this region stress is not proportional to
strain.
Between any point E and E‟ if all load is removed then some permanent
elongation / increase in length takes place in the wire this is called set.
When wire is again loaded, a new straight line SE‟ is obtained which obey
Hooke‟s law.
Some portion after the point Y is almost parallel to strain axis this shows that
strain increases without increase in stress just like wire flows. This is called
plastic flow.
The point at which the plastic flow begins is called yield point.
 CHAPTER – 2

Properties of Liquids

Fluid Friction

Q – Define

1. Pressure
2. Atmospheric Pressure

Pressure: It is defined as the force acting on a unit surface area or The force
per unit area is called as pressure

Ex: Nail with pointed tip can easily penetrate in the wall
Pressure (p) = Force (F)
Area (A)
S. I. Unit N/M2 or Pascal (Pa)

Atmospheric Pressure: The Pressure exerted by the atmosphere is called as

atmospheric pressure.

Q – State Pascal‟s law

Ans : Statement : It states that, in an enclosed liquid, if pressure is applied

at any part of the liquid, then this change of pressure is transmitted
undiminished to every portion of the liquid & to the walls of it‟s container

Q – State Archimedes Principle

Ans: Statement: It states that when a solid insoluble body immersed

completely or partly in a liquid, it loses it‟s weight & loss of weight of the
body is equal to the weight of displaced liquid.
Q – Define Critical Velocity

Ans: “It is defined as the maximum velocity of liquid up to which it‟s flow is
streamlined is called as critical velocity.

Q – Define

(1) Viscosity
(2) Velocity gradient. State its S.I. unit
(3) Coefficient of viscosity.State its S.I. unit

Ans: Viscosity: The internal force developed between two layers of a liquid
which opposes (resist) the flow of liquid is called as viscosity

Ex: Glycerine, Honey, water

Velocity gradient: It is defined as the ratio of change in velocity to the

corresponding change of distance S. I. unit is S-1

Coefficient of viscosity:

“The viscous force developed between two liquid layers of unit surface area
& unit velocity gradient” is called as coefficient of viscosity.

S. I Unit is N-s/m2

Q – State Pressure depth relation. Give meaning of each terms in it.

Ans: Pressure depth relation, P = h g

Where, p – Pressure

g – Acceleration d due to gravity

– Density of liquid

h – Pressure head
Q – State Newton‟s law of viscosity

Ans: Statement: The viscous force (F) developed between two liquid layers
is

(i) Directly proportional to the surface area of liquid layer (A)

(F A)
(ii) Directly Proportional to velocity Gradient (dv/dx)

i.e. [F (dv/dx)]

F A dv/dx

F = η A dv / dx

Q – Define thrust (force). State its S.I. unit

Ans: “It is defined as the total force exerted by a liquid on a surface in

contact is called as thrust of a liquid. S.I. Unit - Newton ( N )

Q. Define streamline flow & turbulent flow with examples

Ans : Streamline Flow : The flow of liquid in which every particle of

liquid move in same direction (parallel) of flow of liquid is called as
streamline flow.

Ex: water flow through tap, canal flow, flow of river during summer

Turbulent flow: The flow of liquid in which particle of liquid does not
move in same direction (random) of flow of liquid is called as turbulent
flow.Ex: River flow during flood, Whirlpools, water fall
Q – Distinguish between streamline flow and turbulent flow

Streamline Flow Turbulent Flow

1. The velocity of liquid is smaller 1. The velocity of liquid is greater
than critical velocity than critical velocity
2. For this Reynolds number is less 2. For this Reynolds number is
than 2000 more than 3000
3.There is no mixing of various 3.There is always mixing of various
layers with each other layers with each other
4.It is a steady flow 4.It is speedy flow
5.All the molecules of liquid move 5.All the molecules of liquid do not
in same direction move in same direction
Ex-Canal Flow, flow of river during Ex-Water fall, river flow during
summer flood, whirpools

Q – Define Reynolds Number. State its formula with meaning

Ans: Reynolds Number: Reynolds Number is a non dimensional Number,

used in fluid mechanics to determine whether the flow is streamline,
turbulent or unstable.

Vc = η R / rd

Where, Vc = critical velocity of Flow of liquid

d = density of liquid

r = radius of the tube

η = coefficient of viscosity of liquid

Q – Give the significance of Reynolds number

Ans : Significance of Reynolds number

1. When R < 2000, the flow of liquid is streamline

2. When R > 3000, the flow of liquid is turbulent.
3. When R is in between 2000 to 3000 the flow of liquid is unstable.

Q – Define terminal velocity & upthrust force

Ans: Terminal velocity: It is defined as the constant velocity with which the
body is freely falling through the liquid column.

