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Abstract-- Now a days the usage of electrical power is ¾ It is better to place DG than transferring power to
increasing enormously and it is also becoming highly impossible remote locations
in imagining the world without the electricity. So here is one of ¾ It also provides the primary power, with the utility
the techniques for maintaining the continuous supply i.e., by providing supplemental power and backup
generating the electrical power in the distribution premises. ¾ It can provide very good power quality for all
Distribution Generation has been growing rapidly in power
systems due to their capable solution for the issues like power
electronic equipments
system deregulation, to meet the demand of electric power and ¾ For the network stability in usage of fast response
shortages in the electric power transmission capacities. Concept switching equipment to maintain a secure
of Distributed generation (DG) plays an effective key role in the transmission system of electric power
distribution networks. Among many of their merits, real power The optimal DG placement has attracted the attention of
loss reduction, THD reduction voltage sag and voltage swell many researchers recently for its ability to mitigate the defects
reduction and voltage profile improvement can be the salient produced by the improper installation of DG units, such as
merits of DG. Improper location of DG sources in to the electrical increase in the system power loss, exponential decay in power
power system would lead to the increase energy or power loss, quality and also the increase of voltage at the end of feeders
and also jeopardize the system operation. In this paper,
determination of DG location is done by using Sensitivity
etc. Along with the voltage drops and real power losses, the
Analysis and corresponding DG size is found by using Particle rising growth in the market of electricity demand needs the up
Swarm Optimization (PSO) to mitigate the real power losses in gradation of the infra structure of electric power distribution
the distribution networks. Standard IEEE 15 bus test system is system. So as to reach these targets, reduction of power loss
chosen to test the proposed PSO – Sensitivity Analysis approach. and enhancement of voltage profile and also the planning of
The results so obtained show the enhancement of voltage profile, the electrical power system after the installation of DG
reduction of real power loss using MATLAB. conforms the definition of some major factors like the usage
Index Terms-- Distributed Generation (DG), Optimal location of best technology, the number of units and the capacity of the
and size, Sensitivity analysis, Exact power loss formula, Total each generating unit, the type of network connection, the best
Harmonic Distortion and Particle swarm optimization (PSO).
location. The non optimal location of DG units with non-
optimal sizes may result in the rise of system power loss,
I. INTRODUCTION
voltage flicker, protection, damaging voltage state, therefore
DG is one of the new technologies used for generation of showing an effect controversy to the required [2],[3]. Hence it
electric power by the consumer itself which is directly is necessary to have an optimization method which is capable
connected at the level of distribution system of the electric of providing the exact and best solution for a given
grid [1]. This is a technology which helps to have production distribution network. The optimum DG allocation can be
of renewable energy efficiently both in the developed and the modelled as optimum active power loss compensation.
developing world. The share of distributed generators in the Location of DG in the radial systems to mitigate real power
electric power systems has been growing slowly in an loss is done by sensitivity analysis and particle swarm
exponential manner from the last two to three decades. It can optimization technique is taken for determining the size of DG
be said that DG is association of small scale generation units. to be placed in the distribution networks to have the desired
The effects of DG on line losses, power transfer capability and objective. Standard IEEE 15-bus test system is chosen to test
also on voltage profile are to calculated without any the proposed PSO – Sensitivity analysis approach and the
installation of DG in to the test system. The results of such results are furnished in the paper.
advantages greatly show how fine these distributed generators
are installed in to the test system. Studies have proven that
nearly 70% of generated electric power is consumed as power II. PROBLEM FORMULATION
loss at distribution system level of power system. The main
The efficient power system operation requires the
reasons for the exponential use of DG are given as follows:
downfall of real power loss and also the enhancement of
voltage profile in the distribution system. The real power loss
in the system can be calculated by the equation (1) which is Step 2: Formation of BIBC matrix
given below [4], Step 3: Formation of BCBV matrix
∑ ∑ Step 4: Initially assume voltage of each node as V1 =1+j0
…(1) Step 5: Determine DLF matrix which is product of BIBC
and BCBV matrices
The Real Power Loss written as equation (1) is known as Step 6: Calculate the real and reactive power losses
Exact Power Loss Equation.
