SIAE ALplus2 Tutorial

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ALplus2 - Tutorial
April 2009
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without prior authorization by the company shall be pursued according to law.
SIAE ETH/PDH/SDH SOLUTION
OVERVIEW
The evolution of service traffic over a full-IP network, together with the access bandwidth explosion,
requires increased investments for input and backhauling capacity; this growth must be carefully handled in
such a way capital and operational costs are contained while new revenues come from advanced IP
services, so that margins are preserved. As far as the backhauling network is concerned, this translates into
strong requirements about multiplexing efficiency.
While even legacy services are gradually migrated to IP and new value-added IP-based services experience
a huge growth, it becomes mandatory to adopt a transport technology that is better suited to host packet-
based tributaries, with a higher multiplexing efficiency than TDM-based framing (e.g. E1 or SDH). At the
same time much higher transmission speeds are required (e.g. 1 Gbps per port). The combined effects of
better multiplexing and higher bandwidths per port bring to a reduction of capital and operational costs.
Thus, migrating the backhauling network towards a packet-based paradigm has great business significance.
Aggregation level moving closer to users to efficiently
cope with bandwidth explosion and migration to IP
Radio site
BSC
Ethernet radio link
Ethernet or MPLS-based
network
POC3 POC2
RNC
Radio site
Backhauling Edge Core
Transforming the backhauling stage of the network from a circuit-based transport paradigm to a packet-
based one basically means to extend the current packet edge/core network, moving the traffic
aggregation/multiplexing functionalities one step closer to the user.
For this purpose two possible alternatives can be envisaged: Ethernet backhauling or MPLS-based
backhauling. In the former case Ethernet is used as a network technology to multiplex the different
incoming traffics and to deliver them to the edge MPLS LER. In the latter case the MPLS LER is positioned at
POC3 level so that end-to-end MPLS paths (LSPs) are extended far beyond the edge site (POC2), while
Ethernet is confined to provide layer 2 functionalities.
The choice between Ethernet or MPLS-based backhauling is a result of a reasonable trade-off between
costs and benefits:
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property of SIAE MICROELETTRONICA. No part of this document may be copied, reprinted or reproduced in any material form,
Page 2 of 25 whether wholly or in part, without the written consent of SIAE MICROELETTRONICA. Further, the contents of this document or
the methods or techniques contained therein must not be disclosed to any person.
• An Ethernet-based backhauling solution can be considered less complex than an MPLS one. Even if
Ethernet is inherently a connection-less technology, much work has been done to make it carrier-grade;
SIAE constantly monitors this progress and has always updated its roadmap in order to include new carried-
grade features.
• MPLS is designed having in mind a connection-oriented transport network, carrying connection-less layer
3 protocols such as IP.
Regardless the backhauling architecture adopted, SIAE proposed radio solutions (ALS series) provides an
Ethernet radio solution with the highest level of reliability, scalability and quality of service, allowing the
operator to choose the most convenient architecture (Ethernet-based or MPLS-based), while maximising
investment protection.
SIAE has recently participated to Carrier Ethernet Public Multi vendor Interoperability Test (EANT event)
presenting both split mount and full outdoor solutions.
Interoperability with main core network supplier has been tested and further more SIAE has successfully
tested some advanced features such as adaptive modulation and LLF (please find attached test report also
available at EANTC website) SIAE proposed radio solutions, both split mount (ALS series) and full outdoor
(ALFO)
EANTC-CEWC08-
WhitePaper.pdf
Following chapter will describe how SIAE radio solution can provide an optimized solution for both TDM
and ETH services allowing a smooth migration from a circuit based to a packet based network
whether wholly or in part, without the written consent of SIAE MICROELETTRONICA. Further, the contents of this document or Page 3 of 25
SIAE RADIO SOLUTION
SIAE is willing to offer its ALS MW Radio series based on split mount solution; it is the ideal solution for a
wide range of applications in both access networks and backbone provision.
ALS MW Radio series guarantees a maximum flexibility in term of: capacity upgrade (up to 400/800Mbit/s),
user interfaces (E1, FE, GbE, STM-1) and configurations handled. Moreover the high performance and
reliability, ease of installation, a common management platform, and cost effectiveness make the ALS MW
Radio series the right proper network solution for a wide variety of network applications.
SIAE solution portfolio is based on native-IP technology. It means that IP frames are mapped straight on the
radio frames without any extra overhead. This enables SIAE to guarantee:
• State-of-art performances.
• Minimum latency
• Low jitter
In addition, radio frame can be spit in two with one part dedicated to TDM traffic and the other to ETH
traffic. In SIAE terminology this approach is named double native radio. Being the percentage of the TDM
reserved bandwidth software configurable.
L2 embedded Switch
LAN1
Radio frame manager
LAN2
LAN3
MODEM
PDH MUX
Fig.1 SIAE Double Native Radio