Upthrust force: It is defined as the force acting on body completely or

partially immersed in liquid that causes apparent loss in weight of the body.

Q – State “Stokes law of Viscosity”

Ans: Statement: It states that for a small spherical body falling freely
through a liquid, the viscous force is directly the viscous force is directly
proportional to the,

1. Radius of the sphere. (r)

2. Terminal Velocity (v)
3. Coefficient of viscosity of liquid (η)
F rvη
F = Constant x (r v η)
F=6 rvη

Where, 6 is the constant of proportionality

Q – State the effect of temperature and adulteration on viscosity

of liquid

Ans – It is observed that as temperature of liquid increases, it‟s viscosity

decreases

i.e. Viscosity 1
Temperature

When adulteration such as soluble substance is added to liquid, its viscosity

goes on increasing
i.e. viscosity adulteration

Q – Derive an expression for coefficient of viscosity by stokes method

Ans: Consider a small sphere of radius „r‟ and density „ ‟ falling freely
under gravity through viscous liquid as shown in (Fig.)

After covering certain distance through the liquid, metal sphere attains an
constant velocity called terminal velocity.

Metal sphere falling freely through a liquid experiences two forces as shown
in (Fig.)

Downward force = Weight of metal sphere

= Volume of metal sphere x density of metal sphere

= 4/3 r3x g x σ ……(1)

Upward force of two types.

(a) Upthrust force = Loss of weight of body in a liquid

 = Weight of displaced liquid (by Archimedes‟ principle)

= Volume of sphere x density of liquid

= 4/3 r3 x g x .……(2)

(b) Force of viscosity

F=6 ηrv ………(3)

When a metal sphere attains terminal velocity.

Total upward force = Total downward force

4/3 r3 x . g + 6 η r v = 4/3 r3 x .g

6 η r v = 4/3 r3 ((σ - ) g

4 x x r3x (σ - ) x g
η =
3x6x rxv

η = 2 / 9 r2 x (σ - ) x g
v ....(4)

Equation (4) gives coefficient of viscosity by stoke‟s method.

Q – Write two applications (examples) of Pascals law

Ans: Hydraulic press – To compress metal sheets

Hydraulic brakes – Used in cars, buses

Hydraulic jack – To lift vehicles in workshop, cars, jeeps

 Surface tension

Q – Define surface tension. Write its S.I. unit

Ans: Surface tension: It is defined as the force acting per unit length of an
imaginary line drawn to surface of liquid.

S.I. unit is N/m

Q – State the effect of temperature and contamination on surface

tension of liquid

Ans: Effect of temperature: The surface tension of the liquid depends on

temperature. Surface tension decreases with increase in temperature

Surface tension α 1 / temperature

Effect of Contamination (impurity)

In most of the liquid surface tension decreases with increase in

contamination

Surface tension α 1 / Contamination

Q – Define cohesive & adhesive force

Ans : Cohesive force : It is the force of attraction between two molecules of

same substance

Ex – Force of attraction between two water molecules

Adhesive force: It is the force of attraction between two molecules of

different sub stances

Ex – Force of attraction between water molecule and glass molecule

Q – State the applications of surface tension

Ans: Application of surface tension

1. For manufacturing of bullets or ball bearings which are spherical

2. Oil with low surface tension are used as lubricant‟s, in soap or
detergents
3. Water rises up to the leaves of plants due to capillary action
4. Oil rises up in wick in oil lamp by capillary action
5. To check purity of water

Q – Define angle of contact. State its S.I. unit

Ans : Angle of contact : The angle between the tangent to the liquid surface
at the point of contact & the solid surface inside the liquid is called as angle
of contact.The S.I. unit of angle of contact is radian

Q – Define Capillarity. Give examples of capillary phenomenon (Action)

Ans : Capillarity : The rise or fall of the liquid in capillary tube due to
surface tension is called as capillarity & the phenomenon is called as
capillary action

Examples of capillary action

1. Oil rises up to the end of wick of lamp due to capillarity

2. A blotting paper absorb ink due to capillarity
3. Rise of ink through pen nib
4. Water rises from stem of tree towards the branches by capillary action
5. Damping of bricks
Q – Explain Laplace‟s molecular theory of surface tension

Ans: Diagram

Explaination:

Laplace‟s molecular theory of surface tension

1. Consider three molecules M1, M2 & M3 of the liquid. A sphere of

influence is drawn as shown in fig.

