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Bachelor Of Technology
(CIVIL ENGINEERING)
Under the supervision of By Project Members
Er. Gaurav Juneja
Associate Professor Ilyas Hussain(BT4010291)
Piyush Justa (07btl5010779)
Rohit Kumar( BT4010240)
Manzoor Ahmad(BT4010269)
Ishfaq Rashid(BT4010292)
Himanshu Chauhan(BT4010265)
Nihal Tomar(BT4010228)
Anit Kumar(BT4010255)
Anit Raj(BT4010289)
Jomnya Taye(07btl5010789)
Subhana Kosar(BT4010298)
Maroof Khan(BT4010253)
Sameer Ahmed(BT4010281)
Sahil Sharma(BT4010243)
Vivek(BT4010249)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Nowadays, considerable attention has been paid to the utilization of alternative materials,
which bear higher engineering quality than traditional materials and are financially affordable.
Soil is one of the most important materials used in a variety of construction projects including
earth canals and earth dams. The fact that soil may provide all the resistance characteristics
necessary for a project illustrates the importance of various methods used to improve soil
quality. Clay soil is widely used in most of the construction projects. Clay soils, particularly
soft clay soils, have good plastic properties so that increased moisture results in their decreased
shear strength, compressive strength and volume changes. These damages typically take an
irreparable toll on structures, which further clarifies the importance of soil improvement.
Considering millions of tons of waste produced annually across the country, which not only
poses the problem of disposal but also adds to environmental contamination and health risks,
utilization of such refuse and industrial wastes and their subsidiary products as alternatives to
minimization of their adverse effects on the Environment. In the present study, eggshell powder
was used as a waste to combine with soil so that index properties compaction and shear
strength properties of clay soil were investigated at different mixture proportions. Then the
shear strength of soils already measured, were compared with those of the experimental
i
Contents Page no.
List of Figures
List of Tables
Abstract
Chapter – 1
INTRODUCTION
Chapter – 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.2.1 Definition
2.1.3 Method
Chapter – 3
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
Chapter – 4
ii
RESULTS AND DISSCUSSIONS
4.5 Discussion
CONCLUSIONS
References
iii
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
For any land-based structure, the foundation is very important and has to be strong to support the
entire structure. In order for the foundation to be strong, the soil around it plays a very critical role.
So, to work with soils, we need to have proper knowledge about their properties and factors which
affect their behavior. The process of soil stabilization helps to achieve the required properties in a
From the beginning of construction work, the necessity of enhancing soil properties has
come to the light. Ancient civilizations of the Chinese, Romans and Incas utilized various methods
to improve soil strength etc., some of these methods were so effective that their buildings and
In India, the modern era of soil stabilization began in early 1970’s, with a general shortage
of petroleum and aggregates, it became necessary for the engineers to look at means to improve
soil other than replacing the poor soil at the building site. Soil stabilization was used but due to the
1
use of obsolete methods and also due to the absence of proper technique, soil stabilization lost
favor. In recent times, with the increase in the demand for infrastructure, raw materials and fuel,
soil stabilization has started to take a new shape. With the availability of better research, materials
and equipment, it is emerging as a popular and cost-effective method for soil improvement.
Here, in this project, soil stabilization has been done with the help of cement and egg shell
powder. Egg shells are obtain as waste after the use of eggs. The improvement in the shear strength
parameters has been stressed upon and comparative studies have been carried out using unconfined
compression test.
goals:
• Increasing safety factor against slope, levees and earth dam sliding
2
CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Soil stabilization is the process of altering some soil properties by different methods,
mechanical or chemical in order to produce an improved soil material which has all the desired
engineering properties.
Soils are generally stabilized to increase their strength and durability or to prevent erosion
and dust formation in soils. The main aim is the creation of a soil material or system that will hold
under the design use conditions and for the designed life of the engineering project. The properties
of soil vary a great deal at different places or in certain cases even at one place; the success of soil
stabilization depends on soil testing. Various methods are employed to stabilize soil and the
method should be verified in the lab with the soil material before applying it on the field.