Two separate radio frame streams can manage independently TDM based and ETH based packet traffic
providing full flexibility in SW assigning the radio capacity between E1 and ETH interfaces with 2Mbit/s
step.
Switch Classifier Modulator
E1
TDM MUX Dynamic radio frame manager
Frame Ethernet TDM

TDM
Header ... Ethernet subframe … ... TDM subframe …
Pointer
I – E1 II – E1 III – E1 N – E1
Fig. 2 Native TDM & ETH Traffic Management

ALplus 2 Tutorial
The growing traffic demand at cell site driven by HSxPA, the need of transporting different traffic types with
different characteristics, the evolution of the RAN towards IP with the introduction of IP NodeB is requiring
a step change in the backhaul and access network.
ALS has been designed in order to provide an answer to this need allowing to:
• Increase Capacity managed by a Single Hw platform: From 8 up to Nx400Mbit/s,
• Increase spectrum efficiency thanks to higher order modulation scheme. Single platform can
manages from 4QAM up to 256QAM
• Reduce Capital Expenditure: link upgrade can be done without modifying equipment and
infrastructures, in particular antennas thanks to implementation of adaptive modulation.
• Maintain quality of service for high priority traffic such as voice traffic thanks to QoS Management
• Evolve towards IP based technology: IP/Ethernet based technology will help operators to cope
with the explosion in capacity requirements thanks to embedded statistical multiplexing capability
Using ALS radio series it is possible to aggregate different traffic channel over any mixed combination of
TDM (STM-1 and E1) and Gigabit Ethernet: each radio direction transport up to 400 Mbps traffic that can be
shared between native Ethernet and native TDM traffic using dual engine approach. Embedded switch and
embedded TDM matrix (working at VC-12/E1 granularity) provide full cross-connection between Radio
direction and local interfaces (Gigabit Ethernet, STM-1, NxE1)
ALS radio platform manage full range of Layer 2 Eth features including but not limited to:
• MAC switching
• MAC Address learning / aging
• Auto negotiation
• MDI-MDIX Crossover
• VLAN (per port/ IEEE 802.1Q) & VLAN Stacking (QinQ)
• Quality of Service Layer 2 IEEE 802.1p Traffic class and Layer 3 IPv4 ToS / IPv6 TC,
• Link Loss Forwarding
• 802.3x Flow Control\Back pressure
• Jumbo Frame
All the above mentioned features including also Adaptive Modulation (Sw selectable with up to 8 ACM
profiles) and Synchronous Ethernet will be detailed in the next chapters.
ALS radio series thanks to the use of latest State of the art Design & Technology combine high system gain
with very low power consumption.
This brings to increased MTBF for SIAE radio systems and enhanced reliability of the overall network
ALS RADIO SYSTEMS COMPOSITION
ODU
Considered that the greater cost for both installation and maintenance is mainly given from outdoor unit
(ODU), SIAE has been developed a Universal ODU (named AS) that supports the following features:
• Modulation Scheme 4/8/16/32/64/128/256 QAM
• Radio Capacity from 8 Mbps up to 400 Mbps (per ODU)
• Channel Spacing 7/14/28/56 MHz
Great care has been taken to the design and engineering of mechanical layouts and mounting kits, in order
to facilitate installation and maintenance activities.
The ODUs are provided with Band filters (bandwidth depend on the frequency) and can be supplied in both
integrated and separate antenna solution.
Power consumptions, physical dimensions and weight are shown in below table (for 1+0 and 1+1
configuration).
Physical dimensions
Power Consumption ≤ 27W ≤ 54W

Weight ~ 5,5Kg ~ 15Kg (included hybrid)
SIAE can furthermore offer a cost effective ODU version named AL which is limited to 32QAM Modulation
and a maximum capacity of 106Mbit/s
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IDU
SIAE propose following IDU:
• IDU ALC plus 2 Compact
• IDU AL plus 2 Modular
Both IDUs adopt Native Ethernet solution; enables to handle Terminal and Nodal configuration with a
capacity up to 400Mbit/s per ODU with modulation from 4 to 256 QAM full adaptive.
IDU ALC plus 2 Compact

Terminal/Nodal
Main features are:
• Modulation Scheme 4/8/16/32/64/128/256 QAM with 8 ACM profiles
• Radio Capacity from 10 Mbps up to 400 Mbps (per managed ODU)
• MAX TDM capacity per ODU 80xE1
• Configurations 1+0/1+1, Nx(1+0)/Nx(1+1), N max = 8
• Interfaces 4xGE+STM-1 (1+1 MSP)+16xE1+ Nodal bus expansion
Nodal configurations with full cross connection capability for TDM traffic and switching for Eth traffic are
supported. Please refer to chapter Node functionality for further details.
All TDM traffic (NxE1) coming from radio direction (80xE1 per direction) or line side (16xE1) can
automatically be mapped over any VC12 of STM-1 interface. Add & drop functionality for STM-1 interfaces
is embedded in the equipment.
As basic solution Packet IDU Compact is available with the following traffic ports:
- 4xFE/GE (electrical) + 2xGE(electrical or optical with SFP) + 2xE1(RJ45)
Even if physical Ethernet ports are 6 the number of Ethernet ports simultaneously usable cannot exceed 4.
So it is configurable to have maximum Ethernet transport capability of:
- 4 electrical FE/GE
- 2 electrical FE/GE + 2 optical GE
2 Expansion plug in modules are available on the basic version to increase interfaces availability:
Expandable module: 1xSTM-1(MSP protected) + 16xE1+Nodal Bus (with cross connection matrix)
Expandable module: 16xE1

