FORMATE MATTERS

Issue no. 10 – March/April 2016 NEWS AND OPINION FROM CABOT CORPORATION cabotcorp.com/cesiumformate

NEW STUDY: SAVE WEEKS DRILLING AND

COMPLETING WITH FORMATE FLUIDS

According to Ridge’s study, formate fluids deliver significant increases in ROP – 74% higher for HPHT platform wells, 38% higher for HPHT subsea wells and 68% higher for non-HPHT subsea wells

A new benchmarking study of 89 North Sea wells proves rig-time savings of up to 26 days when the optimum combination of well
construction strategy and fluid type is chosen. Cesium and potassium formate fluids perform better than oil-based muds (OBMs) in
both open-hole and cased and perforated (C&P) well constructions.

We engaged Ridge AS to undertake an
independent benchmarking study of
how different well construction fluids in
combination with common drilling and
completion strategies affect rig time. The
study of 56 high-pressure high-temperature
(HPHT) wells and 33 non-HPHT wells
provides a database for helping predict
construction times for comparative well
developments.
Fastest vs. slowest
Open-hole standalone sand screen (OH SAS)
completions are faster than C&P completions,
but fluid choice plays a crucial role in
optimising operations and saving further
time and costs. In fact, switching from C&P
completions using OBMs to OH SAS with
formate fluids saves over three and a half
weeks of rig time (see figure, p. 3).
Formate fluids also significantly speed up
both well completion techniques. Ridge
calculates:
 17 days of rig-time savings in C&P wells –
compare scenarios 3 and 5 in figure
 13 days of rig-time savings in wells
completed in simple OH SAS –
compare scenarios 1 and 2 in figure
Best-practice drilling
Ridge compares drilling time for operations
completed with OBMs versus those using
formate fluids and concludes: “It is evident
that wells drilled with cesium/potassium
formate are significantly faster than wells
drilled with OBM.” The report then asks ‘why?’
Ridge provides several reasons for formate
fluids’ improved performance based on a
comprehensive literature review and findings
from the benchmarking study:
 Longer bit runs and improved rate of
penetration (ROP). Average ROP with
formate fluids is 74% higher for HPHT
platform wells, 38% higher for HPHT
subsea wells and 68% higher for non-
HPHT subsea wells.
 Formate fluids provide lower equivalent ABOUT RIDGE
circulating densities (ECDs), eliminate
Ridge AS, formerly Subsurface AS, is
risk of barite sag, improve borehole
an independent consulting company
stability, provide better kick detection
headquartered in Norway with one of
and minimise time to circulate out gas.
the largest HPHT well engineering teams
 Fewer wiper trips due to stable mud
in the country. Ridge provides well and
properties and elimination of sag.
completion support for many ongoing
 Less mud conditioning with formate
field developments in the North Sea and is
fluids compared to OBMs.
Achilles JQS registered.
 Faster and fewer flow checks.
 Improved hole cleaning in horizontal
wells – lower ECDs permit higher pump READ ON
rates and more turbulent flow.
Page 2
 Pumps ramp up much quicker after
Join our workshops
connections without ECD-spike risk, due
to fragile gels in formate fluids. Page 3
Life of brine
 Faster tripping through lower ECDs and
larger swab/surge margins. Page 4
 Reduced tool failures through better
Full-scale testing reveals ROP
enhancing properties of formate brines
cooling in formate fluids.
Page 4
Site unseen?
Win a Parrot
Continued on page 3 drone!
2 – FORMATE MATTERS Issue no. 10 – March/April 2016

FORM
ATE
TECH
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CHEM
NEW MANUAL UPDATES!

MAN
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AND P
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PROP
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What are formate fluids? What are their benefits? Should I consider using them in my next well?
FO
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What does the latest research show? There are always questions, which is why we hold seminars
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Stavanger and Aberdeen on 15 and 18 April respectively. To reserve your place, please send an email
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intervention and completion design, well