2. The sphere of influence of molecule „M1‟ is completely inside the

liquid, so it is equally attracted in all directions by the other molecules lying
within its sphere. Hence the resultant force acting on it is zero.

3. The part of the sphere of influence of molecule „M2‟ lies outside the
liquid & the major part lie inside the liquid. Therefore resultant force acting
on it is directed downward.

4. For molecule „M3‟ half of its sphere of influence lies inside the liquid
and half lies outside the liquid. So, the maximum resultant downward force
is acting on molecule „M3‟
5. Thus molecule M1 experiences zero resultant force, M2 experience
downward resultant force, M3 experience more downward resultant force. In
short molecules below imaginary line PQ experience zero resultant force
and molecules above line PQ experience some or more downward resultant
force.

6. Thus molecules which lie on the surface of liquid (surface film)

experience downward resultant force and are being pulled inside the liquid.
To balance this downward force, molecules come closer to each other. This
reduces the surface area of liquid.

7. This gives rise to surface tension. It is the contraction force which

decreases the surface area of the liquid.

Q – State the relation between surface tension, capillary rise, radius of

capillary tube with meaning of symbol used in it.

Ans : Relation between surface tension, capillary rise and radius of

capillary tube

T = rhdg / 2 cos θ

Where, T = Surface tension

r = radius of capillary tube

h = rise of liquid

d = density of liquid

g = gravitational acceleration

θ = angle of contact
Q – Derive an expression for surface tension by capillary rise method.

Ans: Consider a capillary tube of radius „r‟ vertically inserted into a liquid.
The liquid rises to a height „h‟ and forms a concave meniscus. The surface
tension „T‟ acting along the inner circumference of the tube exactly supports
the weight of the liquid column.

By definition, surface tension is the force per unit length acting at a tangent
to the meniscus surface. If the angle between the tangent & the tube wall is
θ, the vertical component of surface tension is cos θ.

Therefore, the total surface tension along the circular contact line of
meniscus is 2 π r T cos θ.

Upward force = 2 π r T cos θ .Where,‟r‟ is the radius of the capillary.

The downward force on the liquid column is due to its weight which is
m x g thus,

Downward Force = m x g
Downward Force = π r2 h d g

At equilibrium condition,

Upward Force = Downward Force

2 π r T cosθ = π r2 d g

rhdg
T=
2 cos θ

This is a expression for surface tension of a liquid in a capillary tube.

 CHAPTER – 3

Thermal Properties of Matter

Modes of Transformation of Heat

Q – Define Heat & Calorie

Ans: Heat : Heat is a form of energy which gives us the sensation of

warmness and hotness. S. I. unit Joule

Calorie: The amount of heat required to increase the temperature of one

gram of water by one degree Celsius is called as calorie

S.I. unit – 0K

Q – Define absolute zero temperature

Ans: Absolute zero temperature: The temperature at which pressure &

volume of gas theoretically becomes zero is called “absolute zero
temperature”

Absolute zero temperature = O0A = - 2730C

Q – What is kelvin – scale of temperature?

Ans: In this scale, the lower fixed point is 2730C & upper fixed point is
3730C & it is then divided into 100 equal Parts, each part is called as degree
Kelvin.

Q – Define Celesius (centigrade) scale of temperature

Ans : In this scale of temperature, lower fixed point is considered as 00C and
upper fixed point as 1000C and it is then divided into 100 equal parts, each
part is called as degree Celsius or centigrade.
Q – Define Fahrenheit scale of temperature

Ans : In this scale of temperature, lower fixed point is 320 F and upper fixed
point is 2120 F and it is then divided into 180 equal parts, each part is called
as degree Fahrenheit.

Q – State & explain the modes of transmission of heat OR

Define three modes of transmission of heat with examples OR

State the three ways in which heat is transferred from one place to
another with one example of each.

Ans : Conduction : It is the process of transfer of heat from a part of body at

higher temperature to a lower temperature without actual movement of
particles of medium

Ex: Heat sink in electronic circuits, safety lamps, ICE boxes etc.

Convection: It is the process of transfer of heat from a part of body at higher

temperature to a part of body at lower temperature with actual movement of
particles of medium.

Ex: Formation of trade winds, Room ventilation system, monsoons etc.

Radiation: In this process, heat is transferred directly from a body at higher

temperature to the body at lower temperature without necessity of
intervening medium

Ex: Use of white clothes, heat radiators in car, in activation of HIV etc.
Q – Distinguish between conduction, convection & radiation process.