STM1 physical access is provided with SFP pluggable modules
16xE1 physical access is provided with G.703 75/120 Ohm SCSI connectors.
GE physical access is provided with SFP pluggable module when Electrical/Optical option available.
(10/100/1000BASE-T 10/100/1000BASE-X SFP pluggable modules)
Also 2xE1 may be dedicated to transport E1 traffic, to supervision or to synchronisation purposes and are
also present:
- Two Fast Ethernet ports for configuration and managements purposes.
- Secure digital card reader bay exclusively dedicated to automatic configuration purpose.
- USB port and User input I/O ports also are available locally.
Note that It is also possible to have Ethernet synchronization through GE interfaces.
2xNMS 2xSTM-1 2xE1 TDM EXP Bus 16xE1 tributaries Power Supply
10/100/1000 Alarm
1000 optical ETH SD Card USB ODU interface
Electrical ETH IN/OUT
ALC plus 2 Compact IDU

The main cards that make up this IDU are the following:
1. CRT - Controller: which includes the main system CPU and provides TMN access, and
RIM - Radio Interface Module: which include the power supply unit, circuitries for modemodulation
including the cable interface for the connection to the Outdoor Unit (ODU).
2. Expansion Module TDM (16xE1) or alternatively Expansion module TDM + Nodal (16xE1+STM-1
(1+1MSP) + Nodal Expansion – Line Interface Module: which includes traffic interfaces and
baseband signals processing.
IDU AL plus 2 Modular

Terminal/Nodal
Main features are:
• Modulation Scheme 4/8/16/32/64/128/256 QAM with 8 ACM profiles
• Radio Capacity from 10 Mbps up to 800 Mbps
• Configurations 1+0/1+1/2x(1+0)
• MAX TDM capacity per ODU 80xE1
• User Interfaces type 2xFE/GE 2x GE (el or opt with SFP) + 2xSTM-1 (or 1+1 MSP)+16xE1
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All TDM traffic (NxE1) coming from radio direction (80xE1 per direction) or line side (16xE1) can
automatically be mapped over any VC12 of STM-1 interface. Add & drop functionality for STM-1
interfaces is embedded in the equipment.
1 3
AL plus 2 Modular IDU
The main cards that make up this IDU are the following:
1. CRT – Controller: which includes the main system CPU and provides TMN access, IN/OUT
Alarms, Service and Wayside Channels interfaces
2. LIM – Line Interface Module: which includes traffic interfaces and baseband signals
processing.
3. RIM – Radio Interface Module: which include the power supply unit, circuitries for
modemodulation including FEC corrector and the cable interface for the connection to the
Outdoor Unit (ODU). This unit can be duplicated to implement protected configurations
In the LIM card are present the following traffic interfaces:

2xFE/GE 2x GE (el or opt with SFP) + 2xSTM-1 (or 1+1 MSP)+16xE1
STM1 physical access is provided with SFP pluggable modules

16xE1 physical access is provided with SCSI connectors
GE physical access is provided with SFP pluggable module when Electrical/Optical option available.
In the controller card are also available:
- service channels and user input I/O

- Two Fast Ethernet ports dedicated to configuration and managements purposes.
- Secure digital card reader bay exclusively dedicated to automatic configuration purpose.
- USB port and User input I/O ports.
SIAE can furthermore offer a cost effective IDU version named ALC plus which is limited to 32QAM
Modulation and a maximum capacity of 106Mbit/s
IDU PHYSICAL DIMENSION & POWER CONSUMPTION
Physical dimensions for both Compact and Modular version are reported here below:
W H D
ALC plus 2 Compact IDU 1+0/1+1 – 1RU 480 45 270
With cross connection matrix
ALC plus 2 Modular IDU 1+0/1+1/2+0 – 480 45 270
1RU
With Cross connection matrix
Regarding power consumptions:

Configuration Dissipation
Compact - IDU PACKET 1+0 ≤ 27W
1+1 ≤ 34W
2x(1+0) ≤ 54W
2x(1+1) ≤ 68W
Modular - IDU PACKET 1+0 ≤ 57W
1+1 ≤ 62W
2x(1+0) ≤ 62W
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ETHERNET FEATURES
ALS radio solutions implement an innovative ACM engine with 8 different profiles. As in IDU TDM+ETH and
IDU SDH all unused bandwidth is dedicated to ETH traffic, however with ALS radio, TDM bandwidth is not
fixed anymore and can be dynamically assigned. If the capacity of the in-use ACM profile is not able to carry
the whole configured bandwidth, the number of active E1 is automatically reduced while the remaining
bandwidth is dedicated to ETH, as usual.
ALS radio systems have an Ethernet switch able to route the Ethernet frames between its ports on the basis
of the Layer 2 header information, with the following standard features:
• MAC learning with max 8000 MACs.
• MAC Aging, with aging time ranging from 0 to 4000 in software-configurable steps of 16 seconds.
• VLAN (per port/ IEEE 802.1Q) & VLAN Stacking (QinQ)
• Quality of Service Layer 2 IEEE 802.1p Traffic class and Layer 3 IPv4 ToS / IPv6 TC
• IEEE 802.1d/w Spanning Tree Protocol and Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol.
The ALS radio series supports both standard IEEE 802.1d (Spanning Tree Protocol) and standard IEEE
802.1w (Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol) topology protection mechanism for both ring and mesh topologies
In addition to 802.1, also the following features are available:
IEEE 802.3x Flow control functions
ALS radio series makes use of the 802.3x flow control mechanism. More specifically it makes use of the
PAUSE packet containing the indication of how long the peer should hold from sending packets. Such an
indication must be retransmitted every time the indicated time period expires, until the congestion status is
cleared. As long as the congestion status lasts, PAUSE messages will contain increasing values of the
suspension period, up to a maximum value. Starting and maximum value can be configured. On the
transmitting side the PAUSE message is received causing the transmission to be restrained with possible
packet discard due to queue overflow. Since the standard PAUSE message does not contain indications
about the traffic type to put on hold, the transmitting side may apply different discarding policies, e.g. keep
on sending EF traffic while holding BE and AF traffic.
IEEE 802.3ad Link aggregation for parallel links.
oLink bundling on the radio link. SIAE PACKET RADIO series allows radio link aggregation of more than one
radio link, in order to obtain an Ethernet point-to-point radio connection with a capacity greater than the
single radio link capacity. Radio Link Aggregation can be done by merging the traffic of two, three or four
radio connections.
oEthernet link aggregation SIAE PACKET RADIO series supports link aggregation as defined in IEEE 802.3ad
“Link aggregation for parallel links” so that Fast Ethernet ports can be bundled together to provide higher
bandwidth links without need to equip GE ports thus preventing inefficient utilization of transmission
bandwidth. SIAE PACKET RADIO series implementation provides static configuration of the links belonging
to a group.
Rate Limiting
Rate Limiting on ALS radio series allows configuring the maximum rate on a Tributary Ethernet port. The
limit is configurable port by port and is applied on the packets that enter into the port. The limitation is
applied through an algorithm used to guarantee that the mean throughput does not exceed the limit. At
the same time, however, some data bursts exceeding the limitation are allowed, because they are essential
for the proper functioning of the TCP/IP protocol. The rate limit can be configured with a wide set of values
ranging from 64kbs up to the maximum port capacity (100Mbs on Fast-Ethernet ports or 1000Mbs on
Gigabit-Ethernet ports).
VLAN management features
The Layer 2 Ethernet switch integrated into ALS radio series supports the IEEE 802.1Q VLAN management.
Several VLANs can share the same transmission medium. In this case, to classify the traffic, a 4 byte header
is added to the Ethernet frame containing the relevant VLAN ID (VLAN identifier). This header is named TAG
802.1Q and is defined by the IEEE 802.1Q standard.
On ALS radio equipments VLANs can be activated in two different ways:
• Based on port (VLAN per port), where the membership of the VLAN does not care about the packet
content but is related to a local port attribute. This means that the membership of the VLAN is
based on the port on which traffic is received and each packet received on a specific port will be
forwarded only to the ports that belong to the same VLAN per port.
• Based on IEEE 802.1Q TAG (VLAN Table), where the membership of the VLAN is defined by the
VLAN ID (VLAN identifier) TAG content.
VLAN stacking (QinQ)
VLAN staking (also named QinQ) is a feature that allows an Ethernet frame to include more than one IEEE
802.1Q TAG. The scope of VLAN staking is to differentiate the traffic at different levels when the packets
must cross networks managed by different entities.
For example we can consider the case of a WAN connection provided by a Service Provider to a company to
connect some remote offices to a main site. The packets on the company LAN can be tagged on the basis of
the rules stated by the Company’s Network Administrator. However, also the Service Provider could need
to TAG the traffic in order to carry this traffic independently from the traffic of other companies. So, for
example, when a packet leaves the remote office to enter the WAN connection, the Service Provider can
add a second TAG to the packet with an ID that identifies the customer. In this way the first TAG (with the
company ID) still remain on the packet, but it is not used to route it on the Service Provider Network.
Finally, when this packet has reached the Main Site, the Service Provider TAG is dropped and the WAN
connection can be fully transparent.
The ALS radio series supports the VLAN staking. Once a packet enters into the radio it is possible to add a
new IEEE 802.1Q TAG with an ID that depends from the port
QoS - Quality of Service management
ALS radio can manage QoS in three different ways:
• IEEE 802.1p QoS (Layer 2 Quality of Service), where the traffic is prioritised according to the three
bits of the TAG 802.1Q.
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• IPv4 ToS/DSCP (Layer 3 Type of Service of the IP v4 header), where the traffic is prioritised
according to the six bits of the ToS (DSCP).
• IPv6 TC/DSCP (Layer 3 Traffic Class of the IP v6 header), where the traffic is prioritised according to
the six bits of the TC (DSCP).
QoS can be activated at level 2, at level 3 or at both levels, depending from user requirements.
The integrated switch has four queues where the packets are stored in case of traffic congestions. The
priority management is done by sending the packets on these output queues. The traffic is sent to each
queue on the basis of its 802.1p, ToS/DSCP or TC/DSCP values. The correspondence between either the
802.1p, ToS/DSCP or TC/DSCP values and each output queue can be set via software.
Integration of adaptive Modulation and Quality of Service Management