integrity, wellbore stability, performance
Get the latest additions to drilling and formation damage. The keynote
the formate manual speaker at all events was Professor Eric
van Oort, Consultant and Chairman of
Our comprehensive formate manual Genesis RTS and Lancaster Professor in
is a live document continually Petroleum Engineering at the University of
updated with the latest research and Austin, Texas who presented his current
knowledge on formate brines. In the research on wellbore stability and drilling
last months, A2 Brine density and performance that highlighted significant
PVT data, A7 Thermophysical ROP increases in shales with formate
properties and B14 Solubility in fluids. All three workshops enjoyed good
non-aqueous solvents have all been industry participation with drilling and
renewed, the latter with substantial completion engineers from oil and gas and Professor Eric van Oort presenting his latest research. Why not book your own complimentary
new material. For your complimentary formate fluids workshop or seminar?
service companies such as Petronas,
downloads, please visit Premier Oil, KPOC, Bien Dong, Cuu Long, Allan Grossart, segment manager oil and They were a great success with
cabotcorp.com/formatemanual. Chevron, Saudi Aramco, Scomi and gas, says: “We really value the support constructive and lively debate, and lots of
M-I Swaco attending. shown from visitors during the workshops. opportunities to network.”

DID YOU KNOW?

THE VERSATILITY OF CESIUM FORMATE

Cesium formate has been described as the ‘Swiss army knife’
of brines due to its wide range of uses.
Drilling, completion, intervention and Additionally, the brine dissolves hydrate
workover applications are well established, plugs. The heavy cesium formate pill is
but lesser known is its effectiveness as a pill easily spotted on top of a hydrate plug and
for breaking OBM filter cake, releasing stuck gravity helps the brine to attack and
pipe and dissolving hydrates. dissolve the hydrate plug very efficiently.