Ans:

Conduction Convection Radiation

1. It is the process of 1. It is the process of 1.It is the process of
transfer of heat from a transfer of heat from a transfer of heat from a
part of a body at part of a body at body at higher
higher temperature to higher temperature to temperature to a body at
a part of body at lower a part of body at lower lower temperature
temperature without temperature with without necessity of
actual movement of actual movement of intervening medium
particles. particles.
2. If metal rod is 2. Heating of water in 2. Heat from sun reaches
heated at one end, its a beaker. the earth
other end gets heated.
3. Material medium is 3. Material medium is 3. Material medium is not
essential. essential. essential.

4. Metal rod itself acts 4. Liquid itself acts as 4. Medium may be

as a medium. a medium. present like air or no
medium. i.e. vacuum.

5. It has applications 5. It has applications 5. It has applications like-

like – Heat sink in like- formation of use of white clothes, heat
electronic circuits, trade winds, room radiators in car, in
Safety lamp, Ice boxes ventilation system, activation of HIV etc
etc monsoons etc.
Q – State the law of thermal conductivity

Ans: The amount of heat (Q) conducted is,

Directly proportional to area of cross section of the rod (A)

Q ∝ A ------------(1)

Directly Proportional to the temperature difference between the two

surfaces of the conductor
Q ∝ (θ1 - θ2) ------------(2)

Directly Proportional to the time for which heat flows

Q ∝t ------------(3)

Inversely Proportional to the distance between two surfaces

Q ∝ 1/d ------------(4)

Q ∝ A/d (θ1 - θ2) t

Q = k A (θ1 - θ2) t / d

Q – Define coefficient of thermal conductivity. State it‟s S.I. unit.

Ans : Coefficient of thermal conductivity is defined as the amount of heat

conducted normally across unit cross sectional area of a material of unit
thickness in one second, when the temperature between it‟s ends is unity

S. I. unit – Joule / m ok
Q – State application / uses of

1. Conduction of heat
2. Convection of heat
3. Radiation of heat

Ans: Applications of Conduction:

As a good conductor

1. Good conduction material is used as a heat sink in electronic circuit

2. Condenser coil in a refrigerator is ideally made up of copper
3. Davy‟s safety lamp
As a bad conductor
4. Use of thermos Flask
5. A bad conducting material like thermocole is used in ice box.
6. Handle of cooker is made up of bad conducting material

Applications of Convection:

1. Ventilation in the Room

2. Cooling system in automobile engine
3. Formation of land & sea breeze in the nature
4. Monsoons

Applications of Radiation:

1. Electric bulb, the sun

2. White clothes absorb less heat so they are used is summer
3. The teapot & kettle have clean & bright shining surface
4. Aeroplanes & ships are painted white.
5. Base of cooking utensils is made black.
6. Heat radiators in car, machines are painted black
Q – Define good conductor & bad conductor with examples.

Ans : Good conductor : The material which conduct heat easily from it is
called as good conductor

Ex: Iron, Copper, Silver

Bad conductor: The material which does not conduct heat easily from it is
called as bad conductor.

Ex: Wood, Wool, Glass, Thermocole

Q – Why we do not receive heat from the sun by conduction. Give

reason.

Ans: Conduction needs medium for transfer of heat. Between the sun and
earth the millions of kilometres there is no medium present. Hence
conduction is not possible

Q - Distinguish between heat and temperature

Heat Temperature

Heat is form of energy which gives Temperature is the measure of

sensation of hotness and warmness degree of hotness or coldness of a
body S.I. Unit Kelvin
S.I. Unit Joule

Heat is the cause Temperature is the effect

Heat flows from higher Temperature is the condition that

temperature to lower temperature determines the direction of flow of
heat

Heat is an extensive property Temperature is intensive property

 Gas laws

Q – Define three gas law OR

State Boyle‟s law, Charles‟s law and Gay Lussac‟s law

Ans: Boyle‟s law: At constant temperature, volume of given mass of a gas

is inversely proportional to its pressure

i.e. V ∝ 1/p

i.e. P1 / V1 = P2 / V2 = Constant, at constant temperature

Charle‟s law: At constant pressure volume of given mass of a gas is

directly proportional to its absolute temperature

i.e. V ∝ T

i.e. V1 / T1 = V2 / T2 = Constant, at constant pressure

Gay Lussac‟s law: At constant volume pressure of given mass of a gas is

directly proportional to its absolute temperature

i.e. P ∝ T

i.e. P1 / T1 = P2 / T2 = Constant, at constant volume

Q – Define specific heat of substance.