• Deciding the property of soil which needs to be altered to get the design value and choose
• Designing the Stabilized soil mix sample and testing it in the lab for intended stability and
durability values.
3
Soil properties vary a great deal and construction of structures depends a lot on the bearing
capacity of the soil, hence, we need to stabilize the soil which makes it easier to predict the load
bearing capacity of the soil and even improve the load bearing capacity. The gradation of the soil is
also a very important property to keep in mind while working with soils. The soils may be well-
graded which is desirable as it has less number of voids or uniformly graded which though sounds
stable but has more voids. Thus, it is better to mix different types of soils together to improve the
soil strength properties. It is very expensive to replace the inferior soil entirely soil and hence, soil
• It improves the strength of the soil, thus, increasing the soil bearing capacity.
• It is more economical both in terms of cost and energy to increase the bearing capacity
of the soil rather than going for deep foundation or raft foundation.
• It is also used to provide more stability to the soil in slopes or other such places.
• Sometimes soil stabilization is also used to prevent soil erosion or formation of dust,
• Stabilization is also done for soil water-proofing; this prevents water from entering into
the soil and hence helps the soil from losing its strength.
• It helps in reducing the soil volume change due to change in temperature or moisture
content.
2.1.3 Methods
• In this procedure, soils of different gradations are mixed together to obtain the desired
property in the soil. This may be done at the site or at some other place from where it
4
can be transported easily. The final mixture is then compacted by the usual methods to
• It refers to the addition of manufactured products into the soil, which in proper quantities
enhances the quality of the soil. Materials such as cement, lime, bitumen, fly ash etc. are
used as chemical additives. Sometimes different fibers are also used as reinforcements in
the soil.
It is important to mention here that recent trends on soil stabilization have evolved
innovative techniques of utilizing local available environmental and industrial waste material for
the modification and stabilization of deficient soil. In the process of soil stabilization and
modification emphasis is given for maximum utilization of local material so that cost of
construction may be minimized to the minimum extent. At the same time safe disposal of
agricultural and domestic wastes become challenging task for engineers. Hence an attempt has
been made by researchers to use agricultural and domestic wastes as soil stabilizers. The beneficial
Rice husk ash is a major agricultural product obtained from paddy. For every 40 kN of rice
10kN of husk is produced. The husk is disposed off either by dumping it in an open heap near the
mill site or on the road side to be burnt later. Burning the rice husk generated about 15-20% of its
weighing as ash. The ash being very light is easily carried by wind and water contributing to air
and water pollution. The huge quantity of ash generated requires large areas for disposal. The high
5
percentage of siliceous material present in rice husk ash indicated that it has pozzolanic properties.
The normal method of conversion of husk to ash is by incineration. Musa Alhassan investigated
soil-RHA with respect to compaction characteristics, California bearing ratio (CBR) and
unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests. The results obtained, indicates a general decrease in
the Maximum Dry Density (MDD) and increase in Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) with
increase in RHA content. There was also slight improvement in the CBR and UCS with increase in
the RHA content. Hence Rice husk ash can be used as stabilizer to solve many problems associated
The Bagasse Ash is the fibrous waste produced after the extraction of the sugar juice from
cane. This material usually poses a disposal problem in sugar factories particularly in tropical
countries. In many tropical countries there are substantial quantities of Bagasse (the fibrous residue
from the crushing the sugar cane) and husks from rice both are rich in amorphous silica, which
react with lime. Mohammed Abdullahi investigated and reported that The Optimum Moisture
Content (OMC) increased while Maximum Dry Density (MDD) decreased with increasing bagasse
and cement content when added with lateritic soil. The cohesion decreases while the angle of
internal friction increases. This may be due to reduction of clay - size fraction. The liquid limit
reduced while the plastic limit increased and consequently the plasticity index reduced with
increase in bagasse ash content. The reduction in plasticity was due to a reduction in liquid limit.