A layer 2 Switch, with traffic classification (with L2 & L3 support) is integrated inside the radio IDU.
A dual engine base band processor splits the radio frame in two. One part is reserved for existing TDM
traffic (if any), the second for ETH data.
The amount of air frame, reserved to TDM, is SW configurable. No extra overhead is required for packet
encapsulation.
EF
limiting
Rate
QOS marked
-
r
Classifie
traffic - AF
ETH Output
Outp
BE
Sched ule
link
Sched
r
Dro ppe d
packe ts
L2 / L3 Support
Dynami Moul ator
c frame IF
manage
TDM r
TDM/Packet Mux
Modulator
Building Block BB
The bandwidth reduction due to changed conditions on the radio link impacts (automatically, thanks to the
WFQ scheduling mechanisms) the low priority traffic on the total transmission capacity.
The priority management is done by sending the packets on these output queues, based on the selected
QoS management.
Regarding the output scheduling, different options are available (software selectable):
• Strict Priority: First all the packets from the highest priority queue are transmitted, the all the
packets from the second queue, and so on.
• Weighted Fair Queue (W.F.Q.): The packets are sent following the 8-4-2-1 rule. I.e., first are
transmitted 8 packets from the highest priority queue, then 4 packets from the second queue, then
2 packets from the third queue and finally 1 packet from the lowest priority queue.
The 8-4-2-1 values are not fixed but are SW configurable
For TDM traffic it is possible per each of the 8 Adaptive Code and Modulation Profiles to distinguish
between high priority and low priority E1s.
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ADAPTIVE MODULATION
A radio communication system should be designed with a nominal received level well above its threshold.
This allows withstanding received signal reduction in bad weather conditions. This procedure has a
drawback: when propagation conditions are favourable the system could support higher data traffic but it
cannot increase its throughput unless it changes its modulation scheme.
SIAE radio systems can do that, through Adaptive modulation.
Main characteristics
SIAE implements MSE based Adaptive Modulation in all channel bandwidths. 8 ACM profiles are provided,
each one can be selected by SW in order to build a user configured Adaptive Modulation Profile
Each profile has several characteristics including: modulation, coding rate, active tributaries, BW allocation
for each tributary, policing rules for E1 links, etc. ACM profile change occurs in airframe boundaries. Each
airframe has a header which informs the receiver on the ACM profile in use in the following frame. This
allows the receiver to stay synchronized to the received data stream and to avoid data traffic hits (errors)
when changing profiles.
Fig. 3 ACM Profiles managed by ALS platform
Capacity will be automatically adjusted, according to the following table
Fig. 4 Capacity managed by ALS platform
Operation: the Radio equipment can be configured to move from one profile to another based on the
received SNR or other parameters that can be calculated from the Rx DSP (e.g. equalizer status, FEC
decoder stress, etc).
Hysteresis: the Radio equipment allows to pre-program upper and lower threshold levels at each profile.
Service Impact: when jumping from one profile to another no errors are introduced to the traffic. The
allocated bandwidth for a certain service may change in different profiles, or the entire service may be
added or dropped all together.
Performance: Dynamic range: modulation types of QPSK to 256QAM can be used in the same ACM
application, allowing for ACM dynamic range of more than 20dB; in addition ATPC process can be enabled
to extend the previous range.
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NODE FUNCTION
SIAE radio solutions can manage independent directions providing:
• Full cross connection for TDM traffic (thanks to the embedded matrix).
• Traffic re-routing according to destination MAC address (thanks to the embedded matrix).
SIAE IDU Nodal solution can route both TDM (E1, STM-1) through TDM cross connect matrix and ETH traffic
through embedded layer 2 switch with any mixed combination.
PDH (nxE1) traffic can be either add & drop locally, pass through from 1 direction to another or inserted in
any VC12 of STM-1 line side; the same apply to the Ethernet traffic.
IDU nodal solutions present a significant cost saving for the telecom operators allowing to:
• reduce the number of IDU,
• reduce the cabling thanks to the embedded cross connection
• avoid use of external ADM thanks to embedded add & drop capability
• avoid site re-intervention to reconfigure traffic capacity
The number of different directions that IDU Nodal can be handled depends on type/model of IDU.
The approach proposed by SIAE in order to manage a nodal site is based on a single IDU capable of handling
up to two independent directions. The maximum Cross-Connect Capacity is 239xE1 no-blocking per each
IDU
The following picture shows a Nodal site using ALplus2 modular 1U
Nodal Interconnections in Packet IDU Modular
NxGbE
2xSTM-1 16xE1 SIAE Product Portfolio
39 All rights reserved © Siae Microelettronica S.p.A.
Nodal Interconnections in Packet IDU Compact (N-concept)