Ans: It is defined as the amount of heat required to increase the temperature

of 1kg mass of a substance through 10C

S.I. Unit – Jkg-1

Q – Define the two principal specific heats of gas OR Define Cp and Cv
OR Define specific heat of a gas at constant volume & at constant
pressure

Ans: Specific heat of a gas at constant volume (Cv): “It is defined as the
amount of heat required to increase the temperature of unit mass of a gas by
10C at constant volume

Specific heat of a gas at constant pressure (Cp):“It is defined as the

amount of heat required to increase the temperature of unit mass of a gas by
10C at constant pressure

Q – State OR Derive General (Perfect) gas equation with meaning of each

symbol
Ans: According to Gay Lussac‟s law

P ∝ T ------------------- (1)

According to Charles law,

V ∝ T --------------- (2)

Combining equation (1) & (2)

PV ∝ T

PV = RT --------- (3)

Where R – Universal gas constant

P – Pressure of gas

V – Volume of gas

T – Absolute temperature

Eqn (3) is called general (perfect) gas equation

Q – Define isothermal change & adiabatic change

Ans: Isothermal change: The Process in which volume of a gas changes

keeping its temperature constant is called as isothermal change

Adiabatic change: The process in which volume of a gas changes with

change in temperature is called as adiabatic change

Q – Differentiate between isothermal and adiabatic process

ISOTHERMAL PROCESS ADIABATIC PROCESS

Volume & pressure changes at Volume & pressure changes at

constant temperature changing temperature

Gas filled in is a good conductor Gas filled in is a bad conductor

of heat of heat.
Transfer of heat takes place. There is no transfer of heat.

Volume changes are made Volume changes are made

slowly rapidly
Gas obeys Boyle‟s law i.e. Gas does not obeys Boyle‟s law
PV =constant Here PV r = constant

Expansion of gas takes place Compression of gas takes place

Ex. Boiling of water Ex. Bursting of cycle tyre

Q – Why Cp is greater than Cv?

Ans : (1) When gas is heated at constant volume the heat supplied is utilized
to increase the temperature of the system

(2) But when gas is heated at constant pressure, the heat supplied is utilized
to increase the temperature of system as well as for doing the work in
expanding a gas at constant pressure

So, Cp > Cv

Q – State the relation between the two specific heats of gas give the
meaning of symbols used in it

Ans: Relation: Cp – Cv = R/J

Where, Cp-Specific heat of gas at constant pressure

Cv-Specific heat of gas at constant volume

R- Universal gas constant

J-Joules constant

Q – Derive Mayer‟s relation OR Derive the relation Cp - Cv=R/J

Ans:When the gas is heated at constant pressure, the internal energy (K.E.)
of the gas increases, and the gas expands, so that it performs some external
work in expansion of the gas.

i.e. Cp = CV + H

Cp - CV = H
 But H = W/J [Joule‟s law]

Cp - CV = W/J

But W = P (V2-V1)

Cp - CV = P (V2-V1) /J

Cp - CV = (PV2-PV1) /J

But PV1 = RT1 & PV2 = RT2

Cp - CV = R (T2-T1) /J

Now if T2 - T1 = 10C

Cp - CV=R/J

This is the Mayer‟s relation for one mole of gas

Q – What is NTP and STP ?

Ans: NTP means normal temperature and pressure whereas STP means
standard temperature and pressure
 CHAPTER – 4

Optics – Refraction of Light

Q – Define

1) Critical Angle (Qc)

2) Total Internal Reflection

Ans: (1) Critical angle: The angle of incidence for which the angle of
refraction is equal to 90 0C is called as critical angle.

(2) Total Internal Reflection: The phenomenon in which a ray of light

travelling from denser medium to rarer medium is totally reflected in denser
medium, if the angle of incidence is greater than critical angle of medium is
called as total internal reflection (TIR)

Q – Define

1. Numerical Aperture (NA)

2. Acceptance Angle (өa)
Ans: Numerical Aperture (NA): The sine of maximum acceptance angle is
called as numerical aperture

Acceptance angle (өa) : The maximum value of external incident angle for
which light will propagate in the optical fibre is called as acceptance angle.