where, IV. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
| |
cos DG location and sizing plays a key role in the
electrical power distribution systems. The sensitivity analysis
| |
sin is used for finding the location of DG. The main objective is to
where, Pi is net real power injection and Qi is net reactive mitigate the real power loss of the test system. If the DG is
power injection in bus ‘i’ respectively, rij represents the line placed in non-optimal location with an undetermined size, the
resistance between ith and jth buses. rij+jxij=Zij is the ijth losses are said to be high. Hence it is mandatory to locate the
element of [Zbus] matrix Vi and δi be the voltage and DG with obtained size at the desired location to achieve the
corresponding angle at ith bus respectively. goal. Standard IEEE 15-bus test system is chosen to test the
III. LOAD FLOW SOLUTION proposed PSO – Sensitivity analysis approach.
The main objective of the work is to provide a new Sensitivity factor approach is mainly based on the
formulation for the power flow method. The proposed power linearization principle of original nonlinear equation around
flow algorithm requires the calculation of Bus Injection to the initial operating point, which tends to decrease the number
Branch Current (BIBC) matrix and Branch Current to Bus of solution space. Loss sensitivity factor calculation and its
approach has been widely used to solve the problems
Voltage (BCBV) matrix and Distribution Load Flow (DLF)
regarding the location of capacitor [6] in to the test system but
matrix where DLF matrix is taken as product of the BCBV &
now its application in the location of DG might be new in the
the BIBC matrices. This distribution power flow method [5] is
field [7].
time-efficient, robust and also needs a very less memory for The loss sensitivity factor is obtained by
any size of the distribution system. differentiating the real power loss given by equation (1) with
A. Algorithm For BIBC Matrix respect to the real power injection of DG, which is given by
Step 1: Initialize zero matrix of the order (n-1)/(n-1), where
2∑ … 2
n is number of buses.
Step 2: The first element of the first row is kept 1. First row The total real power loss against injected power at
represents branch current equation at the first bus. each bus represents a parabolic function and at the minimum
Step 3: The sending end row is copied to the receiving end value of loss, the rate of change of real power loss with respect
i.e., if 1 is the sending end 2 is the receiving end, copy first to the real power injection becomes minimum.
row elements to the second row. 2∑ 0 ...(3)
Step 4: In the receiving end row, the row elements which says the
corresponding to the receiving is kept 1 i.e., if 2 is receiving ∑ ...(4)
,
end, the second row element is kept 1.
Step 5: The above steps are repeated for all buses. where Pi represents the real power injection at node i,
B. Algorithm For BCBV Matrix which is the deviation among real power generation and real
Step 1: Initialize zero matrix of the order (n-1)/(n-1), where power demand at that particular node.
Pi = PDGi – PDi ...(5)
n is number of buses.
where PDi is the load demand at the node i and PDGi is
Step 2: The first element of the first row is kept as the
the real power injection from DG placed at the node i,
impedance of the first branch. combining 4 & 5 we get
Step 3: The sending end row is copied to the receiving end
∑ , …(6)
i.e., if 1 is the sending end 2 is the receiving end, copy first
row elements to the second row. This equation determines the capacity of the DG to
Step 4: In the receiving end row, the column elements be placed at the particular bus. By arranging the list in
corresponding to the receiving is kept as the impedance of the ascending order based on the real power loss obtained from
corresponding branch. equation (1), the bus stood in the top is ranked as the first
Step 5: The above steps are repeated for all buses. location of DG and further the process is repeated by placing
the concerned capacity of DG at that particular location which
C. Algorithm For Power Flow Solution generates next location of DG. The process gets terminated
when it repeats the same location or when the power loss is
Step 1: Read the system data i.e., branch impedance, real
minimum.
powers, reactive powers for all the nodes.
International Conference on Magnetics, Machines & Drives (AICERA-2014 iCMMD)
2 Bus
THD(%) =
100
∑nh h
h=2 Vi number
2 5 8 10 12 14 15
V1i
Harmonic
where V1i = fundamental voltage 15 15 17 15 17 17 20
injection
Vhi = hth order of harmonic voltage current % % % % % % %
VII. TESTSYSTEM & ANALYTICAL TOOLS Order of
Standard IEEE 15-bus test system is chosen to test injected 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
the proposed PSO – Sensitivity analysis approach, which harmonic
contains 15 buses and 14 branches as shown in the figure2. A VIII. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
computer program is written in MATLAB2009a to find the Standard IEEE 15-bus test system is chosen to test
exact location of DG’s by using sensitivity analysis and also the proposed PSO – Sensitivity analysis approach. In this
the optimal size of each DG were determined by using PSO. section all the results and the discussion are presented. Firstly
Radial Distribution Load Flow (RDLF) [10] is conducted on
the standard IEEE 15 bus test system which consists of the
formation of various matrices like Bus Injected Branch
Current (BIBC) matrix, Branch Current to Bus Voltage
(BCBCV) matrix etc. The product of BIBC and BCBV
matrices represents RDLF matrix which is clearly explained in
[10].