The maximum Cross-Connect Capacity is 285xE1 no-blocking per each IDU module.
Thanks to the embedded 126xE1 high speed nodal bus it is possible to extend the number of managed
directions to N.
Below typical arrangement for advanced nodal configurations using Packet IDU Compact :
1 1
2 2
4xFE/GE 2x(16xE1)
6xFE/GE 3x(16xE1)
Nodal 2x(1+1) configuration Nodal 2x(1+0) + (1+1) configuration
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SYNCHRONISATION
Using “Dual-Engine” technology approach, it is possible to transmit Ethernet and TDM traffic
simultaneously. As result, it is always possible to reserve a single E1 for synchronization.
The equipments are always able to transport synchronism between terminals, with an accuracy of 50pbb.
Using this feature, 2 Mbps of radio capacity are loosed and reserved to synchronization.
The radio clock is not related to “symbol rate". Different frequencies are used for two signals (one can be
obtained with a re-sampling operation of the other).
Clock signal is retrieved using a dedicated E1 radio signal transmitted out of band only for synchronization
purposes.
Synchronisation of the equipment is accomplished through the SETS (Synchronous Equipment Timing
Source) settings. The following synch sources can be chosen (software selectable):
• A tributary E1
• A tributary STM-1
• Internal clock source
• Remote source
Furthermore SIAE ALS series (ALC plus 2 Compact IDU) can manage Synchronous Ethernet (according to
ITU-T G.8261, 8262, 8264) on both the FE and GE interfaces.
Up to 2 FE/GE physical interfaces can be configured for synchronous operation.
ALS solution is therefore suitable for both new radio access network based on IP traffic (3G full IP or hybrid
node B) and traditional 2G network based on E1 traffic.
SIAE can provide also solutions using external equipments, with implementation of Pseudo Wire
functionalities. In this way, it is possible to provide integrated solutions for operators in order to
transparently transport ATM traffic over E1 or GSM traffic over Ethernet.
Please refer to next chapter for further characteristics of SIAE solutions for PWE3 management for both
standard E1 and ATM over E1 interfaces.
DOUBLE NATIVE APPROACH AND FULL IP APPROACH
Introduction of Ethernet interfaces provide embedded statistical multiplexing allowing to optimize use of
transmit capacity.
In terms of Eth traffic management the Dual Native approach and Full IP approach are equivalent while
TDM traffic can be alternative.
• Providing TDM emulation over Ethernet (Full IP Solution)
The radio solution needs to statically configure a pseudo-wire emulated circuit over Ethernet (Metro
Ethernet Forum, MEF3). TDM traffic need than to be (de )encapsulate by the End devices while
intermediate packet radio devices need to switch Ethernet traffic and preserve QoS treatment to the
different traffic classes (either looking at the VLAN tagging, to the 802.1p bits).
PWE3 emulation identify a wide set of protocols to map Legacy interfaces (E1, STM-1, E1 ATM, …) and
Ethernet interfaces over a packet switch network (Ethernet, MPLS, IP)
• Providing native TDM interfaces support (Dual Native solution)
Packet radio solution needs to map both TDM traffic and Ethernet traffic over the radio frame.
Statistical multiplexing is embedded in Native ETH interface while for TDM traffic transport over a ETH
network we can have two possible scenarios.
TDM traffic
Simple CES with PWE3 emulation does not provide any multiplexing efficiency for TDM traffic (static TDM
traffic is simply transported in a tunnel over the ETH pipe). Considering that No traffic classification is
performed so no radio resource overbooking can be achieved SIAE has decided to implement Native TDM
Interfaces on its ALS packet radio solution which less complex (lower cost) and more efficient for TDM
traffic than providing embedded PWE3 capability.
ATM traffic over TDM (IMA)