Q - Define refraction of light

Ans: When a ray of light travels from one medium to another it deviates
from its original path is called as refraction of light
Q – Draw a neat labelled ray diagram for refraction in case of prism.
State the prism formula with meaning of each terms used OR

Q – Derive Prism formula

Ans: Diagram

Let PQ be the incident ray obliquely incident on refracting face AB. At point
Q the ray enters from air to glass therefore at Q the incident ray is refracted
and travels along QR by making r1 as angle of refraction.
At point R the ray of light enter from glass to air and get refracted along RS.
From ∆ E Q R
=x+y
= (i-r1) + (e-r2)
= ( i + e) - (r1+ r2) -----(1)
From ∆ Q D R
r1 + r2 + QDR=1800 -------------(2)
As AQDR is cyclic quadrilateral
A+ QDR=1800 -----------------------(3)
By comparing eq. (2) and (3)
A = r1 + r2 ---------------------------(4)
Substituting above value in eq.(1)
 Eq. (1) becomes
= ( i+e)-A
+ A = ( i+e)--------------(5)
If = m
i =e
And r1 = r2 =r
Equation (5) Becomes
A+ m=i+i
A + m = 2i
A+ m
i=
2
And equation (4) becomes
A=r+r
A = 2r
A
r=
2
According to snell‟s law

sin i
=
sin r

Substituting values of i and r in above equation

Sin A+ m
2 Where, m = Angle of minimum deviation

= A = Angle of prism
Sin A/2 = Refractive index of prism
Q – State Snell‟s law with its mathematical equation
Ans : Snell‟s law : For any two media the ratio of sine angle of incidence to
the sine angle of refraction is constant.

This is known as Snell‟s law

Equation:

Sin i
= Constant
Sin r

Where, Sin i = angle of incidence

Sin r = angle of refraction

Q – State laws of refraction

Ans: 1.Incident ray and refracted ray are on opposite side of the normal

2.The incident ray,the refracted ray and the normal ray at point of separation
of two media lie in the same plane.

3.For any two media the ratio of sine angle of incidence to the sine angle of
refraction is constant.This is known as Snell‟s law

Q- State the principle of optical fiber

Ans: The optical fiber works on principle of Total Internal Reflection

i.e. when monochromatic light is obliquely incident on the interface

between optically denser medium and rarer medium and if angle of incidence
is greater than critical angle then no refraction take place and only reflection
take place.
Q- Describe the stucture of optical fiber.

Ans: Optical fiber consists of three major parts

1. Core: The inner most co-axial region is core. It acts as the guide
for the light. The diameter of the core is 10-100m. It is made up of
glass having high refrative idex.

2. Cladding: The core is surrounded by a glass or plastic cladding. Its

refractive index is less than that of the core.

3. Sheath (polymer jacket): The outermost protective region of the

fiber is called sheath. It is made up of polymer. It protects the core
from contamination, moisture etc. It provides mechanical
strength to the fiber.

Q- Derive the expression showing the relation between numerical

aperture and acceptance angle.
Ans: As shown in fig.
A light ray launched into an optical fiber in air at an input angle less
than the acceptance angle for the fiber
Applying snell‟s law at the air-core interface.

sin i / sin r = 2/ 1 i.e. 1 sin i = 2 sin r ---(1)

but from fig.

sin / sin (90 – c) = core / air

air sin = core sin (90 – c)

sin = core sin (90 – c) ( air =1)

sin = core cos c [ cos c = sin ( 90- c)]

2
sin = core c)

sin = core 1- cladding

core

2 2
sin core - cladding = NA

This is the relation between Acceptance angle and Numerical

Aperture.
 CHAPTER – 5

Wave Motion

Q – Define

1. Amplitude (a)
2. Period (wave period) OR Time Period (T)
3. Frequency (n)
4. Velocity (V)

Ans: 1. Amplitude (a) : The maximum displacement of a particle of the

medium from it‟s mean position on either side is called as amplitude of the
wave

2. Wave period (T): The time taken by a wave to complete one oscillation is
called as wave period.

3. Frequency (n) : It is the number of vibration, performed by the particle in

one second

4. Wavelenght: It is the length of one full wave OR

The distance travelled by the wave to complete one vibration or oscillation is

called as wavelength

5. Velocity (V): The distance travelled by the wave per unit time is called as
velocity of the wave.

Q – State the relation between velocity, frequency & wavelength

Ans : Relation: V = n λ

Where, V = Velocity
n = Frequency λ = Wavelenght
Q – Define simple harmonic motion. Give examples of SHM

Ans: It is defined as the periodic motion of a particle in which the force is

always directed toward mean position & it‟s magnitude is proportional to it‟s
displacement from mean position.