Cesium formate brine’s versatility is due to Cesium formate brine’s monovalent nature
its unique properties, particularly its natural and mildly alkaline pH also mean it’s safe to
high density and low water activity. With no handle. These qualities give it good
added solids it is available and fully stable up environmental credentials with a gold rating
to 2.3 g/cm3/19.2 lb/gal. As no additives or from the United Kingdom’s Centre for
mixing are needed, cesium formate is Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture
brought into play quickly and rig inventory Science, and similar approvals from other
and deck space used for additive storage is environmental organisations worldwide.
greatly reduced.
It all adds up to a highly versatile brine for
A typical application where speed is of the specific applications or stand-by purposes
essence is differentially stuck pipe. Cesium for those unforeseen events that need a
formate brine works fast downhole disrupting fast response.
and effectively breaking OBM filter cake. Cesium formate brine quickly disrupts and breaks filter cake to release differentially stuck pipe
Issue no. 10 – March/April 2016 FORMATE MATTERS – 3
Continued from page 1
Completion choice
Ridge then studied completion type and
fluid choice. Jan Tore Hatland, co-author
of the Ridge report, says: “For completion
operations, time savings are generally
much less intuitive and are, to a much
larger extent, related to how various fluids
enable more time-efficient completion
solutions, rather than direct time savings
from the fluids. The study shows that low-
solids formate fluids are enablers for the
fastest types of completions.”
Ridge observed that OH lower completions
are typically delivered significantly
faster than C&P completions. Low-solids,
formate screen-running fluids enable
OH completions and are compatible with
clear formate brine in overbalanced upper
completions.
Further, the report shows that C&P
completions with drill-pipe-conveyed
perforation in overbalanced fluid are
delivered significantly faster than
C&P completions with wireline (WL) or
coiled tubing (CT) underbalanced post-
completion perforations. This is most
likely due to the long rig-up time for CT/
WL operations, combined with the limit
of perforation guns per run. Low-solids
or solids-free formate perforation fluid
combined with clear formate brine in
upper-completions enable overbalanced
tubing-conveyed perforations.
Importantly, Ridge notes that clean-up to
LIFE OF BRINE
John Downs, aka ‘the father of formates’, stepped into retirement last year knowing that he has initiated a revolution in well construction
fluids. John’s interest in brines dates back more than 40 years. After graduating from Bath University, United Kingdom with a degree in
biology in 1973 he joined Shell Research as a fermentation technologist growing bacteria to create products such as xanthan gum. To
gain greater control over the fermentation process, John started growing bacteria on clear brines containing all of the bacterial nutrients
in soluble form. Production rates increased and John filed his first xanthan patent.
Bring on the brines
John joined Shell Chemicals in the 1980s,
selling xanthan to the oil industry as a
drilling fluid viscosifier. In the meantime, his
colleagues in Shell Research discovered
great synergy between xanthan and a
novel class of clear brines based on sodium
formate and potassium formate. These
formate brines viscosified with xanthan
made excellent solids-free drilling and
completion fluids. John took this exciting
new technology with him in 1990 when
he moved to Shell’s E&P laboratory in the
Netherlands as a senior scientist tasked with
developing better drilling and completion
fluids. John explains: “Back in the 90’s, well
drilling fluids were barite-laden slurries from
a bygone era that slowed down drilling and
Predicted construction times for a 500-metre 8.5" reservoir section
55
rig is usually not required when low-solids
cesium formate fluids replace solids- 50
laden OBMs for lower completions. 2
45
26 16.8 9.6
Predicted drilling and completion time [days]
days days days Time saved
Risk reduction 40 10
Clean-up
In addition to time and cost savings, Perforation
35
Ridge finds formate fluids decrease risk 2 10 Completion
by facilitating solids-free overbalanced 30 3
Drilling
12.8
operations. It states: “The level of well days 17.6
25 14.4
control preparedness required to handle a
deep barrier leak during an underbalanced 20 17.4 17.6
completion lies far beyond the normal
11.2
competency levels that rig crews are 15
certified for by the International Well 10
18.2 18.2
Control Forum (IWCF). Any subsequent
off-bottom kill operation will also be 5 10.6 10.6 10.6
extremely complex and risky. Snubbing 0
or drilling of a relief well may ultimately Scenario 1 Scenario 2
OH SAS
Scenario 3
C&P
Scenario 4
C&P
Scenario 5
C&P
OH SAS
be required. When it comes to time Formate DIF OBM DIF Formate DIF Formate DIF OBM DIF
Formate LCF OBM LCF Formate LCF Formate LCF OBM LCF
savings, the main time-saving element – – DP perforations WL perforations WL perforations
Formate UCF UB UCF Formate UCF Formate UCF UB UCF
is the elimination of the inflow test and
the reduced risk of debris on top of the DIF = Drill-in fluid, LCF = Lower completion fluid, UCF = Upper completion fluid, UB = Under-balanced
reservoir barrier. Cesium/potassium
formate completion fluids allow solids- Figure Predicted time to drill and complete an 8.5" HPHT reservoir section with five
free overbalanced operations and reduce different configurations/fluids. Times are taken from the benchmarking study results
risk in line with the ALARP (as low as as follows: a) platform well, b) section length (500 m), c) average net ROP
reasonably practicable) principle.” (47 m/day for formate fluids and 27 m/day for OBM), d) average completion time
(depending on completion type), e) average drill pipe perforation time (three days),
Ridge concludes f) average WL perforation time (ten days), g) clean-up to rig for OBM (two days).
In its conclusions, Ridge finds significant
time-saving potential in drilling and Where formate fluid is used for drilling-in, lower completions and upper completions,
completing HPHT and non-HPHT reservoirs it acts as the primary barrier through all operations.
with formate fluids stating: “The major
value is in their potential to enhance the
probability of successfully delivering For further information, please email download a brochure detailing key findings
these wells in much shorter time and with cesium.formate@cabotcorp.com or and conclusions from the report.
lower risk.” visit cabotcorp.com/cesiumformate to
complicated the well construction process. This discovery opened up the possibility of
Replacing these old-fashioned slurries drilling and completing wells entirely with
with clear formate brines made a lot of solids-free formate brines.
sense. They made the entire well drilling and
completion process simpler, safer, faster and Formates forever
ultimately cheaper.” John left Shell in 1995 to promote formate
brines in the oil industry, eventually joining
Denser does it Cabot in 2004. Here, he worked in technical
John’s immediate challenge was to find sales, marketing and product development
some way of increasing formate brines’ concentrating on cesium formate, until
density. As potassium formate brine only setting up his own formate brine consultancy
went up to 1.57 g/cm3/13.1 lb/gal and not in 2012.
beyond, John turned to cesium formate
produced by TANCO from its pollucite mine John has published 30 papers on formate
in Manitoba, Canada. His lab tests on cesium brines and is a recipient of the Cabot Lifetime
formate brine in 1990 showed that densities Technology Achievement Award. We wish
up to 2.30 g/cm3/19.2lb/gal were possible him a happy and healthy retirement.
with this exciting product. John Downs presenting formate brines in 2008
4 – FORMATE MATTERS Issue no. 10 – March/April 2016

TECHNICAL FORUM

FULL-SCALE TESTING REVEALS ROP-

ENHANCING PROPERTIES OF FORMATE BRINES
A new full-scale drilling test performed in a high-pressure Mancos results
drilling simulator illustrates effects of water activity and solids 140
content of formate brines on rate of penetration (ROP). It clearly 9.5 lb/gal base mud
11.2 lb/gal mixed formate mud
shows significantly improved rates in shales. Key results are: 120
16.0 lb/gal base mud
15.7 lb/gal mixed formate mud
100
 50% improvement for low-solids (10 ppb) solids, 10 ppb calcium carbonate was added
mud and 20% improvement for high-solids in the first test and 40 ppb in the second.