The real power loss of the test system before
introducing any DG in to the system is 51.1680KW. A
program is written in MATLAB 2009a to calculate the loss
saving, DG location and its corresponding size in MW. Now
the sensitivity analysis program in written in MATLAB is
Figure 2: Single line diagram of IEEE 15 bus test system
made run to determine the DG location along with the loss
The power factor of the load is treated as cos =0.70. savings. In the very first iteration the maximum loss saving
The substation at bus 1 is treated as a slack bus with a constant has occurred at bus 3. Hence the first candidate location for
voltage which is the only supply source in the system. All DG is bus 3 with a loss saving of 17.2928 kW. Thus the
other loads are treated as constant PQ spot loads. Table1 & optimum size of DG at bus 3 is chosen as 0.7899 MW. By
Table2 represents the input data of the test system. assuming 0.7899 MW size of DG as connected at bus 3 of
Table 1: Line data of IEEE 15 bus test system base system and is considered as base case. Now the candidate
Branch Sending Receiving R X (ohm) location is bus 6 with 0.2309 MW size and the loss saving is
number end end node (ohm) 3.5866 KW. Now the candidate location is bus 2 with 0.0814
node MW. The results are shown in table 4.
Table 4: Results for Sensitivity analysis
1 1 2 1.35309 1.32349
Iteration No. Bus DG size Saving
2 2 3 1.17024 1.14464
No. (MW) (KW)
3 3 4 0.84111 0.82271
1 3 0.7899 17.2928
4 4 5 1.52348 1.02760
2 6 0.2309 3.5866
5 2 6 2.55727 1.72490
3 2 0.0814 0.1612
6 6 7 1.08820 0.73400
4 3 -0.0024 0.0018
7 6 8 1.25143 0.84410
The solution obtained clearly shows that the location
8 2 9 2.01317 1.35790
of DG is being repeated for every three consecutive iterations.
9 9 10 1.68671 1.13770
Hence the above solution is treated as local optimum but not
10 3 11 1.79553 1.21110 global optimum. The corresponding DG sizes to global
11 11 12 2.44845 1.65150 optimum solution are determined using PSO method [9].
12 12 13 2.01317 1.35790 Sensitivity analysis gives the candidate locations for DG
13 4 14 2.23081 1.50470 placement i.e., bus numbers 3, 6 and 2 respectively. Particle
14 4 15 1.19702 0.80740 swarm optimization (PSO) Algorithm described in section 5 is
Table 2: Load data of IEEE 15 bus system used to describe the sizes of DGs at the candidate locations.
Node 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 The sizes of DGs are purely based on the number of DG
KVA 0 63 100 200 63 200 200 100 locations. The number of DG’s to be installed for the test
Node 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 system is limited to three and brief explanation to this is given
KVA 100 63 200 100 63 100 200 in the following three cases. Case 1 represents installation of
Table 3: Load compensation in terms of harmonic sources only one DG in to the system, case 2 with two DG’s and case
3 followed by three DG’s. DG sizes in the four optimal
International Conference on Magnetics, Machines & Drives (AICERA-2014 iCMMD)
harmonics when compared to the previous cases. The result of [8]. Grioin T. Tomosovic K Secrest D, Law A. Placement of dispersed
generation for reduced losses. In proceedings of 33rd Hawaii
this one is represented in case III as follows.
international conferences on sciences, Hawaii,2000.
Table 9: Results for Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
[9]. Kennedy J and Eberhart R, “Particle Swarm Optimizer,” IEEE
Bus num Case I Case II Case III International Conference on Neural Networks (Perth, Australia),
1 0 0 0 IEEE Service Center Piscataway, NJ, IV, pp1942- 1948, 1995.