Examples of simple harmonic motion

1. Motion of pendulum
2. Motion of needle of sewing machine
3. Oscillations of spring
4. Vibration of string
5. Oscillations of piston in a cylinder
6. Oscillations of magnetic compass ( needle )

Q – Define Phase angle & Epoch in S.H.M.

Ans: Phase angle: The angle which gives position, direction and
displacement of the particle in S.H.M at any instant is known as phase angle.

Epoch: Initial phase angle or starting phase is known as epoch

Q – Define Longitudinal waves & Transverse wave with example. OR

Define progressive wave state type of progressive wave. Define the type.
Explain two types of progressive wave.

Ans: Progressive wave: The wave which continuously travels in a given

direction is called as progressive wave.

There are two types of progressive wave

1. Transverse wave
2. Longitudinal Wave
Transverse wave: The waves in which particles of the medium vibrate
perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave are called as
transverse wave.
Ex – Light waves, electromagnetic waves, vibration produced by streched
string of sitar, violin, sonometer

Longitudinal Wave: The waves in which particles of the medium vibrate

parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave are called as longitudinal
wave.
Ex - Sound wave, waves in organ pipe, waves set in kundt‟s tube

Q – Distinguish between Transverse wave & Longitudinal wave

Transverse Wave Longitudinal Waves

The wave in which direction of The wave in which direction of
vibration of particles of medium is vibration of particles of medium
perpendicular to the direction of is parallel to the direction of
propagation of wave is called propagation of wave is called
transverse wave. longitudinal wave.

Wave travels in form of alternate Wave travels in form of alternate

crests and trough compressions and rarefactions.

Density and pressure of medium Density and pressure of medium

remain same throughout the wave changes.
Wave travels through solid only. Wave travels through liquids and
gases.
Ex. Light waves Ex. Sound waves
 These wave can undergo These wave do not undergo
polarization polarization

Q – Distinguish between progressive waves and stationary waves

Ans:
Progressive waves Stationary waves

There is transfer of energy in There is no transfer of energy.

the direction of propogation of
wave.

All particles vibrate with the All particles vibrate with

same amplitude. different amplitude.

All particles of the medium are Particles at nodes do not vibrate

vibrating. at all.

Every particle vibrates with All the particles in one loop are
different phase. in same phase.

Velocity of wave not zero Velocity of wave is zero

Q – State superposition principle (theorem)

Ans: Superposition theorem: When two or more waves travelling through
a medium arrive at a point simultaneously, each wave produces its own
displacement at that point independently of the other wave. Hence, the
resultant displacement at that point is the vector sum of the displacements
due to each of the waves.
Q – State how stationary waves is formed OR Define stationary waves
Ans: Stationary waves are produced when two exactly identical progressive
waves having same amplitude, same wave length & same speed travelling
through a medium along the same path in exactly opposite directions,
interfere with each other. The resultant wave produce due to super positions
of these two waves is called as stationary wave.

Q – Give the condition for “Resonance effect” in sound OR Define

Resonance OR What is resonance effect
Ans : Condition for resonance effect: When the frequency of the external
periodic force applied to a body is exactly equal to natural frequency of
body, the body vibrates with maximum amplitude, then resonance effect
takes place & the phenomenon is known as resonance

Q – Give two examples of Stationary waves

1. Wave formed on the string stretched at both the ends
2. Waves formed on sonometer wire
3. Waves formed in air column of resonance tube

Q – Give two examples of Resonance

1. When the speed of a car increases beyond a certain limit different parts
of the car begin to vibrate due to resonance & large noise is produced.
2. In a sonometer, resonance occurs when the natural frequency of the
vibrating length of the wire equals the frequency of the tuning fork
3. In Resonance tube experiment, resonance occurs when the length of
the air column is adjusted such that the natural frequency of the air column
equals the frequency of the vibrating tuning fork
Q – State the characteristics ( Properties ) of stationary waves
Ans : Characteristics of stationary waves
1. Nodes and antinodes are formed alternately.
2. There is no transfer of energy.
3. Pressure is maximum at nodes and minimum at antinodes.
4. Distance between any two consecutive nodes or antinodes is equal to
λ/2
5. The distance between a node and its adjacent antinodes is equal to λ / 4
6. Particles in the same loop vibrate in the same phase.
7. Particles in the adjacent loop vibrate in the opposite phase.