Combining PWE3 emulation and ATM switching capability it is possible to provide multiplexing efficiency
for ATM traffic.
For ATM traffic where a significant multiplexing efficiency could be achieved, SIAE propose to combine its
ALS packet radio solution with certified partner solution to provide support to the full range of PWE3
protocols including full support of ATM switching capability and synchronization feature. Those devices
have been tested for their capability to transfer ATM QOS to ETH transport layer. This allows ATM traffic
being concentrated as it was standard ETH traffic, with easy radio resource overbooking.
Major benefits of this solution are listed in the following:

• Reduced number of PW circuits
• Reduced CAPEX
• Higher statistical gain
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SIAE tested this configuration with Tellabs in order to guarantee end-to-end performances, without any
compatibility issues. SIAE tested also its solutions in last EANTC event in Berlin in to guarantee
interoperability between its native ETH radio and third parties solutions.
This allows a PWE3 circuit to be transferred trough the whole network, without any need of intermediate
processing.
Please find attached a short document illustrating how SIAE ALs radio systems have been tested together
with Tellabs.
Tellabs 8600 -
SIAE MW - Interoperability Test Report (FINAL DRAFT).pdf
CONCLUSION
Dual Native solution provide following benefits:
• higher efficiency since TDM traffic will not mapped over the Ethernet frames there is no additional
overhead to be taken into consideration (typical overhead of PWE3 emulation is 10% of the payload)
• reduced latency: typical latency introduced by PWE3 emulation (due to buffer size required) is 5ms
compared to native TDM latency which is less than 200 microseconds (25 times lower)
• embedded synchronization: Native TDM interfaces can be used to synchronize the network while using
PWE3 emulation you need to support all the protocols required to synchronize your network using
Ethernet frames (Synch ETH and/or IEEE 1588, …)
• compatibility: compatibility of TDM and ETH traffic interfaces in any existing network is assured by
compliance to relevant standard (IEEE, ITU-T) while for PWE3 circuit need to be generated and terminated
by same supplier in order to avoid compatibility and circuit provisioning problems
Native IP solution (supported by SIAE with SIAE certified partner solution) provide multiplexing efficiency
for ATM traffic
The choice between two solutions is a result of a reasonable trade-off between costs and benefits.
NETWORK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
NMS5UX is the system proposed by SIAE Microelettronica for the management and centralised supervision
of all equipment included in its product catalogue (PDH and SDH digital point-to point radio systems, point
to multi-point radio systems, flexible multiplex and SDH add-drop multiplex).
NMS5UX already installed at Customer premises premises can fully supervise (through relevant SW
upgrade) all existing Network element and the new ALS radio series described in this document.
SNMP based NMS
All SIAE radio systems have an embedded SNMP agent.
All SIAE radio systems are fully managed through the same NMS system allowing a consistent cost saving in
operation and maintenance activities. Integration with upper layer NMS are available.
NMS SW is fully in house designed.
Fully SW monitoring
SIAE radio systems can be fully monitored (Alarms and Performance Monitoring), configured and upgraded
(SW and firmware upgrade) through local supervision and central NMS.
Local management is available through embedded web browser interface without any proprietary SW.
NO EXTERNAL INSTRUMENTS are required for operation & maintenance
Fault Management
The collection of status and alarm information, the notification to the user and the support to the damage
diagnosis for a dedicated steering of the field intervention and repair/replacement activities are the
primary scope of a management and supervision system like NMS5UX/LX.
In it, there is a spontaneous notification of the status variations coming from the equipment, thus reducing
the waiting time between the origin of the alarm event and the information being received by the
centralised system. The periodical interrogation of network elements made by NMS5UX is kept to the sole
purpose of verifying that each network element can be reached at any time.
The NMS5-UX/LX system manages six standard alarm severity levels: undefined, cleared/normal, warning,
minor, major, critical.
The alarm event notification and the consequent continuous control of the operating status of the network
are continuously reported to the user through:
• Change of colour of the icon,
• Variation of “Network Alarm Summary”.
These are the archives available to the user for the alarm analysis:
• Log of current alarms, showing all active alarms in the network.
• Historical log of alarms.
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• Historical log of equipment.
Operators are given the possibility of accessing alarm records according to user-defined criteria (“filters”).
Configuration Management
Network Drawing
As support for the graphical representation of the network of controlled equipment, NMS5UX/LX provides:
• Network hierarchical diagram.
Based on the geographical network layout, the whole network can be divided in sub-networks. In
each sub-network, the equipments can be further grouped in accordance to criteria defined by the
user, e.g. the station, the type of equipment … Several icons are available, to show equipment
containers or other containers or equipment (network elements). Connection links are graphical
tools representing how the equipment is connected. The icon colour is used to show the operating
condition of the equipments contained in each icon.
• Map definition.
A map is defined as a specific graphical network diagram, designed in accordance to geographical
criteria or areas of responsibility. NMS5UX can manage several maps. The access to each map or
group of maps can be allowed or restricted, in accordance to the privileges assigned to each user. In
this way, the management and supervision of the network can be set, based on a hierarchical
division by areas of responsibility.
Equipment Configuration and Test