Groundnut shell is an agricultural waste obtained from milling of groundnut. The ash from
groundnut shell has been categorized under pozzolana, with about 8.66% Calcium Oxide (CaO),
6
1.93% Iron Oxide (Fe2O3), 6.12% Magnesium Oxide (MgO), 15.92% Silicon Oxide (SiO2), and
6.73% Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3). The utilization of this pozzolana as a replacement for traditional
stabilizers will go a long way in actualizing the dreams of most developing countries of scouting
for cheap and readily available construction materials. Groundnut shell ash has been used in
concrete as a partial replacement material for cement. Oriola, Folagbade et al conducted a series of
laboratory tests such as unconfined compressive Strength and California Bearing Ratio tests on
highly expansive soil with ground nut shell ash and observed improvement of UCC and CBR
values. Hence ground nut shell ash in soil stabilization gives greater benefits to the environment
Olive waste is the byproduct obtained from extracting the olive oil from olives. The
quantity of the by-product olive cake residue generated in most parts of the Mediterranean
countries continues to increase and expected to be double in amount within 10–15 years. This
increase intensifies the problems associated with the disposal of this by-product. Olive cake
residue has a potential for use as a soil stabilizer and large volumes can be beneficially used. This
study is directed towards determining if olive cake residue can be utilized to increase the strength
and stability of expansive soils which constitute a costly natural hazard to lightweight structures on
shallow foundations. Mousa F. Attom et al proposes a partial solution to the problems associated
with the increase of olive waste in Jordan. Chemical analysis was performed to identify the
constituents of the olive waste after burning at 550°C. A laboratory study consists of the following
tests on samples treated with burnt olive waste: Atterberg Limits, Unconfined Compressive
Strength, Standard Proctor Density, and Swelling Pressure tests. It was found that the addition of
2.5% by weight of the burnt olive waste will increase the unconfined compressive strength and the
7
maximum dry density, while the addition of 7.5% of the olive ash by weight minimizes the
swelling pressure of the soil. The test results show promise for this material to be used as stabilizer
commercial and household waste. Domestic waste materials include paper waste, plastics,
1) Waste papers
Waste paper refers to discarded forms of newspaper, magazines, office paper and other
paper products of various grades and fibers. According to Tchobanoglousb et al. (1993) waste
paper constitutes the largest component of municipal solid waste by weight. The types of paper
that are recyclable include newspaper, corrugated cardboard, high-grade paper, and mixed paper.
The process of waste paper recycling begins at the community level where it is sorted and left for
collection. After collection it is sorted further at the waste collection facility and finally baled or
shredded. Although the vast majority of this waste paper is recycled to produce other paper
products, its use has been extremely limited in highway applications, mainly in aesthetic
applications.
2) Plastics
Plastics are much more varied in terms of origin and properties. Trash bags, plastic pipes,
milk jugs, battery casings, plastic cups/plates, and plastic soda bottles all are potential sources for
waste plastic. These sources are composed of various types of polymers among them Poly
Ethylene Terephthalate (PETE) in soda bottles, High- Density Polyethylene (HDPE) in milk
8
bottles, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) in piping, Low-Density Poly Ethylene (LDPE) in thin film
packaging, Polypropylene(PP) in crates, and polystyrene (PS) in cups/plates. The properties of the
recycled plastic rest mainly on the type of resin or polymer used in the product, as are recycling
options and processing. For example, reclaimed HDPE and PETE bottles are granulated into small
flakes and separated by floatation. The flakes are then melted and turned into pellets or formed into
plastic lumber.
3) Waste glass
The majority of recycled glass is used as feed stock for the production of other glass
composed primarily of silicon dioxide (sand) and sodium carbonate. Crushed waste glass typically
exhibits angular particles. Further crushing can cause a decrease in the angularity and produce a
material similar in properties to natural sand. Waste glass was investigated for use in asphalt
4) Carpet waste
Carpet waste, also referred to as carpet fibers, consists of waste from industrial production
and discarded consumer carpet. The carpet waste generated each year and accumulated in landfills
represents an abundance of useful resources, as it may be converted into various useful products.