Rate of penetration (ft/hr)

(40 ppb) mud for high-salinity, 1.88 g/cm3/ Two WBMs with different densities were 80

15.7 lb/gal formate mud compared to
1.92 g/cm3/16 lb/gal water-based mud
(WBM) − see figure
 60% improvement for low-solids (10 ppb)
mud and 15% improvement for high-solids
(40 ppb) mud for lower salinity, 1.34 g/cm3/
11.2 lb/gal formate mud compared to
1.14 g/cm3/9.5 lb/gal WBM
Professor van Oort of the University of
Austin, Texas completed the study using
high-salinity cesium/potassium formate
drilling fluid with low water activity and lower
salinity cesium/potassium formate drilling
fluid with higher water activity. These fluids
were based on the same cesium/potassium
formate blend, but one was significantly
cut back with water. Both were viscosified
with xanthan and, to study the effects of
included as reference fluids. The tests were
completed in Mancos shale at Baker Hughes’ 60
high-pressured drilling simulator in Houston.
Bottomhole pressure was 6,000 psi. 40
The research clearly shows that high-salinity 20
formate mud increases shale-drilling speeds.
Professor van Oort explains: “Faster drilling is
0
facilitated through chemical osmosis, which
15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35
dehydrates and strengthens clay-rich rocks.
Weight on bit (K-lbs)
In turn, this forms a lubricating layer that
helps prevent rock build-up on the cutter
edges and cutter body, meaning failed rock Formate brines greatly improve ROP in shales. Arrows indicate the improvement gained by switching
from WBMs to formate brines
is more efficiently cut and transported away
from the bit.”
100-plus wells by replacing oil-based mud Reference: Van Oort, E., Ahmad, M., Spencer,
The study helps quantify field experience from with potassium formate brine R., Legacy, N.: “ROP Enhancement in Shales
several operators, including DMK Drilling Fluids (see cabotcorp.com/formatematters9). through Osmotic Processes”, SPE/IADC-
in Canada, which saved days drilling each of 173138-MS, March 2015.

COMPETITION

SITE
Your five questions:
1. Which operator in which field first
used cesium formate brine in 1999?

UNSEEN?
Cabotcorp.com/cesiumformate is a
2. Name ten oil and gas operating
companies that have used cesium
formate brine.
3. Provide five benefits of using
virtual treasure trove for anyone interested
in drilling, completion, workover and
suspension fluids. Recently restructured
WIN
your own
cesium formate brine.
4. Where is our dedicated technical
and redesigned, it contains a wealth of drone! service centre based?
knowledge on these unique brines. To 5. How many sections of the Formate
celebrate our new site, we thought we’d Technical Manual are published and
ask you to take a look and answer five
To enter, please send your answers to with correct answers drawn randomly from available on the website?
questions on its content. If you answer all
formate.matters@cabotcorp.com by the list of entrants. Our thanks to all those who entered the ‘Lost
correctly, you’ll have a chance of winning
29 April 2016. The winner is the first person Good luck! for Words’ competition in the last issue. The
an AR.Drone 2.0 Elite Edition from Parrot.
Controlled by your smart phone this robust, lucky winners are from Baker Hughes and
easily manoeuvrable drone streams high-
AND FINALLY... Schlumberger. For answers to the previous
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“Where oil is first found is in the minds of men.” this quiz, please email
Why not try your luck and have a go at Wallace Pratt (1885–1981), pioneering American petroleum geologist
answering the questions to the right? formate.matters@cabotcorp.com.

For further information, please contact Cabot Specialty Fluids Ltd., Cabot House, Hareness Circle, Altens Industrial Estate, Aberdeen. AB12 3LY. UK. T: (44) 1224 897229. E: formate.matters@cabotcorp.com
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