All configuration parameters locally settable via LCT (Local Craft Terminal) are remotely settable via
NMS5UX as well.
Configuration parameters are stored by remote equipment in non-volatile memory. Although all NMS5-
UX/LX operators can read this information, its modification is permitted to authorized users only (please
refer to the Security Management section).
As all configuration changes are reported to the central system, this latter is always updated with the real
configuration and current alarm status of remote equipment.
The following operations are available to the operator:
• NE Parameters SET/GET Operations – they allow reading and updating the configuration
parameters relative to a NE.
• Configuration Parameters Download – this function downloads all configuration parameters
relative to a NE in a format specified by a predefined file.
• Consistency Check – this function flags all inconsistencies between the NE database and a
predefined file.
• Configuration Parameters Upload – this function allows uploading the current configuration
parameters for storage and later retrieval.
Hardware and Software Inventory
NMS5UX allows the centralised collection of inventory data, relevant to both hardware (serial number and
release number of the installed hardware) and software (firmware and software release numbers loaded
on any equipment module).
Hardware inventory data are available and exportable towards other systems, for several purposes, e.g. the
management of the spare parts store.
Equipment firmware and software can be updated from NMS5UX/LX.
New versions of firmware and software can be remotely loaded on the equipment, for instance to increase
functionalities and/or to remove possible malfunctioning of the equipment.
The download of the software can be simultaneously set on more equipment and can be prompt or time
deferred.
Performance Management
The quality counters made available by NMS5UX/LX for any controlled equipment in the network are an
important indication of the quality of service provided and of the proper operation of the equipment.
Standard quality counters are available (G.828 counters, Transmitted and Received Power counters …) and
are managed in accordance to the G.784 Recommendation.
The NMS5UX/LX automatically collects the quality counters, through periodical readings from the
equipment. An archive with data stored during the last six months is available, for the interrogations sent
by the user.
In order to check the quality of Ethernet traffic for equipment with Ethernet tributary cards, SIAE Network
Element and as consequence NMS5UX/LX support RMON. NE and NMS5UX/LX are according to RFC 2819
“Remote Network Monitoring Management Information Base” for the MIB groups statistics { rmon 1 },
history { rmon 2 }, alarm { rmon 3 } and event { rmon 9 }.
Traffic data records can be accessed by means of user-friendly graphical tools.
Security Management
During the login process, users are requested to enter two pieces of information: user name and password.
These allow the system to recognize the user as an authorised operator and define his access rights. User
names can be added/removed by the system manager only. User access rights are defined in terms of
“Functional Access Domain” and “Network Access Domain”
Functional Access Domain
Five security levels exist in the NMS5-UX/LX system:
Read-only – allows to access all attributes in read-only mode
Normal – allows to access and update all NE attributes
Advanced – as “Normal”, but allows updating the assigned network map
Privileged – as “Advanced”, but allows updating all network maps
ALplus 2 Tutorial
Superuser – as “Privileged”, but allows to add/remove users
Network Access Domain
The Network Access Domain is the set of NEs to which an operator has access right.
Network access is controlled by granting access rights to one or more maps. Operators can view and act
only on network entities included in the maps they are authorized for.
Transaction Log
All user operations that modify system configuration (i.e. user login/logout, network update, inclusion of
new equipment, equipment parameter update...) are registered by the system in the “Transaction Log” and
the following features are provided to the user:
Inspection – users may read the contents of the log
Selection – users may define record searching criteria
Deletion – users may delete uninteresting records
Printing – users may print the selected records

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SIAE MICROELETTRONICA

Backhauling Edge Core

Fig.1 SIAE Double Native Radio

Switch Classifier Modulator

TDM MUX Dynamic radio frame manager

Frame Ethernet TDM

Fig. 2 Native TDM & ETH Traffic Management

Power Consumption ≤ 27W ≤ 54W

IDU ALC plus 2 Compact

Expandable module: 16xE1

ALC plus 2 Compact IDU

IDU AL plus 2 Modular

AL plus 2 Modular IDU

In the LIM card are present the following traffic interfaces:

STM1 physical access is provided with SFP pluggable modules

In the controller card are also available:

- service channels and user input I/O

Regarding power consumptions:

Modular - IDU PACKET 1+0 ≤ 57W

Integration of adaptive Modulation and Quality of Service Management

Dynami Moul ator

Fig. 3 ACM Profiles managed by ALS platform

Capacity will be automatically adjusted, according to the following table

Fig. 4 Capacity managed by ALS platform

Nodal Interconnections in Packet IDU Modular

Nodal Interconnections in Packet IDU Compact (N-concept)

Nodal 2x(1+1) configuration Nodal 2x(1+0) + (1+1) configuration

ATM traffic over TDM (IMA)

Major benefits of this solution are listed in the following:

Dual Native solution provide following benefits:

Equipment Configuration and Test

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