The rate of carpet disposal is about 2-3 million tons per year in the U.S. and about 4-6 million tons
per year worldwide. A carpet typically consists of two layers of backing (usually fabrics from
polypropylene tape yarns), joined by CaCO3 filled styrene-butadiene latex rubber (SBR), and face
fibers (majority being nylon 6 and nylon 66 textured yarns) tufted into the primary backing. To use
post-consumer carpet as concrete or soil reinforcement, the carpet is shredded to recover fibers. It
is generally not necessary to disassemble yarns in the carpet into individual fibers. Youjiang Wang
9
studied the use of Recycled carpet waste fibers as reinforcement in concrete and soil to improve
their properties. Besides performance enhancement, the use of recycled fibers for concrete and soil
reinforcement offers additional benefits such as low cost raw materials, resource utilization and
5) Scrap tires
Scrap tires perhaps rank among the most extensively researched and implemented recycled
materials in recent years. Potentially usable forms include whole tires, sliced tires, tire chips, tires
herds, and smaller, soil-like particles referred to collectively as crumb rubber. A typical whole
scrap automobile tire weighs about 91N, while a typical truck tire weighs about 182N. However
not all of the rubber is recoverable. The size of the tire chips is a function the shredding machine
itself. To produce a smaller sized chip, it is often necessary to employ more than one processing
machine. Slit tires are basically whole tires spit in half or have the sidewall separated from the
tread. Shredded or chipped tires undergo two stages of shredding. Primary shredding produces
strips 30 to 45cm in length. Secondary shredding produces lengths of 10 to 15cm. Ground rubber is
produced as regularly shaped and cubical particles as large as ¾ of an cm. Crumb rubber exhibits
fine particles ranging in size from passing No.4 to No.200 sieves. Composed primarily of various
types of rubber, recycled tire shreds also contain carbon black, polymers, and fabrics as well as
steel wire or belt materials. Craig H. Benson after his investigation reported that Shredded tires can
be used as lightweight fill, backfill behind the retaining walls, construction of high strength
embankments, drainage material, daily cover at a landfill, thermal insulation to protect landfill
lining systems from freezing and also used in leachate collecting systems because scrap tires can
6) Eggshell powder
10
Eggshell Powder (ESP) has not being in use as a stabilizing material and it could be a good
replacement for industrial lime, since its chemical composition is similar to that of lime. Chicken
eggshell is a waste material from domestic sources such as poultries, hatcheries, homes and fast
food centers. This amounts to environmental pollution. Eggshell waste falls within the category of
waste food, they are materials from the preparation of foods and drinks, if subjected to adequate
scrutiny, and they could be suitable for soil stabilization. The use of lime for stabilization is
Literature has shown that eggshell primarily contains lime, calcium, and protein. It has
being in use as a source of lime in agriculture, which confirms that lime is present in considerable
amount in eggshell. Subsequent findings revealed that ESP was used for stabilization of a cohesion
less soil in Japan. This study is thus directed towards identifying eggshell powder as an effective
stabilizing agent by replacing a certain percentage of lime in the stabilized soil with ESP. Since the
quantity of eggshell that may be required for ‘stabilization of a large area may not be met, it is
suggested ‘that the ESP be used as a supplement in lime stabilization. O.O. Amu et al studied the
effect of eggshell powder on the Stabilizing Potential of Lime on an Expansive Clay Soil. He
conducted series of tests to determine the optimal quantity of lime and the optimal percentage of
lime-ESP combination. The optimal quantity of lime was gradually replaced with suitable amount
of eggshell powder. Results of the Maximum Dry Density (MDD), California Bearing Ratio
(CBR), Unconfined compression test and Untrained triaxial shear strength test all indicated that
11
2.3 Soil properties
1) Shrinkage Limit:
This limit is achieved when further loss of water from the soil does not reduce the volume
of the soil. It can be more accurately defined as the lowest water content at which the soil
2) Plastic Limit:
This limit lies between the plastic and semi-solid state of the soil. It is determined by
rolling out a thread of the soil on a flat surface which is non-porous. It is the minimum
water content at which the soil just begins to crumble while rolling into a thread of
3) Liquid Limit:
It is the water content of the soil between the liquid state and plastic state of the soil. It can
be defined as the minimum water content at which the soil, though in liquid state, shows
small shearing strength against flowing. It is measured by the Casagrande’s apparatus and
is denoted by wL.
