The Islamic University of Gaza

Faculty of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

Numerical Analysis
ECIV 3306

Chapter 5
Bracketing Methods
 PART II ROOTS OF EQUATIONS

Bisection method
Bracketing Methods
False Position Method

Simple fixed point iteration

Roots of Newton Raphson

Equations
Open Methods
Secant
System of Nonlinear
Equations
Modified Newton Raphson
Roots of polynomials

Muller Method
 STUDY OBJECTIVES FOR PART TWO

• Understand the graphical interpretation of a root

• Know the graphical interpretation of the false-position method
and why it is usually superior to the bisection method.
• Understand the difference between bracketing and open
methods for root location.
• Understand the concepts of convergence and divergence.
• Know why bracketing methods always converge, whereas open
methods may sometimes diverge.
• Know the fundamental difference between the false-position
and secant methods and how it relates to convergence
 ROOTS OF EQUATIONS

• Root of an equation: is the value of the equation variable which

make the equations = 0.0

b b 2 4ac
ax 2 bx c 0 x
2a

• But

ax 5 bx 4 cx 3 dx 2 ex f 0 x ?
sin x x 0 x ?
 ROOTS OF EQUATIONS

• Non-computer methods:
- Closed form solution (not always available)
- Graphical solution (inaccurate)

• Numerical systematic methods suitable for

computers
 Graphical Solution

• Plot the function f(x)

f(x)

roots

x
f(x)=0 f(x)=0

• The roots exist where f(x) crosses the x-axis.

 Graphical Solution: Example
c
mg t
• The parachutist velocity is v (1 e m
)
c
• What is the drag coefficient c needed to reach a velocity of
40 m/s if m=68.1 kg, t =10 s, g= 9.8 m/s2
f(c)
c
mg m
t
f (c) (1 e ) v
c
667.38
f (c) (1 e 0.146843c ) 40
c c
c=14.75 Check: F (14.75) = 0.059 ~ 0.0
v (c=14.75) = 40.06 ~ 40 m/s
 Numerical Systematic Methods
I. Bracketing Methods

f(x) No roots or even f(x)

Odd number of roots
number of roots
f(xl)=+ve f(xl)=+ve
roots roots
f(xu)=+ve
x x
xl xu f(xu)=-ve
xl xu
 Bracketing Methods (cont.)

• Two initial guesses (xl and xu) are required for the
root which bracket the root (s).
• If one root of a real and continuous function, f(x)=0,
is bounded by values xl , xu then f(xl).f(xu) <0.
(The function changes sign on opposite sides of the root)
 Bracketing Methods
1. Bisection Method

• Generally, if f(x) is real and continuous in the interval xl to xu

and f (xl).f(xu)<0, then there is at least one real root between

xl and xu to this function.

• The interval at which the function changes sign is located.

Then the interval is divided in half with the root lies in the
midpoint of the subinterval. This process is repeated to
obtained refined estimates.
 f(x)
Step 1: Choose lower xl and upper xu xr = ( xl + xu )/2
guesses for the root such that:
f(xl )
f(xl).f(xu)<0
Step 2: The root estimate is:
xr = ( xl + xu )/2 xl xr1 xu
x

f(xr1) f(xu)
Step 3: Subdivide the interval according to:
– If (f(xl).f(xr)<0) the root lies in the f(x)
(f(xl).f(xr)<0): xu = xr
lower subinterval; xu = xr and go to xr = ( xl + xu )/2
step 2.
f(xu)
– If (f(xl).f(xr)>0) the root lies in the
upper subinterval; xl = xr and go to f(xr2)
step 2. xl xu
x
– If (f(xl).f(xr)=0) the root is xr and stop xr2
f(xu)
 Bisection Method - Termination Criteria

Approximate relative Error :

True relaive Error : X rn X rn 1
100%
X true X approximate a
X n

t 100% r
X true Xu Xl
a 100% (Bisection)
Xu Xl

• For the Bisection Method a > t

• The computation is terminated when a
becomes less than a certain criterion ( a < s)
 Bisection method: Example
c
• The parachutist velocity is mg m
t
v (1 e )
c
• What is the drag coefficient c needed to reach a velocity of 40

m/s if m = 68.1 kg, t = 10 s, g= 9.8 m/s2

f(c)
c
mg m
t
f (c ) (1 e ) v
c
667.38
f (c ) (1 e 0.146843c ) 40
c
c
 f(x)
1. Assume xl =12 and xu=16
f(xl)=6.067 and f(xu)=-2.269
6.067