2 25.2186 29.3833 13.1230 [10]. P.Phonrattanasak, “Optimal placement of DG using multiobjective
particle swarm optimization”, Proceedings of International
3 33.9036 38.1593 19.6288 conference on Mechanical and Electrical Technology, ICMET-
4 45.0831 43.7909 35.4777 2010, Thailand.
5 47.6297 46.5234 37.0694 [11]. K. Prakash and M.Sydulu, “An Effective Topological and
Primitive Impedance based Distribution Load Flow Method for
6 26.3988 32.0191 12.6660 Radial Distribution Systems”, DRPT 2008 6-9 April 2008 Nanjing
7 27.8917 35.7221 11.5781 China.
8 28.3858 34.1763 14.0330 [12]. Baran ME, Wu FF, “Optimum sizing of capacitors placed in radial
distribution systems”, IEEE Trans PWRD 198;4:735-43.
9 26.2511 30.4959 13.8013
10 27.5337 31.8514 14.7109
X. BIOGRAPHIES
11 34.6747 39.0409 20.0738
12 37.2819 41.9129 21.7213 D.Sai Krishna Kanth was born in Gudur, in
13 38.7744 43.5410 22.7215 India, on October 8, 1988. He graduated from the
14 46.2696 45.0633 36.1623 Narayana Engineering College, JNTU, Anantapur
and PG in Electrical Power Systems from
15 46.1159 44.8985 36.0981
Annamacharya Institute of Technology and
Sciences, Rajampet, JNTU Anantapur.
Case I represents THD values before the installation Currently working as Assistant professor in
of DG in to the test system, Case II represents THD values S.V. Engineering College For Women, Tirupati.
after the installation of DG in to the test system, Case III His areas of interests include voltage stability,
represents THD values after the installation of capacitors in to Power loss reduction and power quality issues.
the test system.
Dr.M.Padma Lalitha obtained graduate
IX. CONCLUSION degree in Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Location and capacity of DG are the major factors in the from JNTU, Anathapur in the year 1994. Obtained
application of DG for minimization of real power loss. This Post graduate degree in PSOC from S.V.U,
paper presents an algorithm for the identification of bus Tirupathi in the year 2002 & awarded Ph.D for her
work “Soft Computing Techniques for optimal
location using Sensitivity analysis and also an algorithm for DG placement in Radial Distribution System “
the determination of size of the DG using PSO. Standard IEEE from S.V.U. in the year 2011 and Having 17 years
15 bus system is chosen to test the approach. By installing of experience in teaching in graduate and post
DGs at all the determined locations, the voltage profile of the graduate level. Editorial board member for
Reputed International Journals. Has 50
system is enhanced and also the total real power loss of the international journal publications to her credit and also published two books .
system has been reduced drastically. The harmonics that are Presently working as Professor and HOD of EEE department in AITS,
present in the system due to the installation of DG are reduced Rajampet. Areas of interest include radial distribution systems, soft computing
by placing capacitors at the locations determined by using in power systems, ANN, FACTS , Design of Electro Magnetic devices.
PSO-HPF based algorithm.
Periodicals:
[1]. Ipakchi and F. Albuyeh. Grid of the future. IEEE Power and
Energy Magazine. 2009, 7 (2): 52-62.
[2]. Thomas Ackermann, GÖran Andersson and Lennart SÖder,
“Distributed generation: a definition,” Electric Power Systems
Research 57, pp195-204, 2001.
[3]. W.El-Khattam , M.M.A.Salama, “Distributed generation
technologies, definitions and benefits,” Electric Power Systems
Research 71, pp119-128, 2004.
[4]. Naresh Acharya, Pukar Mahat, N. Mithulanathan, “An analytical
approach for DG allocation in primary distribution network”,
Electric Power and Energy Systems, vol. 28, pp. 669-678, 2006
[5]. J.H.R. Enslin, P.J.M. Heskes., “Harmonic interaction between a
large number of distributed power inverters and the distribution
network,” IEEE transaction on power electronics, Vol. 19, pp.
1586-1593, 2004.
[6]. I.O. Elgerd, Electric Energy System Theory: an Introduction.
McGraw Hill., 1971.
[7]. Bala JL, Kuntz PA, Pebles MN. Optimum capacitor allocation
using a distribution analyzer recorder. IEEE Trans PWRD
1997;12(1):464-9.