12
2.3.2 Specific gravity
Specific gravity of a substance denotes the number of times that substance is heavier than
water. In simpler words we can define it as the ratio between the mass of any substance of a
definite volume divided by mass of equal volume of water. In case of soils, specific gravity is the
number of times the soil solids are heavier than equal volume of water. Different types of soil have
Sand 2.63-2.67
Silt 2.65-2.7
Table-2.1
13
2.3.3 Shear strength
Shearing stresses are induced in a loaded soil and when these stresses reach their limiting
value, deformation starts in the soil which leads to failure of the soil mass. The shear strength of a
soil is its resistance to the deformation caused by the shear stresses acting on the loaded soil. The
shear strength of a soil is one of the most important characteristics. There are several experiments
which are used to determine shear strength such as DST or UCS etc. The shear resistance offered is
i) The structural resistance to the soil displacement caused due to the soil particles getting
interlocked,
ii) The frictional resistance at the contact point of various particles, and
In case of cohesion less soils, the shear strength is entirely dependent upon the frictional
resistance, while in others it comes from the internal friction as well as the cohesion.
This is the most common test used to determine the shear strength of the soil. In this
experiment the soil is put inside a shear box closed from all sides and force is applied from one
side until the soil fails. The shear stress is calculated by dividing this force with the area of the soil
mass. This test can be performed in three conditions- undrained, drained and consolidated
14
This test is a specific case of triaxial test where the horizontal forces acting are zero. There
is no confining pressure in this test and the soil sample tested is subjected to vertical loading only.
The specimen used is cylindrical and is loaded till it fails due to shear.
CHAPTER-3
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
3.1 Scope of work
The experimental work consists of the following steps:
3. Determination of the maximum dry density (MDD) and the corresponding optimum
15
3.2 MATERIALS USED
Soil
The soil used in this study was collected from village sahnewal District Ludhiana. The
sample was thoroughly oven dried, weighted and stored in sacks at room temperature. The general
properties of the soil was thoroughly studied in the laboratory. The soil was tested for liquid limit,
optimum moisture content, maximum dry density and unconfined compression strength.
Eggshell powder (ESP) has not being used as stabilizing material and it could be good
replacement for industrial lime, since it’s chemical composition is similar to that of lime. Chicken
eggshell is a waste material from domestic sources such as fast food joints and homes. Literature
has shown that eggshell powder primarily contains CaO (99.83%) and the remaining consists of
Al2O3, SiO2, Cl, Cr2O3, MnO and CuO. The eggshell waste was washed and dried before
grinding. The eggshell powder was sieved using IS Sieve No.200 (75μ), and the powder passing
the sieve was used. This sieve was chosen in order to achieve a uniform powdery.
16
3.3 Brief steps involved in experiments
The specific gravity of soil under investigation was determined as per standard density
bottle method and with usual test method prescribed in I.S. 2720 (Part 3) 1980.
The pycnometer was dried thoroughly and weighted with cap tightly screwed on. The cap
and pycnometer was made with a vertical line parallel to the axis of the pycnometer so that each
time the cap was screwed the same amount. The cap was unscrewed and about 200gm of oven
dried soil passing 4.75mm I.S. Sieve was put in and weighted again. Sufficient water was add to
cover the soil about half full and cap was screwed on. It was then shaken well and connected to
vacuum pump to remove entrapped air. Air was allowed to evacuate for at least 20 minutes.