2. The root: xr=(xl+xu)/2= 14

f(14)=1.569
1.569
3. Check f(12).f(14) = 6.067× 1.569=9.517 >0;
x
the root lies between 14 and 16. 12 14 16
-2.269
4. Set xl = 14 and xu=16, thus the new root
xr=(14+ 16)/2= 15
f(x)
f(14)=-0.425 (f(12).f(14)>0): xl = 14
5. Check f(14).f(15) = 1.569× -0.425= -0.666 <0;
the root lies bet. 14 and 15.
6. Set xl = 14 and xu=15, thus the new root
xr=(14+ 15)/2= 14.5
1.569
and so on…... 15
x
14 16
-0.425 -2.269
 Bisection method: Example
• In the previous example, if the stopping criterion is t =
0.5%; what is the root?

Iter. Xl Xu Xr a% t%
1 12 16 14 ----- 5.279
2 14 16 15 6.667 1.487
3 14 15 14.5 3.448 1.896
4 14.5 15 14.75 1.695 1.204
5 14.75 15 14.875 0.84 0.641
6 14.74 14.875 14.813 0.422 0.291
Bisection method
 Bracketing Methods
Bisection
Example;
Use bisection method to find the root of
3 2
f ( x) x 4x 10
Continue the iterations until the approximate error falls
below a stopping criteria ( s ) = 0.5%
 Flow Chart –Bisection
Start

Input: xl , xu , s, maxi

False f(xl). f(xu)<0

i=0
a=1.1 s

while False
a> s &
i <maxi
Print: xr , f(xr ) , a , i

xl xu
xr
2 Stop
i i 1
 xu+xl =0

True xu xl
a 100%
xu xl

Test=f(xl).
f(xr)

Test= True
0 a=0.0

Test< True
0 xu=xr

False
xl=xr
 Bracketing Methods
2. False-position Method
• The bisection method divides the interval xl to xu in
half not accounting for the magnitudes of f(xl) and
f(xu). For example if f(xl) is closer to zero than f(xu),
then it is more likely that the root will be closer to
f(xl).
 2. False-position Method

• False position method is an

alternative approach where
f(xl) and f(xu) are joined by
a straight line; the
intersection of which with
the x-axis represents an
improved estimate of the
root.
False-position Method -Procedure
f(x)

f(xu)

xl xr xu
x
f(xl) f(xr)

f ( xl ) f ( xu )
xr xl xr xu
f ( xu )( xl xu )
xr xu
f ( xl ) f ( xu )
 False-position Method -Procedure
Step 1: Choose lower xl and upper xu guesses for the
root such that: f(xl).f(xu)<0
Step 2: The root estimate is:
f ( xu )( xl xu )
xr xu
f ( xl ) f ( xu )

Step 3: Subdivide the interval according to:

– If (f(xl).f(xr)<0) the root lies in the lower
subinterval; xu = xr and go to step 2.
– If (f(xl).f(xr)>0) the root lies in the upper
subinterval; xl = xr and go to step 2.
– If (f(xl).f(xr)=0) the root is xr and stop
 False position method: Example
c
mg t
• The parachutist velocity is v (1 e m
)
c
• What is the drag coefficient c needed to reach a
velocity of 40 m/s if m =68.1 kg, t =10 s, g= 9.8 m/s2
f(c)
c
mg m
t
f (c) (1 e ) v
c
667.38
f (c) (1 e 0.146843c ) 40
c
c
False position method: Example f(x)
1. Assume xl = 12 and xu=16
6.067
f(xl)= 6.067 and f(xu)= -2.269

2. The root: xr=14.9113 14.91

x
12 16
f(12) . f(14.9113) = -1.5426 < 0;
-2.269

3. The root lies bet. 12 and 14.9113.

4. Assume xl = 12 and xu=14.9113, f(xl)=6.067 and
f(xu)=-0.2543
5. The new root xr= 14.7942
6. This has an approximate error of 0.79%
False position method: Example
Flow Chart –False Position
Start

Input: xl , x0 , s, maxi

False f(xl). f(xu)<0

i=0
a=1.1 s

while False
a> s &
i <maxi
Print: xr , f(xr ) , a , i
f (x u )(x l x u )
xr xu
f (x l ) f (x u )
Stop
i i 1
 i=1
or
xr=0

True xr x r0
a 100%
xr

Test=f(xl). f(xr)

True
Test=0 a=0.0

True
Test<0 xu=xr
xr0=xr
False
xl=xr
xr0=xr
False Position Method-Example 2
False Position Method - Example 2
 Roots of Polynomials: Using Software
Packages
MS Excel:Goal seek
f(x)=x-cos x