Gas Constants; Specific Heat at Low Pressure

cp cv cp cv k R R
Gas Btu/lb•R° Btu/lb•R° kJ/kg•K° kJ/kg•K° ft.lb/lb•R° J/ kg•K
Argon(A) 0.1244 0.0747 0.5215 0.3152 1.666 38.68 208.17
Helium(He) 1.241 0.745 5.2028 3.1233 1.666 386.04 2077.67
Mercury(Hg) 0.0248 0.0148 0.1039 0.0624 1.666 7.703 41.45
Neon(Ne) 0.246 0.1476 1.0313 0.6188 1.666 76.57 412.10
Air 0.24 0.1714 1.0062 0.7186 1.4 53.342 287.08
Carbon Monoxide(CO) 0.2487 0.1778 1.0426 0.7454 1.399 55.170 296.92
Hydrogen(H2) 3.419 2.434 14.3338 10.2043 1.40 766.54 4125.52
Nitrogen(N2) 0.2484 0.1775 1.0414 0.7442 1.399 55.158 296.86
Oxygen(O2) 0.2194 0.1573 0.9198 0.6595 1.395 48.291 259.90
Carbon Dioxide(CO2) 0.2016 0.1565 0.8452 0.6561 1.288 35.11 188.96
Ammonia(NH3) 0.499 0.382 2.0920 1.6015 1.304 90.73 488.31
Methane(CH4) 0.5099 0.3861 2.1377 1.6187 1.321 96.33 518.45

Ideal Gas Formulas

For constant mass systems undergoing internally reversible processes.
Process Isometric Isobaric Isothermal Isentropic Polytropic
→ V=C p=C T=C S=C pVn = c
p1V1k = p2V2k p1V1n = p2V2n
𝑉 𝑃 𝑉 𝑃
( 1)𝑘 = 2 ( 1 )𝑛 = 2
𝑉2 𝑃1 𝑉2 𝑃1
p,V,T 𝑇2 𝑝2 𝑇2 𝑉2 𝑇2 𝑉 𝑇2 𝑉
= = p1V1 = p2V2 = ( 1)𝑘−1 = ( 1)𝑛−1
relations 𝑇1 𝑝1 𝑇1 𝑉1 𝑇1 𝑉2 𝑇1 𝑉2
𝑝 𝑝
= ( 2)(𝑘−1)/𝑘 = ( 2)(𝑛−1)/𝑛
𝑝1 𝑝1

∆H mcp(T2-T1) mcp(T2-T1) 0 mcp(T2-T1) mcp(T2-T1)

∆U mcv(T2-T1) mcv(T2-T1) 0 mcv(T2-T1) mcv(T2-T1)

𝑉2 𝑘−𝑛
Q ∆U ∆H p1V1ln
𝑉1
0 mcn(T2-T1) , cn=cv( )
1−𝑛

𝑇2 𝑇2 𝑉 𝑄 𝑇2
∆S mcvln
𝑇1
mcpln
𝑇1
mRln 2 or 0 mcnln
𝑇1
𝑉1 𝑇

𝑝2 𝑉2 − 𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑝2 𝑉2 − 𝑝1 𝑉1
Wn 0 p(V2- V1) Q
1−𝑘 1−𝑛
𝑘(𝑝2 𝑉2 − 𝑝1 𝑉1 ) 𝑛(𝑝2 𝑉2 − 𝑝1 𝑉1 )
Ws V(p1- p2) 0 Q
1−𝑘 1−𝑛