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Permanent Magnet
Motor Design
Second Edition
15
16 Chapter 2 Magnetic Modeling
sively as a design tool. Rather, it is most often used to confirm or improve the results
of analytical design work. For this task, finite element analysis is indispensable.
As opposed to the complexity and numerical nature of finite element analysis, the
simplicity and analytic properties of magnetic circuit analysis make it the most com-
monly used magnetic field approximation method for much design work. By making
the assumption that the direction of the magnetic field is known throughout an appa-
ratus, magnetic circuit analysis allows one to approximate the field distribution ana-
lytically. Because of this analytical relationship, the geometry of a problem is clearly
related to its field distribution, thereby providing substantial design insight. A major
weakness of the magnetic circuit approach is that it is often difficult to determine the
magnetic field direction throughout an apparatus. Moreover, predetermining the
magnetic field direction requires subjective foresight that is influenced by the experi-
ence of the person using magnetic circuit analysis. Despite these weaknesses, mag-
netic circuit analysis is very useful for designing brushless permanent magnet
motors. For this reason, magnetic circuit analysis concepts are developed in this
chapter.
B = µH (2.1)
B
dx
dy +
dz H
–
One of these relates flux density to flux, and the other relates field intensity to mag-
netomotive force.
To develop magnetic circuit analysis, let the material in Fig. 2-1 be linear and let the
cross-sectional area exposed to the magnetic flux density B grow to a nondifferential
size as shown in Fig. 2-2. Accumulating all the flux densities passing through each
differential size block gives the total flux denoted φ. This sum can be written as the
integral
∫
φ = Bz ( x , y ) dx dy (2.2)
In many situations one can assume that Bz(x,y) can be or must be assumed to be con-
stant over the cross section. Under this assumption the above integral simplifies to
φ = BA (2.3)
where B is the constant flux density and A is the cross-sectional area of the block. In
the International System of Units (SI), B is specified in Webers per meter squared
2
(Wb/m ) or Tesla (T). Thus flux φ is specified in Webers (Wb). This equation forms the
B
dx
dy +
dz H
–
first fundamental equation of magnetic circuit analysis. In Fig. 2-2, the change in the
field intensity across the block remains equal to H, as each differential cross section
making up the entire block has a field intensity of H, and all cross sections are in par-
allel with each other.
Next, consider stretching the block in the z-direction as shown in Fig. 2-3. As the
block is stretched in the z-direction, the flux φ flows through each succeeding layer of
thickness dz creating a change in the magnetic field intensity of H for each layer.
Thus, the total change in the field intensity is the sum of each differential amount,
∫
F = H dz = Hl (2.4)
where F is defined as magnetomotive force (MMF) and l is the length of the block in the
z-direction. The SI units for H is Amperes per meter (A/m) and thus MMF has the
units of Amperes (A). Equation (2.4) defines the second fundamental equation of
magnetic circuit analysis.
Connecting these two fundamental equations is the material characteristic given in
(2.1). Substituting (2.3) and (2.4) into (2.1) and rearranging gives
φ = PF (2.5)
where
µA
P= (2.6)
l
B
dx
l
dy +
dz H
–
1 l
R≡ = (2.7)
P µA
F =φR (2.8)
which is analogous to Ohm‘s law written as V=IR, with reluctance being analogous
to resistance. At this point the analogy between electric and magnetic circuits ends
because current flow through a resistance constitutes energy dissipation, whereas
flux flow through a reluctance constitutes energy storage.
where C is any closed path or contour and I is the total current enclosed by the con-
! !"
!" !
tour. In this expression, H ⋅ dl is the vector dot product between the vector field
intensity and a differential vector dl on the contour C. The direction of H with respect
to the total current I is related by the right hand screw rule: Positive current is defined
as flowing in the direction of the advance of a right hand screw turned in the direction in
z b c
r
i
a d
which the closed path is traversed. Alternately, the magnetic field produced by a current
flowing in a wire has its direction defined by the right hand rule as shown in Fig. 2-5.
Application of the above relationship to the contour enclosing N turns carrying a
current of i amperes as shown in Fig. 2-4 gives
b c d a
∫
a
∫
b
∫
c
∫
I = Ni = H ab dz + Hbc dr + Hcd ( −dz ) + Hda ( −dr )
d
(2.10)
where Hαβ is the component of the field intensity coincident with the αβ section of
the contour. If the core has infinite permeability, it can be shown that the magnetic
field is confined to the core and has a z-direction component only. For finite perme-
abilities much greater than that of the surrounding material, the field is essentially
I H
confined to the core also; thus all terms in the above equation except the first, are
zero. Using this assumption, the above simplifies to
∫
Ni = Hdz = Hl
a
(2.11)
where N is the number of turns enclosed, i is the current, and l=|b–a|. Since the
product of the field intensity H and length l is an MMF according to (2.4), (2.11)
implies that a coil of wire is modeled as an MMF source of value F=Ni. This MMF
source is analogous to a voltage source in electric circuits. Intuitively, an MMF source
provides pressure that pushes a fluid called flux through a magnetic circuit. Since
MMF is given by the product of current and turns, MMF is often described in units of
Ampere-turns. However, since turns is dimensionless, it is ignored in SI units giving
MMF units of Amperes, as discussed previously.
It is important to note that the value of the MMF source is not a function of the
length of the cylinder taken up by the coil. The cylinder itself must be modeled as a
reluctance or permeance as described earlier. Hence, a practical winding about a core
is modeled as an MMF source in series with a reluctance, as shown in Fig. 2-6.
Pga = µoA/g