Pycnometer was shaken occasionally to assist in the air evacuation. After the entrapped air had
been largely removed, the pump was disconnected and pycnometer was filled with water about
three fourth full. Vacuum was reapplied for at least 5 minutes. Evacuation was continued until very
few bubbles appear on the top of the water. After the air had been eliminated, pycnometer was
filled with water completely up to the mark. The pycnometer was dried from the outside and
weighted. Then pycnometer was filled with water up to its top and screwed. The pycnometer was
weighted after drying it on the outside thoroughly. The test was repeated twice more.
(𝑤2−𝑤1)
Specific Gravity =
(𝑤4−𝑤1)−(𝑤3−𝑤2)
17
3.3.2 Liquid limit
The Liquid limit of the soil under analysis was determined according to the standard
About 120 gm. of oven dry soil was sieved through 425 micron I.S. sieve after that soil
mixed with known quantity of water in a dish for obtain uniform past. After required time of
maturing of soil to ensure that water will penetrate into the pores of soil, a small amount of soil of
this paste is placed in the cup of the liquid limit device, and the surface is smoothened and levelled
with a spatula to a maximum depth of 1 cm. By using casagrande tool width 2mm at bottom, 11
mm at top and 8mm deep a groove is cut through the sample along the symmetrical axis of the cup
in one stoke.
After cut by groveling tool, the handle of casagrande tool is turned until the two parts of
the soil sample come in to contact the bottom of the groove along a distance of 12mm at a rate of 2
revolutions per second and number of blows were recorded ranging between 25 and 40 at
incensing percentage of water. Moisture content at recorded number of bows as per the standard
For determination of the plastic limit of a soil I.S. 2720 (Part 5)-1970 was followed. Soil is
air-dried and sieved through a 425𝜇 IS sieve. About 30gm of soil is taken in evaporating dish. It is
mixed thoroughly with distilled water till it becomes plastic and can be easily molded with fingers.
About 10gm of the plastic soil mass is taken in one hand and ball is formed. The ball is
rolled on a glass plate to form a soil thread of uniform diameter. The rate of rolling is kept about
18
80 to 90 strokes per minute. The process is repeated till the thread crumbles. The water content at
which the soil starts crumble just about 3mm diameter is determine by standard procedure.
Ip = WL - WP
Liquid Limit, wL
Fig.-3.1
19
3.3.4 Standard Procter Test
This test was performed as per standard procedure laid down in I.S. 2720 (Part 7) 1965. It
consists of mound 1000 ml capacity with an internal diameter of 100 mm and internal effective
height is 127.3 mm. The hammer has a mass of 2.6 kg and the free fall o hammer is 310mm.
About 2.5 Kg of oven dry and cooled soil was taken. The soil was sieved through I.S sieve
of 4.75mm. This soil was mixed thoroughly by adding 10% of water by weight. The sample was
covered with wet cloth and allowed to mature. The mould was cleaned, dried and greased lightly.
The empty mould attached to base plate was weighted without collar. The collar was then attached
to the mould. The mixed soil sample then placed n mould to about one-third of its height and each
layer was compacted by 25 free falls of standard hammer. The soil surface of compacted soil was
screeched with spatula before the second layer was placed. Utmost care was taken that blows were
equally distributed over the surface of each layer. After three layers were laid, collar
was removed and excess of the soil was trimmed of to make it level with mould. Mould and soil
together was weighed. Its dry density was determined as per the standard procedure.
𝑊𝑒𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
Dry density (gm. /cc) = 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡
1+
100
20
3.3.5 Unconfined Compression Strength Test
This test was conducted as per I.S 2720 (Part 10) - 1973
a) Preparation of Sample
Required quantity of oven dried soil was sieved through I.S sieve 475𝜇 and then soil
sample was prepared by taking into consideration of weight of the soil calculated from the volume
of mould and maximum dry density. Tap water was used and mixed at O.M.C. A homogeneous
sample was prepared by mixing thoroughly the soil and water in an open bowl. Mould used was
split type and it was properly greased with oil from inside and soil mixture prepared was put in
layers and compacted. The sample was removed by splitting the mould into two parts.
