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complication in
CNS infection:
Evidence Based
Practice
Sofiati Dian
CURRICULUM VITAE
– Knowledge
– Experience
– Advice from a colleague
Evidence based practice
Use the best evidence possible to make clinical decisions for individual patients.
EBP values, enhances, and builds on clinical expertise, knowledge of disease mechanisms, and
pathophysiology
Levels of Evidence for Therapeutic Studies (Centre for
Evidence-Based Medicine)
Level Type of evidence
1A Systematic review (with homogeneity) of RCTs
1B Individual RCT (with narrow confidence intervals)
1C All or none study
2A Systematic review (with homogeneity) of cohort studies
2B Individual Cohort study (including low quality RCT, e.g. <80% follow‐up)
2C “Outcomes” research; Ecological studies
3A Systematic review (with homogeneity) of case‐control studies
3B Individual Case‐control study
4 Case series (and poor quality cohort and case‐control study
5 Expert opinion without explicit critical appraisal or based on physiology bench research or “first
principles”
Grade Descriptor Qualifying Evidence Implications for Practice
– Complication of CNS Infection
(Scheld, 2015)
– Neurologis – Non Neurologis
– Brain edema – Electrolyte imbalance
– Hydrocephalus, – Respiratory and urinary tract infection
– Vascular complications
– Entrapment,
– Seizures
Medical subject heading (MeSH)
Journal searching
– MEDLINE/PubMed
– ( "Central Nervous System Infections/complications"[Mesh] OR "Central
Nervous System Infections/therapy"[Mesh] OR "Central Nervous System
Infections/drug therapy"[Mesh] OR "Central Nervous System
Infections/therapeutic use"[Mesh]
– Clinical trial
– Last 5 years
– 178 hits
– ~ 20 relevant
Complication Intervention Duration Outcome Class evidence
Seizures cystisercosis (Romo, Wyka et al. Albendazole 400 mg 8 days Improvement Level I C
2015) bid generalized
seizures
Hydrocephalus (Thwaites, Macmullen‐Price Dexamethasone 8 weeks Fewer after 60 Level I C
et al. 2007) 0.4 mg/kg tap off days
Infarction (Thwaites, Macmullen‐Price et al. Dexamethasone 8 weeks Fewer after 60 Level I C
2007) 0.4 mg/kg tap off days
Infarction(Mai, Dobbs et al. 2018) Aspirin 1000 mg p.o 60 days 28.9% vs 13.9% Level I
Aspirin 81 mg p.o 28.9% vs 22.2%
mortality
Inflammation and neuronal damage in BM Rifampin 20mg/kg Before ceftriaxon Reduced CSF TNFa
, S100B, neuron
specific enolase
Neurology abnormalities in transverse IV 5 days No conclusion
myelitis (Iro, Sadarangani et al. 2016) methylprednisolone (study did not
vs IV reach the end
methylprednisolone point)
+ IVIG
Fatigue (Peel, Cooke et al. 2015) Coenzyme Q10 60 days No effect
100 mg
Complication
s Intervention Duration Outcome Class evidence
Mortality in postsurgical meningitis Meropenem iv 2g 4 doses Better CSF drug Level IIIb
tid vs 1g tid vs 1 g penetration
qid
Infarction and tuberculoma in TBM Transforming Level III C
growth factor β
(TGF‐β )
Mortality in cryptococcal Dexamethason 6 weeks Higher mortality in Level IA
meningitis(Beardsley, Wolbers et al. 2016) 0.3mg/kg tap off dexamethasone
group
High intracranial pressure in Cryptococcus Minimum 1 LP 69% improvement Level IC
meningitis(Rolfes, Hullsiek et al. 2014) between 7‐11 days of survival
of treatment
– 10 hits for “encephalitis”
– 1 relevants
– 40 hits for “meningitis”
– 7 relevants
– 15 hits for “tetanus”
– 2 relevants
Brain edema
– Definition: excess accumulation of water in the intra‐and/or extracellular spaces
of the brain.
– Mannitol and hypertonic saline (osmotherapy)
– Hyperventilation‐ Controlled hyperventilation
– Other agents (Barbiturates, Procaine, Indomethacin, Propofol, THAM
(Thrometamine)
– Surgical treatment
Non neurologis
– Water and electrolyte disturbance
Fluids for acute bacterial
meningitis
Complication Intervention Outcome Class evidence
Seizures in viral encephalitis Antiepileptic 1st & 2nd prevention Insufficient
Reduction in mortality (anti‐toxin) Vitamin C Mortality Can not
recommended
Muscle spasms and rigidity Diazepam Clinical course + IA
duration of
hospitalization
Brain oedema (Thwaites, Nguyen et al. 2004) 8 weeks Less mortality 9 Level I A
months
Inflammation BM Corticostreroid Hearing loss and 1A
neurological sequelae
Inflammation Eosinophilic meningitis Corticosteroid Reduce headache 1C
Brain oedema BM Osmotic therapy: Mortality Has no effect on
glycerol death
Headache post LP Morphin + cosyntropin Headache 1B‐1C
Aminophylline 1B‐1C
Dexamethason Increased PLPH
Fentanyl, caffeine, Lack of evidence
indomethacin,
dexamethasone
Supplementation critically ill patients Selenium Developing infection/ Insufficient
death
Fluid and electrolyte disturbance in BM No fluid restriction Mortality + No trials for adult
(maintenance‐fluid) neurological sequelae Child: insufficient
Thank you
First, do no harm ‐‐‐ Hippocratic oath
Corticosteroid in Bacterial Meningitis
Vascular complications
– Mtb, T.pallidum, Streptococcus pneumoniae, VZV, fungi, parasites
– Arteritis/vasculitis
– Infection within the media of cerebral vessel walls
– Vasospasm or inflammatory reaction within the vessel walls
– Thrombosis due to vascular inflammation (Aspergillus, toxoplasmosis, zoster
vasculitis, cryptococcal and TBM)