Q – Define free vibration & forced vibration with examples

Ans: Free vibrations (oscillations): The vibrations performed by a body

when only once disturbed from its equilibrium position and vibrates with a
natural frequency are called free vibrations.
Examples:
1. Cricketers hanging ball
2. Vibrating tuning fork
3. Vibrations of air column

Forced vibration (oscillations): When a body is continuously disturbed by

a periodic force, then the particle cannot vibrate with its natural frequency
but it starts vibrating with the frequency of periodic force. These vibrations
are called forced vibrations.
Examples:
1. Concrete bridge in earth quake
2. Vibrations of air column under vibrating tuning fork
3. Kid swinging after applied external periodic force.
Q – Derive the formula to calculate velocity of sound by resonance tube
method.

Ans: A resonance tube apparatus consists of a long and uniform tube, kept
vertically, open at upper end. The lower end of the tube is connected to
rubber tubing which is connected at the other end to a vessel containing
water. When the vessel is raised, the water level in the tube is raised.

A Vibrating tuning fork is held closed to the open end of the tube and the
length of the air column is gradually increased.

The length of the air column is adjusted till maximum sound of air is heard.
This is a resonance position where natural frequency of the air column is
equal to the frequency of the tuning fork.

For resonance to occur;

Length of air + End correction = Distance between node

Column and its adjacent antinode

l + 0.3 d = λ / 4

λ = 4(l + 0.3d)

V = n λ [ λ = v/n]

v/n = 4(l + 0.3d)

v = 4n (l + 0.3d )

This is formula to calculate velocity of sound.

Q Derive equation of simple harmonic motion OR Obtain an
expression for motion of a particle performing SHM.

Ans: Cosider a particle „P‟ moves with a uniorm angular velocty „ ‟along a
circular path of radius „a‟. Let „M‟ be the projection of reference
particle „P‟ on diameter AB. Therefore M is performing S.H.M. Let the
displacement of M from „O‟ is „x‟, then t = 0, the reference point is at
Po

So that, m < POPo =

In time t, reference particle moves from Po to P.

Such that, m < POPo = = t

Draw PM on diameter AB.

Since, OC is parallel to PM

< OPM = < POC = ( t + )

From fig, in OPM

Sin ( t + ) = x/a

i.e. x = a sin ( t + )

This is equation of particle performing simple harmonic motion

 HOT QUESTIONS

Q – Define molecular range and sphere of influence

Ans: Molecular range: Maximum distance upto which molecular force is

effective is called as molecular range

Sphere of influence: It is an imaginary sphere with molecule as its

center and molecular range as its radius

Q - Define nodes and antinodes

Ans: Nodes: Nodes are particles in stationary waves which do not vibrate
about their mean position i.e. they have zero amplitude

Antinodes: Antinodes are particles in stationary waves which vibrate

about their mean position with maximum amplitude

Q - Distinguish between elastic body and plastic body

Elastic Body Plastic Body

1. The body which exhibits the

1. The body which exhibits the
property of plasticity is called as
property of elasticity is called as
plastic body.
elastic body.

2.Internal restoring force is 2. Internal restoring force is not

developed in the body developed in the body

3.Deformation of body is not 3. Deformation of body is

permanent permanent

Ex. Rubber, all metals – steel, Ex. Clay, mud, wax, plastic,
brass, copper, Quartz chalk, putty, paper
Q - Which is more elastic steel or rubber? Why? OR Why steel is more
elastic than rubber?

Ans: Steel is more elastic than rubber. Because steel comes back to its
original shape faster than rubber when the deforming force is removed

Q - State the factors affecting angle of contact of liquid/fluid OR On

what factors angle of contact depend?

Ans: Nature of liquid, nature of solid, purity of liquid and cleanness of liquid
are the factors affecting angle of contact of liquid

Q - Give the significance of angle of contact

Ans: Significance of angle of contact

1. In case of water in glass container, is acute because force of adhesion

is stronger than cohesion

2. In case of mercury in glass container, is obtuse because force of

cohesion is stronger

3. If liquid completely wet the solid then =0

4. If liquid does not wet the solid then is obtuse

5. If liquid wet the solid then is acute

Q - Define rigidity

Ans: The property on account of which a body does not change its shape and
size even when a large force is applied on it is called as rigidity
Q. Define 1 poise

Ans : The coefficient of viscosity „η‟ is said to be 1 poise if 1 dyne viscous

force is developed between two liquid layers of 1cm2 area for unit velocity
gradient

Q. Write formula for critical velocity for a flow of a liquid through a

pipe

Formula - Vc = η R / rd

Where, Vc = critical velocity of flow of liquid

R = Reynold‟s number

η = coefficient of viscosity

d = density of liquid

r = radius of the tube(pipe)