The specimen was placed on the bottom plate of the unconfined compression machine
(proving ring type) then raised gradually to make its contact with the upper plate. The dial gauge
and proving ring were set to zero. The compression load was applied to the specimen by turning
the handle to produce an axial strain of 1⁄2 to 2% per minute. The shearing was continued till the
specimen failed. The compression force was determined from the proving ring reading and axial
strain was counted from the dial gauge reading. Three samples were tested in this way and the
average reading was considered by taking least count of proving ring as 0.5kg/ division and by
21
qu = 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 ⁄𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎(𝐴′ )
qu = Compressive stress
CHAPTER- 4
RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
22
Determination No.
S.No Observation and calculations
1 2
1 Mass of empty pycnometer (M1) 624g 624g
Calculations
(5)
7 G = (5)−(6) 2.71 2.74
Table- 4.1
23
4.2 Index Properties
Determination No.
S.No Observation and calculations
1 2 3 4
Calculations
Table-4.2
60
50
50 44.32
42
38
40
Water content (%)
30
20
10
0
10 100
Number of blows (N)
Fig.-4.1
Determination No.
S.No Observation and calculations
1 2
Calculations
Table- 4.3
5 Mass of water = (M2-M3 ) gm. 1.2gm 1.27gm
Result.
Plastic Limit 6 Mass of dry soil = (M3-M1 ) gm. 4.96 5.23gm 24.23%
(5) Plasticity
7 Water content, w = × 100 % 24.19% 24.28%
Index = (6) Liquid Limit –
Plastic Limit
= 45-24.33 = 20.67
From Liquid Limit chart soil was CI type
By similar method liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity index is determined at various
percentage of ESP and results of experiment shown in
25
5 36.5 21 15.5
10 34 22 12
15 33.7 22.8 10.9
20 33.9 23.8 10.1
Table- 4.4
PI PL LL
45
40
35
% WATER CONTENT
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
ESP %
Fig.-4.2
Fig show that up to 15 of ESP is added, there is a considerable decrese in PI, and after that value
26
Determination No.
S.No Observation and calculations
1 2 3 4
Table-4.5
1.76
1.7419
1.74
Dry Density ,𝜌𝑑
1.72
1.7
1.6846
1.68
1.66
1.6468
1.64
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
water content, w (%)
Fig.-4.3
0 16.2 1.45
1 16.3 1.42
3 17 1.40
5 17.85 1.395
27
10 18.9 1.39
15 19 1.375
20 19 1.34
Table-4.6
It can be inferred from Figure 4 that there is increase in OMC with increase ESP. The
17.8
17.6
free silt and clay fraction 17.4
17.2
17
and coarser materials with 16.8
16.6
16.4
larger surface areas were 16.2
16
1.5 0 20 40
formed. This implies also
Maximum Dry Density (gm/cc)
1.48 % ESP
that more water is needed in 1.46
1.44
order to compact the soil- 1.42 Fig.-4.4
1.4
ESP mixture.
1.38
1.36
The MDD decreases 1.34
1.32
by increase the content of 0 10 20 30
% OMC
ESP. The MDD decreases
in MDD can be attributed to replacement of soil by the ESP which has relatively low specific
gravity
Fig.-4.5
28
5.4 Unconfined Compression Test
1. Unreinforced
2.5
2
Axial Stress
kg/cm2
1.5
Fig.- 4.6
0.5
As
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Strain
29
30
Conclusions
Egg shell powder is added in the Clay Soil. Following conclusions were
obtained based on the experimental investigations
The Optimum Moisture content was found to be increased
o The California bearing ratio was found to be increased.
o The unconfined compressive strength will be increased.
o specific gravity of the clay was found to be 2.7
o Addition of various % of egg shell powder and quarry dust
into the soil progressively decreases Optimum
moisture and increases Maximum dry density.
References